Deposit Growth Rate Research Articles

PERSYARATAN KECUKUPAN MODAL MINIMUM DAN PERILAKU BANK DI INDONESIA

This study aims to analyze the impact of bank capital requirements in Indonesia where credit and capital crunch. In investigating the impact of bank capital requirements, we set up a simple model of the banking firm as well as having possible effects on the economy. In this study, change of deposits and change of loan were included as the dependent variable and capital requirements as the independent variable while logarithm of total assets, Certificates of Bank Indonesia (SBI) and growth of GDP as the control variable. In estimation, we use annually panel data of all the banks conventional period 2002-2206 while number of samples was 372 banksyears. Based on our econometric tests, we choose the Fixed Effect panel regression model because the bank specific characteristics are found to be different. The results of this study indicated that regulatory capital takes part in the change of Indonesia banks behaviour. The main finding of this study, firstly from the liabilities side of banks is that there was a strong positive relationship between bank capital and growth rate of deposits, where the impact of change in capital is smaller for well-capitalised banks than for poor-capitalised banks. Secondly, with regards to bank lending, it was shown that credit crunch was less apparent in the aftermath of change in capital regulatory in Indonesia. Thus, this study supported of capital crunch. Keywords: Capital Adequacy Ratio, Deposits, Loans, Capital Crunch

In situ monitoring and control of material growth for high resolution electron beam induced deposition

During electron beam induced deposition on electron transparent membranes, the transmitted annular dark field (ADF) signal can be monitored. A method was developed to use the ADF signal to obtain insight into the growth process and to control the mass of individual nanometer-sized deposits. Arbitrary two-dimensional patterns can be defined. The smallest sampling time of the ADF signal monitoring is presently about 40ms. For arrays of dots that were deposited, the growth of each individual dot was monitored. It is observed that the growth is different for each dot, although the average deposit growth rate is linear with the dwell time. Apart from monitoring the ADF signal during the growth, the amount of deposited mass can be controlled for individual deposits by terminating the growth process when the ADF signal exceeds a threshold value. The dynamic ADF feedback control was applied to reduce variations in deposit mass. This attempt did not succeed, but the method was successfully applied to prevent the occurrence of a proximity effect. When the electron beam irradiates the side of an already existing structure, the amount of deposited material is higher than if the electron beam irradiates an area that is under normal incidence. With the dynamic ADF feedback control, this effect can be compensated in situ and the amount of deposited material that is probed by the beam is constant regardless of the local growth rate. The mass deposition resolution of the feedback system is estimated by assuming a volume and a density of the deposits. It is estimated that the ultimate mass resolution is a single molecule.

Thematic Section: Geology and geophysics of the Philippine Sea and adjacent areas in the Pacific Ocean

Thematic Section: Geology and geophysics of the Philippine Sea and adjacent areas in the Pacific Ocean

Growth behavior of electroless copper on silicon substrate

The growth behavior containing deposit morphology, growth rate, activation energy, and growth mechanism of copper on silicon substrate, especially at the initial stage, in the electroless plating process was studied. Copper was deposited on the surface of the silicon substrate in an electroless plating bath containing formalin (CH 2O 37vol%) as a reducing agent at a pH value of 12.5 and a temperature of 50-75°C. The copper deposit was characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that after the activation process, nanoscale Pd particles were distributed evenly on the surface of the silicon; in the deposition process, copper first nucleated at locations not only near the Pd particles but also between the Pd particles: the growth rate of electroless Cu ranged from 0.517 nm/s at 50°C to 1.929 nm/s at 75°C. The activation energy of electroless Cu on Si was 52.97 kJ/mol.

Coke Oven Carbon Deposits Growth and Their Burning Off

Burning off is the main method of carbon deposit removal from coke oven chambers. Optimisation of this operation is of a great interest both from the point of view of current production loss reduction and of coke oven plant lifetime extension. In this study the deposits originating from different parts of chambers have been characterised by chemical analysis, optical microscopy, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and mercury porosimetry. This investigation has shown that deposits contain two carbonaceous phases: the char from pyrolysed carry over coal particles and the pyrolytic carbon from raw gas cracking. Furthermore, the monitoring method for carbon deposits growth in coke oven chamber is presented. The statistical analysis of the visual inspection data has been a useful tool in the evaluation of the rate of deposit growth in individual coke oven chambers. The combustion kinetics of carbon deposits were studied by thermogravimetry under non-isothermal conditions with natural air draft and under isothermal conditions at controlled air flow rate. It was found that the reactivity of carbon deposits is in-between metallurgical coke and electrographite reactivity. At the temperatures below 700 degrees C, under laboratory conditions, the combustion rate (on the basis of external surface) is controlled by surface reaction at higher temperature and activation energy is around is 170 kJ/mol. At temperature higher than 700 degrees C combustion is controlled by gas film diffusion. Modelling of combustion in thermobalance experiments and in industrial coke oven chamber was carried out on the basis of measurement of kinetics using commercial CFD software.

Structure and rate of growth of whey protein deposit from in situ electrical conductivity during fouling in a plate heat exchanger

The influences of calcium concentrations ( 70 – 88 mg / l ) , Reynolds number (2000–5000) and temperature ( 60 – 96 ∘ C ) upon the deposit structure and the rate of growth deposition have been investigated in a plate heat exchanger. This was done from in situ measurements of the deposit electrical conductivity via implementation of stainless steel electrodes in channels combined with assessments of deposit thickness. Calcium ions affect structures of deposits and increase the rate of deposit growth upon heated surfaces. This was attributed to the formation of weaker size aggregates at higher calcium concentrations and a higher number of calcium bindings, which reinforce adhesion forces between protein aggregates. Structures and appearances of deposits also were affected by flow rates whatever the calcium concentrations. Deposit growth rate was enhanced by increasing flow rate below a critical Reynolds number comprised between 3200 and 5000. On the contrary, above the critical Reynolds number, a limitation of the deposit and/or an escape of the deposit from the fouled layer into the core fluid occurred, caused by the predominance of particle breakage on the deposit formation. Fouling tended to be reduced at higher flow rate. It was noteworthy that rates of growth decrease during fouling experiments which may be explained by an increase in local shear stresses leading to particle breakage.

Wax diffusivity under given thermal gradient: a mathematical model

AbstractIn this paper we describe how to obtain wax diffusivity and solubility in a saturated crude oil using the measurements of solid wax deposit in the experimental apparatus known as cold finger. Assuming that migration of dissolved wax is primarily driven by thermal gradients, a mathematical model is derived relating the deposit growth rate to the above mentioned quantities. We investigate the case in which the oil is not agitated. Comparisons with available experimental data are performed and possible sources of errors are discussed.

Measurements, Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO2 and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.

Long time investigation of the effect of fouling on the super-heaters in a circulating fluidized biomass boiler

The present investigation involves measurements and theories on the mechanisms of the forming of deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a biomass-fired CFD boiler. The deposit layer thickness and the soot-blowing frequency effect on the super-heaters heat transfer are the main subject of the study that has been conducted over a 3-year period. The measurements show a deposit growth rate on the super-heaters of approximately 4 g m−2 h−1. The distribution of the deposit material varies significantly between the windward and the leeward side of the tubes, with the thickest layers on the windward side. Further down stream of the first super-heater, the fouling problem on the super-heater and re-heater tubes are not so severe. A theoretical model shows that a deposit layer of 20 mm will decrease the heat transfer rate of the first super-heater by nearly 40%. The soot-blowing system shows a strong positive effect on the heat transfer rate of the super-heater a few hours after a soot-blowing sequence has been completed. However in the long run, the varied soot-blowing frequency does not have a significant influence on the deposit layer growth rate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effect of water side deposits on the energy performance of coal fired thermal power plants

Abstract This paper presents the effects of water side deposits in the 210 MW coal fired thermal power plant components (viz., boiler, turbine, feed water heaters, condensers and lube oil coolers) on the energy efficiency of these components and that of the overall system at 100% maximum continuous rating (MCR). The origin, composition and rate of build up of deposits on the water side are presented. A linear growth rate of deposits is assumed for simplicity. The effects of the reduction in heat transfer, increased pressure drop and increased pumping power/reduced power output in the components are quantified in the form of curve fits as functions of the deposit thickness (μm). The reduction in heat transfer in the boiler components is in the range of 0.2–2.0% under normal scaling. The increased pumping power is of the order of 0.6–7.6% in the boiler components, 29% in the BFP circuit, 26% in the LPH circuit, 21% in the HPH circuit and 18% in the lube oil cooler circuits. The effects on the overall coal fired plant is quantified through functional relations between the efficiencies and the notional deposit thickness. The sensitivity indices to the notional deposit thickness are: boiler efficiency: −0.0021% points/μm, turbine circuit efficiency: −0.0037% points/μm, auxiliary power efficiency: −0.00129% points/μm, gross overall efficiency: −0.0039% points/μm and net overall efficiency: −0.0040% points/μm. The overall effect of scale build up is either increased power input of ∼68 kW/μm (at a constant power output) or decreased power output ∼25 kW/μm (at a constant power input). Successful contaminant control techniques are highlighted. Capacity reduction effects due to water side deposits are negligible.

Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 Inhibition Is an Effective Treatment Strategy for Neuroblastoma in Preclinical Models

Tumor vascularity is correlated with an aggressive disease phenotype in neuroblastoma, suggesting that angiogenesis inhibitors may be a useful addition to current therapeutic strategies. We previously showed that the antiangiogenic compound TNP-470, an irreversible methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor, suppressed local and disseminated human neuroblastoma growth rates in murine models but had significant associated toxicity at the effective dose. We have recently shown that a novel, reversible MetAP2 inhibitor, A-357300, significantly inhibits CHP-134-derived neuroblastoma s.c. xenograft growth rate with a treatment-to-control (T/C) ratio at day 24 of 0.19 (P < 0.001) without toxicity. We now show that the combination of A-357300 with cyclophosphamide at the maximal tolerated dose sustained tumor regression with a T/C at day 48 of 0.16 (P < 0.001) in the CHP-134 xenograft model. A-357300 also significantly inhibited establishment and growth rate of hematogenous metastatic deposits following tail vein inoculation of CHP-134 cells and increased overall survival (P = 0.021). Lastly, A-357300 caused regression of established tumors in a genetically engineered murine model with progression-free survival in five of eight mice (P < 0.0001). There was no evidence of toxicity. These data show that MetAP2 may be an important molecular target for high-risk human neuroblastomas. We speculate that the growth inhibition may be through both tumor cell intrinsic and extrinsic (antiangiogenic) mechanisms. The potential for a wide therapeutic index may allow for treatment strategies that integrate MetAP2 inhibition with conventional cytotoxic compounds.

Initial stages of TiO 2 thin films MOCVD growth studied by in situ surface analyses

In situ chemical surface analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to understand the initial stages of TiO 2 thin-film MOCVD growth. Deposits on Si (1 0 0), a few nanometres thick, were obtained at a fixed temperature of 650 °C and for two different pressures, 2.9 and 0.05 mbar, using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as precursor. Pressure lowering led to a higher deposit growth rate. Reduction of titanium with respect to stoichiometric titanium dioxide and oxidation of the wet-cleaned silicon substrate are observed from decomposition of the Ti 2p and Si 2p peaks. The formation of a TiSi x O y mixed oxide is also pointed out and confirmed by the presence of a characteristic component in the O 1 s peak.

The effect of temperature on structural changes of NI55CO45 amorphous powder

Cobalt and nickel alloy powders were obtained by electrochemical deposition on a titanium cathode from an ammonium solution of cobalt and nickel sulfate. Powders of a specific chemical structure and composition, particle shape and size were obtained by an appropriate choice of electrolysis parameters, current density, deposit growth rate and solution temperature and composition. Within the current density range of 5 - 450 mAcm-2, the current density did not significantly affect the chemical composition of the powders, but had a significant effect on the particle structure, shape and size. Crystal particles formed at a current density lower than 30 mAcm-2. Amorphous powders were obtained at a current density higher than 50 mAcm-2. Structural changes of the obtained amorphous powder of 55mol.% Ni, 45 mol.% Co, pressed under the pressure of 100 MPa, were investigated by measuring the temperature dependence of electrical resistance in isothermal and non-isothermal conditions varying from room temperature to 750?C. The process of thermal stabilization of defects that appeared during pressing occurred within the temperature range of 200-390?C. The DSC method was used to determine that the powder crystallization process occurred in two stages with peak temperatures of the exothermal maximum in the first and second stage of T1 = 438?C and T2 = 573?C, respectively. A distinct correlation between the change of electrical resistance and the crystallization process was established. The reduction of electrical resistively occurs during each crystallization stage.

Modelling deposit growth on tilted rotating cylindrical substrate in centrifugal spray deposition

Centrifugal spray deposition (CSD) using a tilted rotating cylindrical substrate may offer considerable technical benefits over the conventional CSD process using a reciprocating substrate in producing ring preforms. A model has been developed to calculate the deposit growth rate as a function of the liquid volume flowrate, the substrate radius, the tilt angle, the position of the atomising disc, and the longitudinal position at the substrate. The deposit band length is determined by the substrate radius and tilt angle. The distribution of the deposit growth rate is symmetrical provided the atomising disc is positioned on the substrate axis or displaced along the direction perpendicular to the tilt plane. For a tilt angle of <50·46°, the deposit thickness uniformity can be improved by increasing the displacement. A tapered deposit with a controlled gradient can be obtained if the atomising disc is positioned offcentre on the tilt plane.

The effect of diluent gases on the growth behavior of CVD SiC films with temperature

Silicon carbide films have been grown onto graphite substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition using MTS (CH3SiCl3) as a source precursor and H2 or N2 as a diluent gas. The experiments were performed at fixed conditions of a flow rate of 100 sccm for each MTS and carrier gas, a flow rate of 300 sccm for diluent gas addition, and a total pressure of 5 torr. The effect of temperature from 900°C to 1350°C and the alteration of diluent gas species on the growth rate and structure of deposits have been studied. The experimental results showed that the deposition rate increased with increasing deposition temperature irrespective of diluent gases and reactant depletion effect increased especially at H2 diluent gas ambient. At MTS-H2 system, the deposition mechanism changed from chemical reaction to mass transfer controlled reaction with temperature. Otherwise, For MTS-H2-N2 system, surface chemical reaction controlled the growth process at whole deposition temperature ranges. For N2 addition, surface morphology of leaf-like structure appeared, and for H2, faceted structure at 1350°C. The observed features were involved by crystalline phase of β-SiC and surface composition with different gas ambient.

On the mechanism of contamination of diagnostic windows in fusion devices

The sputtering by charge exchange (CX) atoms off the diagnostic duct wall was suggested as the mechanism of deposit growth on diagnostic windows of fusion devices, or on the “first mirrors” in ITER. The rate of deposit growth was estimated as a balance between the deposition rate of wall material, D, and sputtering of the deposit already existing, S. For estimation, the dependencies of the sputtering yield on the projectile energy and incidence angle were used. It was found that the duct length to its diameter ratio, L/d, is an important parameter for deposit growth. The D value exceeds several times S value if L/d&amp;gt;2, but D/S is less than one in the case of a short duct, L/d≪1, and also in the case of the very long duct, L/d⩾10. Based on such a mechanism, a duct structure with diaphragms made of refractory metal was proposed to decrease significantly the rate of deposit growth.

Rapid growth of microscopic rectal cancer as a determinant of response to preoperative radiation therapy

Purpose: To quantify the dose-time fractionation factors in preoperative radiation therapy for microscopic pelvic deposits of rectal cancer. This provides a biologic basis for understanding and improving the results of adjuvant therapies for this disease.Methods: The reduction in incidence of pelvic relapses as a function of radiation dose and overall treatment time was determined from the literature. The displacement of dose-response curves to higher doses reflects the growth during radiation treatment of subclinical pelvic deposits which are beyond the future surgical margins.Results: Dose-response curves are steep if the effect of overall duration of radiation therapy is accounted for. The time-related displacement of these steep dose-response curves is consistent with a median doubling time for malignant clonogenic cells of about 4 or 5 days, much faster than the growth rate of the average primary tumor at diagnosis. This rapid growth is evident within the first few days of irradiation, implying that the natural growth rate of these microscopic deposits if fast, and/or that an acceleration of growth follows initiation of radiation injury with a very short lag time.Conclusion: Subclinical pelvic deposits of rectal cancer grow rapidly during preoperative radiation therapy with an adverse influence on the rate of pelvic tumor control from protracting the duration of adjuvant treatment. Low doses only offer clinically relevant reduction in risk of pelvic relapses if the overall radiation treatment time is short. For a given overall treatment duration there is a relatively steep dose-response curve, predicting that significant improvements in tumor control are possible.

In Situ Thermocouples in Macro-Components Fabricated Using SALD and SALDVI Techniques. II. Evaluation of Processing Parameters

In order to fabricate well-control led in situ SiC/C thermocouples embedded within macro-structural SiC components using an integrated selective area laser deposition (SALD) and the selective area laser deposition and vapor Infiltration (SALDVI) technique, the major processing parameters affecting the crystal structure, the deposition rate, surface morphology of deposits, and shapes and sizes of the cross section of deposited lines are evaluated. It is found that the growth rate of SiC deposits increases with temperature and tetramethy Isilane (TMS) gas pressure over the temperature and pressure range studied. The apparent activation energy for depositing SiC from TMS is 61 kJ/mole in the temperature range from 700 to 1200°C and independent of the TMS gas pressure ranging from 20 to 60 torr. The shape and size of the cross section of SiC lines depend strongly on the deposition temperature. XRD examination indicates that the deposition product using a C2H2 precursor at 900°C is crystalline graphite. The crytallinity of Si3N4 deposits is affected by the substrate material even though the deposition temperature and other process parameters are the same. These phenomena have been explained in terms of the growth controlling mechanisms of deposits, the temperature distribution induced by an incident laser beam, and the thermal conductivity of the substrate.

Analysis of the mechanism and source of contamination of diagnostic windows in fusion devices

Sputtering by charge exchange (CX) atoms of the diagnostic duct wall was suggested as the mechanism of the appearance of deposits on diagnostic windows of fusion devices, or on the “first mirrors” (FM) in ITER. The rate of deposit growth was estimated as a balance between the deposition rate of wall material, D, and sputtering of the deposit, S. For these estimation the dependencies of the sputtering yield on the projectile energy and incidence angle were used. It was found that the duct length to its diameter ratio, L/ d, is an important parameter. The D value exceeds several times S value if L/ d > 2, but D/ S is less than 1 in the case of a short duct, L/ d ≪ 1, and also in the case of a very long duct, L/ d⩾10. Based on such a mechanism, the duct structure with diaphragms made of refractory metals was proposed to decrease significantly the rate of deposit growth.

Silicon Nitride Coatings Formed using the Selective Area Laser Deposition (SALD) Technique

AbstractIn this paper, the Selective Area Laser Deposition (SALD) technique was used to deposit silicon nitride material from the gas phase. Tetramethylsilane (TMS) and ammonia were chosen as precursors for silicon and nitrogen respectively. Effects of processing temperatures and gas ratios of TMS to total pressure (PTMS+ PNH3) on the relative amounts of silicon nitride and the growth kinetics were studied. Further, surface morphology and electrical properties of the deposits were also examined. It is found that the as-deposited materials are mainly composed of amorphous phases and the heat-treated samples (at 1500°C for 8hrs) consist of α-Si 3N4, α-SiC and β-SiC. The amount of αz-Si3N4decreases with the increase of the TMS pressure. The volume growth rate of deposits also increases with the TMS pressure. The apparent activation energy for these processes is estimated as 1 OOkJ/mol.