Crop Growth Rate Research Articles

Influence of Bio-fertilizers and Phosphorus on Yield and Economics of Toria (Brassica campestris L.)

The Experiment aims to find out the Influence of bio-fertilizers and phosphorus on growth and yield of Toria. The experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2022-23 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. The treatments consist of Bio-fertilizers like Azotobacter – (20g/kg seeds), PSB – (20g/kg seeds), Azotobacter – (10g/kg seeds) + PSB – (10g/kg seeds) and Phosphorus 30, 40, 50 kg/ha. There were 10 treatments each replicated thrice. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%) available N (163.42 kg/ha), available P (21.96 kg/ha) and available K (256.48 kg/ha). Results revealed that the higher number of siliqua (232.53 cm), higher number of seeds/siliqua (20.60), higher test weight (3.92 gm), higher grain yield (20.6 q/ha) and higher stover yield (3.70 t/ha) were significantly influenced with application of Azotobacter - (10g/kg seeds) + PSB - (10g/kg seeds) + Phosphorus - 50kg/ha. Higher gross returns (INR 1,03,828.00/ha), higher net returns (INR 74,178.00/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.50) were also recorded in treatment-9 (Azotobacter - (10g/kg seeds) + PSB - (10g/kg seeds) + Phosphorus - 50kg/ha). The observations were recorded for plant height, dry weight, Crop growth rate, number of siliqua/plant, number of seeds/siliqua, test weight, see yield and stover yield. The data was statistically analyzed using the analysis of variance method.

Effect of Micronutrients and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Sesame

A field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj, 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India during (kharif 2022) to study the effect of micronutrients and sulphur on growth and yield of sesame. The treatments consisted of two levels of zinc (10 kg/ha,5 kg/ha), two levels of boron (5 kg/ha, 2.5 kg/ha) and three levels of sulphur (30 kg/ha, 40 kg/ha, and 50 kg/ha) and one control plot was used (the micronutrients were applied through soil application). The experiment was laid out in the Randomized Block Design with ten treatments which are replicated thrice on the basis of, one year experiment. The result showed that growth parameters viz., Plant height (127.57 cm), Plant dry weight ( 17.47 g plant-1), the application of micronutrients also improve the Crop growth rate (7.94 g/m2/day), Relative growth rate (0.026 g/g/day), and the yield parameters viz., Number of capsules plant-1 (43.37) seeds pod-1 (49.40), test weight (3.40 g), stover yield (1.98 t ha-1), grain yield ( 1.103 t ha-1), Harvest index (23.01%) were recorded significantly higher with application of zinc(5 kg ha-1), boron(2.5 kg ha-1) in combination with sulphur (50 kg ha-1). Maximum highest Net return (₹ 56,226 ha-1), Gross return (₹ 86,364 ha-1), and benefit cost ratio (1.86) were also recorded with the treatment 9 i.e., zinc (5 kg ha-1), boron (2.5 kg ha-1) in combination with sulphur (50 kg ha-1).

Dynamics of a crop, pest and predator model in an agricultural system

A three-species model of the interactions of crop, pest, and predator has been constructed in this work. In the absence of pests and harvesting of crops, the rate of crop growth is considered as logistic. It is considered that pests consume crops whereas predators consume pests. Harvesting of the crops has been considered here. Holling type II functional response has been considered for crop and pest consumption. It is also assumed that the predators may consume pests via Holling type II functional response. Positivity and boundedness of the solution of the model have been investigated. The various equilibrium points of the model are evaluated, and the local and global stability are then investigated. Studies on the Hopf bifurcation existence criterion in connection to a crucial model parameter have been conducted. The optimal crop harvesting has then been determined using an objective function that has been defined. The Pontryagin’s maximum theory is used to calculate the ideal crop harvesting rate. The consumption of pests by predators has been proven to help keep the system stable up to a point, but a higher rate of pest consumption by predators can potentially cause instability. According to observation, the model may become unstable as the mortality rate of predators of pests rises. It is found that the increase in optimal harvesting of crops may lead the model towards stability. It has been noted that increased rate of crops consumption by pests may result in lower agricultural yields.

Influence of Potassium and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi of 2022-23 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. To study the Response of potassium and spacing on the growth and yield of Mustard. The treatments consist of potassium 30,40,50 kg/ha and spacing 25 x 10 cm, 35 x 10 cm, and 45 x 10 cm. There were 9 treatments each replicated thrice. The soil of the experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%) available N (163.42 kg/ha), available P (21.96 kg/ha) and available K (256.48 kg/ha). Results revealed that the significantly the higher plant height (181.74 cm), the higher plant dry weight (24.88 g/plant), the higher crop growth rate (11.6 g/m2 /day), the higher number of siliqua per plant (276), the higher seeds/siliqua (16.54), the higher oil content (44.03%), the higher seed yield (2.33 t/ha) and the higher stover yield (3.53 t/ha) were significantly influenced with the application of potassium 50 kg/ha + spacing 45 x 10 cm.

Influence of Biofertilizers and Zinc Sulphate on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

The field study took place at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P. ), India, during the Rabi season of 2022. To research how Zinc Sulphate and Bio-fertilizers affect the production and growth of Maize. PSB, Azotobacter, PSB + Azotobacter, and Zinc Sulphate 20, 25, and 30 kg/ha make up the treatments. The soil on the experimental plot had a sandy loamy texture, had a pH of 7.8, and had little organic carbon (0.35%). The results showed that the greater plant height (159.03 cm), plant dry weight (162.70 g/plant), crop growth rate (64.12 g/m2/day), number of cobs per plant (1.8), number of rows per cob (16.8), number of seeds per cob (553.4), higher 100 seed weight (29.3 gm), higher Grain yield (6.5 t/ha) higher straw yield (12.9 t/ha), and Harvest index (33.8) were significantly influenced with the application of PSB + Azotobacter + Zinc Sulphate 30 kg/ha.

Response of autumn sown black gram as influenced by cobalt, potassium and boron nutrition under Indian subtropics

Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a widely grown pulse crop assuming considerable importance of food and nutritional security in India. A two-year experiment was conducted to find out the effect of cobalt (Co), potassium (K), and boron (B) on growth, yield, quality, and production economics of autumn sown black gram (variety: Pant Urd 31) under Gangetic alluvium soil (order: Inceptisol) in a split plot design with two different combinations of soil incorporation of Co as main plot and five foliar nutrition levels of K and B either single or in combination as subplot treatments during autumn seasons of 2020 and 2021. Pooled estimation revealed that crop growth rate, leaf area index, net assimilation rate, pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed yield, and benefit-cost ratio were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) with 4 kg ha−1 soil Co and foliar 1.25% K + 0.2% B applications as compared to no cobalt application and no spray respectively. This particular combination of soil application of Co along with foliar K + B spray also stimulated symbiotic efficiency, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and nitrate reductase activity along with improving the nutrients and protein contents in harvested seeds. Fluctuations in yield attributes explained about more than 85% variations in seed yield of both years through linear regressions. Thus, this unique combination of soil Co application along with foliar K + B spray has immense potential as an economically profitable strategy to facilitate substantial growth and physiological efficiency of an autumn-grown rainfed black gram to upgrade its production potential and quality.

Response of Nitrogen and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A research trial was conducted during Rabi season, 2022 at crop research farm, Department of Agronomy at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh India. The soil in experimental field was sandy loam in texture, having alkaline reaction (pH 7.7) with very low organic carbon (0.44%), available higher-level N (171.48 kg/ha), P (27.0 kg/ha) and higher level of K (291.2 kg/ha). To evaluate the response of nitrogen and different plant growth regulators on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) the experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with ten treatments each replicated thrice. The treatment consists three levels of nitrogen (120 kg/ha, 140 kg/ha and 160 kg/ha), in combination with two sprays of Plant growth regulators viz. [Chlormequat chloride (0.2%), Tebuconazole (0.1%) and chlormequat chloride (0.2%) + tebuconazole (0.1%)] applied at 40 DAS followed at 55 DAS whose effect was observed on wheat. The results revealed that, higher plant height (98.70 cm), was recorded with treatment nitrogen 160 kg/ha along with Tebuconazole (0.1%). However, maximum number of tillers/running row meter (78.33), maximum dry weight (23.01 g), higher crop growth rate (0.0059 g/m2/day), more number of effective tillers/m2 (271), highest spike length (15.10 cm), maximum number of grains/spike (60.05), higher test weight (39.75 g), maximum grain yield (4.66 t/ha),) and straw yield (6.98 t/ha) were recorded with treatment nitrogen -160 kg/ha along with CCC (0.2%) and Tebuconazole (0.1 %) in wheat. Application of both nitrogen and plant growth regulators improved the growth and yield of wheat significantly.

Influence of Land Configuration, Seed Rates, and Variety on Physiology and Yield of Rainfed Soybean in Semi-Arid Tropics of Central India

The present experiment was conducted under the ongoing ‘All India Coordinated Research Project’ (AICRP) for Dry Land Agriculture at the College of Agriculture, Indore to study the effect of land configuration, seed rates, and variety on the physiology of soybean in Central India. The study was carried out with 3 main plot treatments (3 land configurations i.e. L1- Flat sowing-45 cm, L2- Raised bed of 90 cm with 3 Rows bed-1 and L3- Raised bed of 60 cm with 2 Rows bed-1) and 4 subplot treatments (2 varieties of soybean i.e. V1-RVS 2001- 4 and V2-JS335; 2 seed rates i.e. S1-60 kg ha-1 (75% of Normal seed rate) and S2 40 kg ha-1(50 % of Normal seed rate). The various observations related to physiological parameters viz., crop growth rate, relative growth rate, leaf area, leaf area index, and chlorophyll content were recorded. The seed yield of soybean at harvest was also recorded. The obtained data were analyzed by the method of variance and the null hypothesis was tested by the ‘F’ test. Further, the critical difference was worked out to judge the difference between the two treatment means. The results revealed that the land configuration, seed rates, and variety significantly influenced the physiological parameters in soybean which reflected in the seed yield of soybean.

Effect of Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Varieties

The field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36 %), available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (15.2 kg/ha) and available K (232.5 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with nine treatments, replicated thrice. The treatments consists of T1: MTU – 7029 + Sulphur 10Kg/ha, T2: MTU – 7029 + Sulphur 20Kg/ha, T3: MTU – 7029 + Sulphur 30Kg/ha, T4: BPT – 5204 + Sulphur 10Kg/ha, T5: BPT – 5204+ Sulphur 20Kg/ha, T6: BPT – 5204 + Sulphur 30Kg/ha, T7: ARIZE – 6444 + Sulphur 10Kg/ha, T8: ARIZE – 6444 + Sulphur 20Kg/ha, T9: ARIZE – 6444 + Sulphur 30kg/ha are used. The results showed that application of BPT – 5204 + Sulphur 30kg/ha, recorded significantly higher plant height (111.20 cm), number of tillers/plant (11.45), plant dry weight (53.07 g/plant), Crop Growth rate (16.07 g/m2/day) panicles/plant (17.00), number of grains per hill, panicle (100.69), Test weight (21.51 g), panicle length (20.20 cm), grain yield (5.62 t/ha), Straw yield (9.68 t/ha), Harvest index (36.72%) were recorded with the treatment of BPT – 5204 + Sulphur 30 kg/ha. The higher gross returns (Rs. 1,72.050.00/ha), net return (Rs. 1,12,790.00/ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.90) was obtained in the treatment of BPT – 5204 + Sulphur 30 Kg/ha.

Agronomic Evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Hybrids under Agro-Climatic Conditions of Prayagraj, India

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of 2022 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.). The experimental site is situated at coordinates 25024' 42" N latitude, 810 50' 56" E longitude, and an altitude of 98 meters above mean sea level. It is located on the right side of the Yamuna River, alongside Prayagraj Rewa Road, approximately 5 km away from Prayagraj city. The soil in the experimental plot was sandy loam in texture with a nearly neutral pH of 7.1. The soil analysis revealed the following nutrient levels: organic carbon (0.75%), available nitrogen (269.96 kg/ha), available phosphorus (33.10 kg/ha), and available potassium (336 kg/ha). The experiment followed a Randomized Block Design, with 10 different hybrids, each replicated three times. Among the hybrids tested, hybrid R-305 exhibited significantly higher values for various parameters, including maximum plant height (110.43 cm), plant dry weight (49.45 g/plant), tillers per square meter (366.23), panicle length (29.73 cm), filled grains (250.87), grain yield per hill (31.37 g) and grain yield per hectare (5.52 t), as well as straw yield (10.51 t/ha). However, hybrid R-400 had the highest number of tillers (14.89), while R-311 showed the highest crop growth rate (32.63 g/m2/day). Hybrid R-405 exhibited a higher test weight (25.87 g), R-410 had more unfilled grains (52.36), and R-458 had a longer duration to 50% flowering (52.39) and maturity (87.67). In terms of economic considerations, hybrid R-305 recorded the maximum gross returns (₹ 130,890.40/ha), net returns (₹ 81,844.00/ha), and a B:C ratio of 1.67, indicating its superior profitability compared to other hybrids.

Correlation Between Growth and Yield of Greengram in Drip Fertigation, Fermented Fish Waste, Fermented Egg Product Application under Aerobic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)-Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) Cropping System in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu

Background: The productivity of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) is not adequate to meet the growing global population since mostly all the leguminous crop grown under rainfed condition. In this regard, a research experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of bio fermented products with drip fertigation under aerobic rice (Oryza sativa L.) - greengram (Vigna radiata L.) cropping system. Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Wetland farms of Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019-21. For greengram Thirteen treatments with Randomized complete block design were imposed in which fermented fish waste and fermented egg product were applied through drip at vegetative stage and peak flowering stage. Surface irrigation was scheduled based on IW/CPE ratio of 0.5 with conventional application of fertilizers. Result: The experiment results revealed that application of drip fertigation @ 125% RDF+100% PE with FFW registered higher growth parameters (plant height, drymatter production, 50% flowering, LAI), physiological parameters (Crop growth rate, Relative growth rate, SPAD values), yield attributes, yield and cropping system analysis. The results of correlation analysis also showed that the grain yield was positively impacted by the yield parameters.

Combining Fully Acidulated Phosphates with Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Urochloa brizantha Fertilization

Aimed to evaluate the productive, morphological and nutritional characteristics, in addition to the accumulation of nutrients in the aerial part of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu subjected to phosphorus chemical sources and its interaction with phosphate-solubilizing inoculant. The experiment was developed in Colorado do Oeste, RO, Brazil, being adopted a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different phosphate fertilizer doses associated or not with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM): 0% P; 50% P; 100% P; 50% P + 250 mL ha-1 PSM; 50% P + 500 mL ha-1 PSM; 50% P + 750 mL ha-1 PSM; and 50% P + 1000 mL ha-1 PSM. Triple superphosphate was used as a chemical fertilizer, and fertilization with chemical fertilizer and PSM occurred on November 19th, 2021. The results for the morphological characteristics and yields of Marandu grass showed significant differences. The different arrangements and phosphate doses influenced the green matter yield and dry matter yield, both using the 50% P + 1000 mL ha-1 PSM presented higher yields (3,642.75 kg ha-1 and 1,049.10 kg ha-1, respectively). Higher crop growth rate results in green matter were also found when employing a combination of 50% P + 500 mL ha-1 PSM and 50% P + 1000 mL ha-1 PSM. Dry matter had a significant effect on the bromatological composition, with higher results observed when using 50% P alone (34.55%). Regarding the accumulation of nutrients in the aerial part, the highest P accumulation in Marandu grass was observed when utilizing 100% P, resulting in an accumulation of 15.4 kg P ha-1. Inoculation with PSM for fertilization of U. brizantha cv. Marandu grass does not have adverse effects on the increase in P availability to the plant, resulting in adequate yield and crop development associated with the productive potential of the area.

Influence of Biofertilizers and zinc Sulphate on yield and economics of Maize (Zea mays L.)

The field experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2022 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India, to study the effect of bio- fertilizers and zinc sulphate on growth and yield of Maize. The treatments consist of Bio-fertilizers PSB, Azotobacter, PSB + Azotobacter and ZnSO4 (20, 25, 30 kg/ha) The soil of experimental plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%). The outcomes showed that the higher plant height (159.03 cm), higher plant dry weight (162.70 g/plant), higher crop growth rate (26.250 g/m2/day), number of cobs/plant (1.8), higher number of rows/cob (16.8), number of seeds per cob (553.4), higher 100 seed weight (29.3 gm), higher Grain yield (6.5 t/ha) higher straw yield (12.9 t/ha), and Harvest index (33.8) were significantly influenced with application of PSB + Azotobacter + ZnSO4 30 kg/ha. Higher gross return (INR 1,49,119.5/ha), higher net return (INR 1,08,439.5.00/ha) and higher B:C ratio (2.66) were also recorded in treatment No.9 (PSB + Azotobacter + ZnSO4 30 kg/ha).

Effect of different depths of irrigation water on yield and water use pattern of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2013 and 2014 to evaluate the effect of different depths of irrigation water on yield and water use pattern of summer groundnut. Plant height increased with increasing the quantity and uniform depth (50 mm) of irrigation water during all through growth period. Towards maturity presence of moisture had no greater influence to plant growth but had significant role to developmentalprocesses. Depth ofirrigation had greatly influenced on drymatter production rather than total quantity of irrigation water applied. Increasing irrigation depth to higher (40 mm) from lower (20 mm) depth did not influence the crop growth rate significantly. Irrigation water applied either uniform or different depth during various growth stages significantly influenced the yield attributes viz., number of pods per plant, shelling percentage etc. and skipping of irrigation water at any stage did not influence the yield attributes. Yield of groundnut also increased with lesserquantity of irrigation water when irrigation water was applied in judicious manner with different depths during different growth stages. Skipping of any depth of irrigation water from 30 DAE to 65 DAE the pod yield wasreduced significantly about 20-26 per cent and moisture stress at early growth stage to early pod development stage was detrimental. Total water use or water expense was higher under T7 (379.0 mm) where 160 mm irrigation water was applied under various depths during different growth stages followed by skipping of 20 mm irrigation water at 30 DAE but water expense efficiency was higher under T5 where, 180 mmofirrigation water was applied in different depth of combinations during different growth stages of the crop followed by higher pod yield. So it may be concluded that moisture stress at early growth stage to early pod development stage was detrimental and to meet the physiological demand of the crop judicious management of irrigation water viz., shallow depth of irrigation waterat early part of the growth along with medium depth of irrigation water towards later growth stages (T5) is recommended for good harvest of the crop.

Growth indices, photosynthetic parameters and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by sowing dates and cutting management

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to study the effect of staggered sowing on growth indices, photosynthetic parameters and productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in relation to different cutting management. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with 3 sowing dates, viz. 15 October, 30 October and 15 November in main plots and 5 cutting management, viz. un-cut (control), cut at 50 days after sowing (DAS), cut at 60 DAS, cut at 50 DAS + additional 15 kg N/ha after cut (N15) and cut at 60 DAS + additional 15 kg N/ha after cut (N15)] in subplots, replicated 4 times. The results indicated that, the crop sown on 15 October registered the highest values of absolute growth rate (AGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) up to 120 days of crop-growth. Thereafter, crop sown on 15 November showed higher AGR and CGR values than that sown on 15 October and 30 October. Relative growth rate (RGR) was the highest in the crop sown on 15 October up to 30 days; 30 October up to 120 days and 15 November thereafter. Fodder cut at 50 DAS and cut at 50 DAS + N15 treatments resulted in the negative values of AGR, CGR and RGR during 30–60 DAS. Transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased significantly and progressively with each delay in sowing. Uncut crop recorded the highest transpiration rate (0.53 m mol/m2 /sec), whereas the crop cut at 60 DAS resulted in the lowest transpiration rate (0.26 m mol/m2 /sec). Crop sown on 15 October resulted in 11.9 and 47.9% more grain yield and 18.3 and 25.2% more fodder yield than that sown on 30 October and 15 November, respectively. Control and cutting for fodder at 50 DAS gave similar grain yields, but were significantly higher than the other cutting-management treatments.

Influence of Biofertilizers and Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season 2023 at CRF, (Crop Research Farm), Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Zaid season of 2023. The purpose of this research is to study the Influence of Biofertilizers and Gibberellic acid on growth and yield of Blackgram. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture, Basic in soil reaction (pH 7.19), low in organic carbon (0.54%), available N (286.93 kg/ha), available P (21.67 kg/ha), available K (157.12 kg/ha). The treatments included PSB seed inoculation at 10 and 20g/1kg seeds, Rhizobium seed inoculation at 10 and 20g/1kg seeds and three levels of Gibberellic acid foliar application (50,100 and 150ppm) and control (20:40:20 NPK kg/ha) were used. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments each replicated thrice. As a result, Maximum plant height (36.03 cm), plant dry weight (6.72 g/plant), Crop growth rate (7.08 g/m2/day), Relative growth rate (0.056 g/g/day), Maximum Pod/plants (21.85), Seeds/pod (4.42),Seed yield (1.12 t/ha), Stover yield (2.03 t/ha) Test weight (34.89 g) and Harvest index (35.63 %) were recorded. Higher Gross returns (84179.17 Rs./ha),Net returns (57761.07 Rs./ha) and Benefit Cost Ratio (2.19) were obtained with application of (PSB 10g/1kg seeds, Rhizobium 10g/1kg seeds and Gibberellic acid at 150ppm).

Response of Biofertilizers and Kinetin on Growth and Yield Parameters of Summer Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

The field experiment on blackgram was carried out in summer, 2022 at the Crop Research Farm in the Department of Agronomy. The treatment consisted of three levels of biofertilizer no seed inoculation, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (20 g/kg seeds), Rhizobium (30 g/kg seeds), three levels of kinetin (20, 30 and 40 ppm) foliar spray and a control. The experiment was set up using a Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and three replications. The variety black gold of black gram was sown in Zaid 2022. The results of the experiment revealed that foliar application of 40 ppm kinetin along with biofertilizers recorded significantly increased growth parameters viz., plant height (33.94 cm), number of branches (8.13), number of nodules per plant (36.80), plant dry weight (4.47 g/plant), crop growth rate ( 8.23 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (0.10 g/g/day). Same treatment also resulted in boosting yield and yield attributes viz., number of pods per plant (27.50), number of seeds per pod (8.07), test weight (40 g), seed yield (0.71 t/ha), stover yield (1.82 t/ha), harvesting index (28.09 %). In terms of gross returns (67450.00 INR/ha), net returns (44885.00 INR/ha), and the B:C (1.99), this treatment also demonstrated its favorable effects.

Response of Maize to Spraying Phosphorus and Seaweed under the Conservation Agriculture System

A field experiment was conducted during the fall season 2022 to study the Conservation agriculure system and the role of Treatment foliar sprays (phosphorus and seaweed) in improve growth and productivity of maize. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within the order of split plots including three replicates was used. The experiment included two levels of Conservation agriculture (Zero Tillage or Tillage) symbolized by T0, T1, that represented the main plots, while the subplots included the foliar spray six mixtures of liquid phosphorus and seaweed: without spray (control), Full recommendation of di ammonium phosphate (DAP) symbolized (P1), Half-recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP), with spraying liquid phosphorous at concentration of 100 ml/L symbolized (P2), Half-recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP) with spraying liquid phosphorous at concentration of 200 ml/L symbolized (P3), Half recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP) with spraying liquid phosphorus at concentration of 100 ml/L with seaweed at concentration of 50 ml/L symbolized (P4), and Half-recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP) with liquid full-recommendation with 200 ml/L of with seaweed at concentration of 100 ml/L symbolized (P5). Results showed, Conservation agriculture negatively affected the vegetative growth characteristics, reduced Plant height and Leafy area, Crop growth rate Also, the characteristics of productivity were negatively affected, and the 500-Grains weight, decreased gave 77.81(g), and the Grain yield 3.18 (Mega ha). Foliar spraying improved and increased the growth characteristics and productivity of Maize, gave higher treatment (P5) for plant height and leaf area as well as the highest productivity. Conclude Conservation agriculture of Maize did not succeed in central Iraq and affected negatively in reducing the growth and productivity characteristics, and that foliar spraying led to improving and increasing the growth and productivity of Maize.

Impact of foliar spray of thiourea on growth attributes of two cultivars of soybean

Soybean is one of the major oilseed crops cultivated in India and globally. In India, it is mainly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Telangana. Despite being grown in large areas, the importance of soybean and its oil is still very prevalent. The objective was to investigate the impact of foliar spraying of thiourea at three different concentrations (250, 500, and 750 ppm) during two growth stages (20-25 days after sowing and 50-55 days after sowing) on two soybean varieties, PS1347 and SL958. Several growth parameters were recorded and then analysed, such as plant height, plant dry weight, stem girth, leaf chlorophyll content, intercepted PAR, crop growth rate and relative growth rate. It was found that thiourea brought a positive influence on the crop, and the maximum improvement was recorded by foliar spraying of 750 ppm thiourea, which was statistically at par with the foliar spray of thiourea at the concentration of 500 ppm.

Effect of Moisture Regimes and Weed Management Practices on Growth Indices under Drum Seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Afield experiment was conducted during Kharif season 2021 and 2022 at Agronomy research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh, (India). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with thrice replications taking three moisture regime viz., 6 cm at 1 DADPW (Days after disappearance of ponded water); 6 cm at 4 DADPW (Days after disappearance of ponded water); 6 cm at 7 DADPW (Days after disappearance of ponded water)in main plot, and four weed management practices viz., control; Organic Mulch (Rice Straw @5t ha-1);Herbicide (Bispyribac sodium (10%) @ 200 ml ha-1 post Emergence) and two hand weeding at 25 and 45 DAS in sub plot. Results revealed that significantly higher crop growth rate, relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, net assimilation rate and grain yield was recorded in 6 cm at 4 DADPW (Days after disappearance of ponded water) during both the years of investigation. Among the weed management practices, higher value recorded with sequential two hand weeding at 25 and 45 days after sowing.