Generation Rate Research Articles

Ni/ZSM-5@Ni/ZnO catalysts for fluid catalytic cracking gasoline desulfurization-aromatization tandem reactions

The production of cleaner gasoline requires reducing sulfur and olefin content in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline. Herein, Ni/ZSM-5@Ni/ZnO catalysts were synthesized by uniformly coating Ni/ZnO on the surface of Ni/ZSM-5 by electrostatic induced crystallization strategy for FCC gasoline desulfurization-aromatization tandem reactions. The desulfurization activity of Ni/ZSM-5@Ni/ZnO has superior desulfurization activity due to the smaller size of ZnO, higher O vacancy content, and more uniform dispersion of Ni and ZnO relative to the physically mixed Ni/ZSM-5-Ni/ZnO. In addition, coating Ni/ZnO on the surface of Ni/ZSM-5 can reduce the Brønsted acid content of Ni/ZSM-5, increase the Lewis/Brønsted acid value of the catalyst, which inhibits the excessive cracking of FCC gasoline, and improves the liquid yield and aromatics selectivity. After 8 h of reaction, the desulfurization rate, aromatics generation rate and olefin conversion rate of Ni/ZSM-5@Ni/ZnO were 85.58 %, 25.22 % and 49.08 % respectively, which were higher than those of physically mixed Ni/ZSM-5-Ni/ZnO catalysts by 25.34 %, 15.95, and 12.98 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the unique structure of Ni/ZSM-5@Ni/ZnO reduces carbon deposition and delays catalyst deactivation. Density functional theory calculations show that Ni/ZSM-5@Ni/ZnO was more favorable for thiophene desulfurization and has a better ability to adsorb and activate H2. This study provides a new idea for the development of catalysts for clean gasoline production.

Fluorine-Doped Graphene Oxide-Modified Graphite Felt Cathode for Hydrogen Peroxide Generation

Electrochemical oxygen reduction via the two-electron pathway (2e-ORR) is an emerging method for producing H2O2. It is cleaner, safer, and more convenient compared to the anthraquinone process. Graphite felt is one of the cathode candidates for large-scale cells due to its excellent mechanical properties. However, commercial graphite felt often fails to achieve the desired hydrogen-peroxide yield because of its low catalytic selectivity for the 2e-ORR pathway. Fluorine-doped carbon materials are expected to enhance 2e-ORR selectivity. This is because the electronic structure of carbon atoms adjacent to fluorine atoms may facilitate the production of hydrogen peroxide while hindering its further reduction. In this study, fluorine-doped graphene oxide (FGO) was prepared by the hydrothermal method. Subsequently, graphite felt modified with FGO was fabricated and used as the cathode for H2O2 production. The results indicated that in alkaline media, the graphite felt modified with FGO achieved a catalytic selectivity of 93% and a generation rate of 8.91 mg cm⁻2 h⁻¹. In comparison, commercial graphite felt had a catalytic selectivity of 75% and a generation rate of 2.10 mg cm⁻2 h⁻¹. Moreover, graphite felt modified by FGO also exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for H2O2 generation in neutral media. This research provides a fundamental study to promote the application of graphite felt in the environmentally friendly electrocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide in industries.

Exergetic analysis and multiparametric optimization of a novel three‐fluid‐based organic Rankine cycle evaporative system via Taguchi method

AbstractEvaluations were conducted on the thermal performance of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system using three fluids as the evaporative system at a low‐grade heat source. The modified ORC evaporators were replaced with a three‐fluid system, which included hot fluids at the top and bottom and an isopentane working fluid in the middle section. Furthermore, the thermal performance assessment with a hot fluid heat transfer ratio in the outer and inner tubes (Q2/Q1) varying from 25:75 to 75:25 has been investigated. The impact of the hot fluid's (Q2/Q1) heat transfer ratios to saturated steam on the modified ORC's thermal performance assessment was examined, with an evaporative temperature range of 45–65°C and a pinch point temperature difference (PPTD) of 3–10°C. The Taguchi technique solves multiparameter optimization using the L9 orthogonal array. The findings showed that in three‐fluid‐based modified ORC systems, the network output, exergetic efficiency, and irreversibility went down with PPTD for all three Q2/Q1 cases. For Q2/Q1 of 75:25, the ORC's energetic efficiency and overall irreversibility reached their optimum, while a PPTD of 3–10°C reduced the exergetic efficiency by 19.71%. Also, Q2/Q1 of 75:25 showed the highest and 200% higher ORC system work done at PPTD of 3°C than Q2/Q1 of 25:75—the lowest. Modified ORC network generation, energy output, and heat transfer rate showed excellent results at an evaporative temperature of 58.33°C. For optimal network productivity, Q2/Q1 of 75:25 was 160% and 40% greater than 50:50 and 25:75 at 58.33°C, respectively. The three‐fluid‐based modified ORC system performs better with a 75:25 Q2/Q1 ratio. According to Taguchi's analysis, evaporation temperature affects the improved ORC system's thermal, exergy, and network generation. Also, heat transfer ratios (F = Q2/Q1) largely affect system irreversibility.

Rapid hydrogen generation from Al-Si alloy and recovery of the byproducts

The metal hydrolysis reaction is a convenient and user-friendly strategy for obtaining high-purity hydrogen on-demand. However, removal of the oxide and rapid corrosion of the metal are critical for hydrogen utilization in fuel cell. In this work, commercial Al-Si alloy, which is widely used in metal casting, are used as a raw material to generate high-purity hydrogen. Our results indicate that hydrogen evolution and Al corrosion are influenced by NaOH concentration, elevated temperature from exothermic reaction of Al or Si with OH–, decreased particle size of Al and the Al/Si micro-galvanic cell. And the maximum hydrogen generation rate is 116.4 mL (0.4 g)−1 min−1 for Al-10Si. This reaction consumes OH– ions from NaOH following addition of the first two batches, and then OH– ions derived from Al(OH)−4 or Al(OH)3.The hydrogen generated is transferred to a fuel cell; a stable current of ca. 1 A and voltage of about 0.25 V are obtained for Al-10Si during continuous hydrogen input. The by-product of pure Al(OH)3 and Si can be recovered separately. This investigation of Al-Si alloys as hydrogen generation materials may provide guidance for the exploration of other Si-based materials.

Enhanced Frequency/Voltage Control in Multi-Source Power System Using CES and SSA-Optimized Cascade TID-FOPTID Controller

The stability and reliability of modern power systems, especially those with several renewable energy sources, strongly rely on load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) for frequency and voltage control under inconstant load demands. In this study, a new cascade tilt integral derivative-fractional order proportional tilt integral derivative (TID-FOPTID) controller is presented that is polished through the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) for LFC of a multi-area power system with AVR in all control areas. The system integrates capacitive energy storage (CES) and deals with governor dead-band and generation rate constraint nonlinear effects in a thermal-hydro-gas three-area multi-source power system (TAMSPS). The analysis of results, due to the SSA-based TID-FOPTID controller compared to TID-FOTID and TID-FOTID + 1 shows a positive outcome. Integrating CES brings additional improvement in the system performance, the overshoot/undershoot, and settling time are minimized. Finally, the sensitivity analysis reveals that the suggested controller will be effective and reliable for enhancing the frequency stability of the complex power system with a high RES integration level.

Giant Colloidal Quantum Dot/α-Ga2O3 Heterojunction for High Performance UV-Vis-IR Broadband Photodetector.

Broadband optoelectronics, which extend from the UV to IR regions, are crucial for imaging, autonomous driving, and object recognition. In particular, photon detection efficiency relies significantly on semiconductor properties, such as absorption coefficients and electron-hole pair generation rate, which can be optimized by designing a suitable p-n junction. In this study, we devise giant PbS colloidal quantum dots (G-PbS CQDs) that exhibit high absorption coefficients and broadband absorption. To leverage these exceptional optical properties, we combine G-PbS CQDs with an ultrawide-bandgap semiconductor, α-Ga2O3, and create an efficient G-PbS CQD/α-Ga2O3 heterojunction photodetector that exhibits high performance across the UVC-vis-NIR spectrum range. The resultant heterojunction facilitates efficient electron-hole pair separation at the G-PbS CQD/α-Ga2O3 heterojunction. Furthermore, we utilize transparent graphene electrodes to overcome the limitations of conventional transistor-type device structures and the substantial optical losses induced by opaque metal electrodes. This strategy maximizes the light-collection area and results in an approximately 3-orders of magnitude higher responsivity (55.5 A/W) and specific detectivity (1.66 × 1013 Jones) compared to devices with opaque metal electrodes.

Waste Analysis and Characterization Study in a Philippine Science and Technology Research and Development Institution

This paper presents the conduct of Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS) in the Industrial Technology Development Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST-ITDI) in Taguig City, Philippines. The study was produced following the introduction of 2020 guidelines developed by the Japan International Cooperation Agency for the Philippines to determine waste generation and generation rate per source, as well as waste composition, per capita generation, and bulk densities of the generated wastes. This then provided fundamental data in the formulation of initial plans and programs for the proper management of solid wastes in the institution. From the gathered results, DOST-ITDI generates 91.56 kg/day of solid waste during the dry season, and 77.54 kg/day during the wet season. The generated waste is composed of residuals for disposal (35.93% and 37.75%, dry and wet season), biodegradables (27.80% and 21.46%), and recyclables (22.54% and 28.95%). Per capita generation rates of 0.21 kg/capita/day (dry season) and 0.18 kg/capita/day (wet season) were also recorded. The research and development cluster of divisions was determined as a major contributor of waste at 42.37 to 57.62 kg/day. Bulk density values varied between waste fractions, with the main residuals for disposal components being the bulkiest at 29.27 to 32.90 kg/m3. The data collected from the study provided significant information useful in efforts to initiate programs for diversion of biodegradables, recyclables, and residuals-with further potential for recycling wastes, reducing residuals for disposal through proper segregation and recovery, and determining gaps and opportunities in plans, policies, and programs to improve solid waste management of the institution.

CaviPlasma: parametric study of discharge parameters of high-throughput water plasma treatment technology in glow-like discharge regime

Abstract AC discharge in a dense hydrodynamic cavitation cloud in water, called CaviPlasma, has been studied at different discharge parameters. CaviPlasma stands for cavitation and plasma, which are two coupled basic phenomena of the novel technology enabling very high throughput of plasma water processing compared to other current technologies. In this article, the diagnostics and the properties of CaviPlasma discharge are discussed based on optical and electric characterization of the discharge phenomena together with the physico-chemical characterization of the plasma-treated water. The so-called unbridged mode of CaviPlasma operation is described, where the discharge propagates from a metal electrode towards a liquid electrode at the collapsing end of the cavitation cloud. The production of H, O and OH species in the discharge was proven by optical emission spectroscopy. The formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water was determined by chemical methods. The energy yield for H2O2 generation is as high as 9.6 g kWh−1 and the generation rate is up to 2.4 g h−1. The degradation of phenol admixture in water was also studied. The article covers a parametric study enabling the development of tailored applications.

Fluoro-polymer/TiO2 based photocatalysts for hydrogen generation

In view of limited number of studies on photoreforming of synthetic polymers, herein, a series of new glycopolymers are synthesized via RAFT polymerization to obtain diblock copolymers containing fluorinated and non-fluorinated segments in the glucopyranoside. These glycopolymers are used as probes to investigate photocatalytic reactions at different pH values of the modulated TiO2 photocatalyst. Through structural and surface characterizations, photocatalytic activities are investigated. Fluoro-polymers with deacetylated glucose, hydrophilic segment, PGD such as PPFPM-b-PGD and PPFBM-b-PGD could synergistically increase hydrogen generation rate up to 1368 μmol g-1h−1 and 1549 μmol g-1h−1 with quantum yields of 3.34 % and 3.79 % compared to non-fluoro glycopolymers. The presence of both fluorinated and non-fluorinated groups in diblock copolymers enhanced the rate of photocatalytic hydrogen generation compared to the homopolymer. The accelerated photo-reforming is attributed to in-situ fluorine-doped TiO2 along with high affinity and activation of water molecules. These polymers can generate hydrogen via photo-reforming process.

Research on the Characteristics of Partial Discharge Gas Generation in Typical Defects of Oil Immersed Current Transformers

During the operation of oil-immersed current transformers, they gradually deteriorate due to various factors. In order to study the relationship between partial discharge and gas generation characteristics under different typical defects, this paper measures the unit-time discharge energy, unit-time apparent discharge quantity, pulse repetition rate, and gas generation rate during the discharge development process of three typical defects: protrusion defect, surface defect, and gas gap defect. The study reveals that the generation of hydrocarbon gases and hydrogen in the oil mainly depends on discharges with an apparent discharge quantity above 300pC. Among the discharge characteristics, the unit-time discharge energy and unit-time average discharge quantity significantly impact the gas generation rate. It is found that the content of C2H2 and C2H4 in the oil for protrusion and surface defects increases significantly with discharge intensity, while CH4 and H2 show significant changes for gas gap defects. Additionally, an approximately linear relationship exists between discharge energy per unit time, pulse repetition rate, and the rate of characteristic gas generation for both protrusion and surface defects, as well as for gas gap defects. These findings provide a reference for diagnosing current transformers and highlight the critical role of discharge characteristics in gas generation dynamics.

Validating the Effect of Topography and Geology on Rainfall–Runoff in Mountainous Catchments Using the Improved HYdrologic CYcle Model

ABSTRACTRainfall–runoff characteristics of mountainous catchments are affected by many factors, such as topography and geology. Traditionally, the effects of geology on rainfall–runoff characteristics have been explained using geology, but the differences in runoff characteristics within the same geological settings have not been examined. These differences can be expressed as differences between the hydrological model parameters. However, the effects of geology on the model calculations have not yet been clarified. Thus, this study aims to clarify the effects of topography and geology on model calculations using an improved HYdrologic CYcle (HYCY) model that considers bedrock infiltration. Runoff observations were conducted for approximately 3 years in 19 catchments at 2 sites located in sedimentary rock and granite mountains. Rainfall was recorded at each site. The observed hydrographs were used to optimise the parameters for each catchment using the least‐squares method. The relationship between parameter m and the soil layer storage was calculated using the optimised parameters, representing the percentage of the area contributing to runoff. Furthermore, these results were compared with observational analysis results. The improved HYCY model accurately represented all 19 runoffs. When the total precipitation in 1 event exceeded 200 mm, parameter m became ~1 and ~0.3–0.4 in sedimentary rock and granitic catchments, respectively, which shows the effect of geology. The effects of topography on the parameters were exhibited in Kc and Kb, which calculated the storm flow from the channels and baseflow hydrographs, respectively. However, the parameter distributions exhibited geological differences, namely in parameter Kh, Kb and m. The parameter Kh calculates the overland flow hydrograph. This implies that geological differences affect the probability of the overland flow generation rate and the recession hydrographs of the overland flow and baseflow.

Natural DNA-Derived Ultrafine Ir/Ir2P Hybrid on Porous N, P-Codoped Carbon for pH-Universal Energy-Saving Hydrogen Production Assisted by Electrocatalytic Hydrazine Oxidation

Due to the intrinsic slow kinetics and high potential of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) with ultralow potential is a viable substitute to combine the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for the energy-saving hydrogen generation. Therefore, it is a compelling demand to explore high-performance electrocatalysts for bifunctional HER and HzOR. Herein, natural DNA was employed to prepare the uniform and ultrafine Ir/Ir2P hybrids loaded on N, P-codoped porous carbon (Ir/PNPC) through a facile “mix-and-pyrolyze” approach. Benefitting from abundant heteroatom doping, large surface area and high degree of graphitization, Ir/PNPC only requires the ultrasmall potentials of -22/-347/-54 mV at 100 mA cm-2 for HER, 46/172/227 mV at 10 mA cm-2 for HzOR, and 167/836/864 mV at 100 mA cm−2 for the constructed two-electrode overall hydrazine splitting (OHzS) in the alkaline, neutral and acidic electrolytes, respectively, all exceeding Pt/C and also showing the remarkable energy-efficient superiority over the conventional water splitting. Furthermore, the OHzS system can be readily driven by the as-prepared direct N2H4/H2O2 fuel cell and commercial solar cell with decent H2 generation rate of 1.245 and 1.392 mmol h-1, respectively. This study provides lights on the preparation of the advanced pH-universal HER and HzOR bifunctional electrocatalysts by natural DNA and is also encouraging for the energy-saving H2 production.

An infrared radiation-responsive high-entropy CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis: Utilization of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste

Green processing of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste poses a global environmental challenge. This study utilizes waste acid (containing Co2+, H+ and NO3–) and alkali solutions (containing Li+, Na+, OH– and CO32–) from lithium-ion battery manufacturing to recover metal cations from steel slag (containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, and Mn2+), preparing high-entropy CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs catalysts for controllable hydrogen generation via NaBH4 hydrolysis. The ultimate residue, without any residual hazardous metal cations, enabling safe reintroduction into the natural environment. The presence of Co2+ endows the CoCaMgMnAlFe-LDHs catalyst with rapid photo-thermal conversion capability, enabling it to rapidly heat up under infrared radiation and efficiently catalyze the reaction of NaBH4 hydrolysis. The hydrogen generation rate reaches 1.12 mol·h−1·g−1·W−1 driven by 1050 nm infrared radiation. This study provides a novel approach to the environmentally friendly treatment and high-value utilization of steel slag and lithium-ion battery liquid waste.

Investigation of CuO/ITO Photoelectrode Fabricated by PVD for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting and Hydrogen Evolution.

Hydrogen and renewable fuels were generated using cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting. In this work, a CuO-based photocathode is used for the water splitting to generate hydrogen energy by PVD technique. The XRD analysis reveals the deposition of CuO thin film on ITO substrates, which is monoclinic. The XRD and LSV analysis of CuO confirmed the type of semiconductor and observed to be P-type semiconductor. SEM study of CuO confirmed the shape, morphology to be a circular and regular shape. The grain size of deposited CuO thin film was found to be 18 nm. The absorption and transmission of CuO thin film were observed through UV spectroscopy analysis and were found to be better photocatalyst in visible range 415-425 nm. The transmittance of the prepared thin film was noted to be maximum 7.6% in the UV range (280-300 nm). The band gap was also measured employing the Tauc plot and found to be 2.98 eV, which is most favorable for water splitting application. FTIR study showed the stretching, vibration, and the functional group of the deposited CuO thin film; the broad band of stretching of Cu-O in monoclinic CuO was observed at the range of 500-700 cm-1, and further peaks were also noted at the range of 1500-1600 cm-1. The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) of CuO thin film was calculated in the absence of solar spectra and the presence of solar spectra and observed to be enhanced in current under solar spectra. The solar light to hydrogen emission percentage (STH %) of CuO through LSV was observed to be 2.04% under solar spectra. The low Nyquist curve of blank ITO and CuO-coated ITO substrate via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis was observed, which confirmed the enhancement of EIS of CuO-coated ITO. The hydrogen generation rate was also calculated by electrochemical cell and observed to be 5325.21 mol g-1 for 6 h.

Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation in Vibrational Flow: Newtonian vs. Inelastic Non-Newtonian Fluid

A computational method is employed to solve heat transfer and entropy generation within a circular pipe. The thermal boundary condition assumes a constant wall temperature, while viscosity is taken to be dependent on temperature. A power-law type shear-thinning fluid is utilized in the analysis, with sinusoidal vibration applied horizontally perpendicular to the flow direction. Temperature distributions across the pipe are illustrated. Additionally, the entropy generation rate over the entire fluid volume under vibration was examined, comparing the results between steady flow and vibrational flow for both types of fluids. It was found that radial mixing is more pronounced in non-Newtonian fluids as vibration increases the strain rate, which is higher for low Reynolds numbers. The research provides a quantitative analysis of heat transfer and entropy generation for both Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids at different Reynolds numbers. It was observed that the effectiveness of superimposed vibrational flow is limited, especially for low Reynolds numbers and flow behavior index characteristic of shear-thinning fluids.

Honeycombed pomegranate-like sludge ceramsite particles: Preparation with fly ash floating beads as the pore-forming template and performance optimization

Ceramsite used in construction and building are typically limited by high water absorption rates, the contradiction between lightweight and high strength, and severe performance fluctuations. This can be attributed to the fact that ceramsites are currently prepared by high-temperature sintering expansion, wherein viscosity and surface tension of the liquid phases shall perfectly match with the gas generation rate. On the other hand, sand washing sludge and fly ash are common solid wastes in construction and building and their environmentally friendly disposal are of great significance. In this study, honeycombed pomegranate-like sludge ceramsites with low density (packing density = 733.2–968.3 kg/m3), high strength (cylinder compressive strength = 11.2–18.8 MPa), and low water absorption rate (one-hour water absorption rate = 1.2–2.8 %) were prepared with sand washing sludge and fly ash floating beads as the raw material and the pore-forming template, respectively. Also, the effects of particle size and content of fly ash floating beads on the structure and performance of the as-prepared ceramsite were investigated. The results indicated that the pore structure of the as-prepared ceramsite was directly dependent on size and content of the fly ash floating beads, suggesting that the performance of the as-prepared ceramsite can be customized by tuning size and content of the beads. Additionally, lightweight aggregate concrete prepared by using the as-prepared ceramsites exhibited improved 7-day and 28-day compressive strengths and reduced thermal conductivity compared with concrete prepared by using commercially available ceramsites. Overall, this study presents the preparation of ceramsite particles with both high strength and low density by using fly ash and sand washing sludge, both of which are abundant solid wastes in constructions, thus contributing to solid waste recycling in construction.

Effects of dissolved organic matter from different sources on ritonavir photolysis

With the misuse of antiviral drugs, the residual levels of ritonavir (RTV) in aquatic environments continue to increase, potentially posing threats to ecosystems and human health. However, the current understanding of the photochemical behavior of RTV in water, especially the mechanism by which dissolved organic matter (DOM) from different sources affects the indirect photolysis of RTV, remains limited. This study systematically investigated the effects of DOM from different sources (including sludge, algae, dustfall, and soil, namely SL-DOM, AL-DOM, DF-DOM, and SO-DOM, respectively) on the photodegradation of RTV for the first time. DOM exhibited a dual role in RTV degradation, with SL-DOM and AL-DOM accelerating the degradation process, while DF-DOM and SO-DOM inhibited it. Direct photolysis accounted for 40–53% of the overall photodegradation, underscoring its significant contribution to the degradation process. Quenching and competitive kinetics experiments revealed that 3DOM⁎ is the dominant contributor to the indirect photolysis of RTV. Exogenous DOM (DF-DOM, SO-DOM) exhibited higher generation rate and steady-state concentraiton of 3DOM⁎, while endogenous DOM (SL-DOM, AL-DOM) exhibited higher quantum yields of 3DOM⁎ and reactivity, leading to distinct mechanisms for the indirect photodegradation of RTV. This study explored the effects of DOM from different sources on the photodegradation of RTV, providing important insights into how DOM affects the photochemical behavior and ecological risk of RTV. It also provides a reference for exploring the photochemical behavior of other drugs.

Influence of MgO chemical activity on the drying shrinkage of the MgO-SiO2-H2O system

The magnesium silicate hydrate (MgO-SiO2-H2O) system is an innovative eco-friendly cementitious material. However, its poor volume stability and significant shrinkage have curtailed its widespread development and utilization. The primary component for preparing the MgO-SiO2-H2O system, MgO, has a substantial impact on the properties, particularly in relation to volume stability. This research examined the effects of MgO chemical activity on the volume stability of the system. The results suggested that reducing MgO chemical activity and increasing the Mg/Si ratio result in varying reductions in the water loss ratio and drying shrinkage, with the lowest drying shrinkage ratio being 0.913 %, representing a 14.1 % reduction compared to the sample with the highest drying shrinkage ratio. MgO chemical activity affected the shrinkage deformation of the system by influencing the generation rate and content of Mg(OH)2-induced volume expansion. Additionally, the increase in the Mg/Si ratio influenced the content of Mg(OH)2, ultimately reducing drying shrinkage. At an Mg/Si ratio of 1.25, the resulting M-S-H gel resembled a T:O structure, and promoted a higher degree of polymerization of the gel. In contrast, when the Mg/Si ratio is 1.00, the M-S-H gel exhibited characteristics more akin to a T:O:T structure, leading to an even higher degree of polymerization.

Broadband generation and tomography of non-Gaussian states for ultra-fast optical quantum processors

Quantum information processors benefit from high clock frequencies to fully harness quantum advantages before they are lost to decoherence. All-optical systems offer unique benefits due to their inherent 100-THz carrier frequency, enabling the development of THz-clock frequency processors. However, the bandwidth of quantum light sources and measurement devices has been limited to the MHz range, with nonclassical state generation rates in the kHz range. In this study, we demonstrated broadband generation and quantum tomography of non-Gaussian states using an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) as a squeezed light source and an optical phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA). Our system includes a 6-THz squeezed-light source, a 6-THz PSA, and a 66-GHz homodyne detector. We successfully generated non-Gaussian states at a 0.9 MHz rate with sub-nanosecond wave packets using a continuous-wave laser. The performance is currently limited by the jitter of superconducting detectors, restricting the usable bandwidth to 1 GHz. Our technique extends the bandwidth to GHz, potentially increasing non-Gaussian state generation rates for practical optical quantum processors using OPAs.

Study on Shutter Heating Performance of Gas Turbine Intake System

Abstract Aiming at the anti-icing and de-icing requirements of gas turbine intake system, study the heating performance of a typical shutter vane, and compares and analyzes the influence of different ambient temperature and different electrothermal pipe heat generation rate on vane temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics. The results show that the air convection at different positions on the blade surface of the louver leads to the difference in the temperature distribution of the upper and lower surfaces of the blade, as well as the leading edge and trailing edge of the blade, and the leading edge of the blade, as the area with the lowest overall temperature distribution of the blade, should be focused on in the design of anti-icing and de-icing systems. Increasing the heat production rate of the electric heating tube, there is more heat flow near the midline of the blade, which makes the temperature rise at this position the highest, and it is necessary to pay attention to the energy waste and blade damage caused by local overheating of the blade. Therefore, when the ambient temperature increases from 245.15 K to 318.15 K, the leaf temperature increases from 248.73 K to 322.74 K, and the temperature rise also increases from 3.58 K to 4.59 K. The electrothermal technology can be used to the anti-icing and de-icing of the intake system shutters on the basis of choosing the heat generation rate of the electrothermal tube reasonably.