CO Conversion Rate Research Articles

Pulsed electrolysis of carbon dioxide by large‐scale solid oxide electrolytic cells for intermittent renewable energy storage

AbstractCO2 electrolysis with solid oxide electrolytic cells (SOECs) using intermittently available renewable energy has potential applications for carbon neutrality and energy storage. In this study, a pulsed current strategy is used to replicate intermittent energy availability, and the stability and conversion rate of the cyclic operation by a large‐scale flat‐tube SOEC are studied. One hundred cycles under pulsed current ranging from −100 to −300 mA/cm2 with a total operating time of about 800 h were carried out. The results show that after 100 cycles, the cell voltage attenuates by 0.041%/cycle in the high current stage of −300 mA/cm2, indicating that the lifetime of the cell can reach up to about 500 cycles. The total CO2 conversion rate reached 52%, which is close to the theoretical value of 54.3% at −300 mA/cm2, and the calculated efficiency approached 98.2%, assuming heat recycling. This study illustrates the significant advantages of SOEC in efficient electrochemical energy conversion, carbon emission mitigation, and seasonal energy storage.

Precise Modulation of Triple‐Phase Boundaries towards a Highly Functional Exsolved Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane under a Dilution‐Free System

AbstractDry reforming of methane (DRM) has been emerging as a viable solution to achieving carbon neutrality enhanced by the Paris Agreement as it converts the greenhouse gases of CO2 and CH4 into industrially useful syngas. However, there have been limited studies on the DRM catalyst under mild operating conditions with a high dilution gas ratio due to their deactivation from carbon coking and metal sintering. Herein, we apply the triple‐phase boundary (TPB) concept to DRM catalyst via exsolution phenomenon that can secure elongated TPB by controlling the Fe‐doping ratio in perovskite oxide. Remarkably, the exsolved catalyst with prolongated TPB shows exceptional CO2 and CH4 conversion rates of 95.9 % and 91.6 %, respectively, stable for 1000 hours under a dilution‐free system. DFT calculations confirm that the Lewis acid of support and Lewis base of metal at the TPB promote the adsorption of reactants, resulting in lowering the overall CO2 dissociation and CH4 dehydrogenation energy.

Investigation of La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xNixO3-δ (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) catalysts on solid oxide fuel cells anode for biogas dry reforming

The introduction of catalyst on anode of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has been an effective way to alleviate the carbon deposition when utilizing biogas as the fuel. A series of La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xNixO3-δ (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) oxides are synthesized by sol-gel method and used as catalysts precursors for biogas dry reforming. The phase structure of La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xNixO3-δ oxides before and after reduction are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The texture properties, carbon deposition, CH4 and CO2 conversion rate of La0.6Sr0.4Co1-xNixO3-δ catalysts are evaluated and compared. The peak power density of 739 mW cm−2 is obtained by a commercial SOFC with La0.6Sr0.4Co0.4Ni0.6O3-δ catalyst at 850 °C when using a mixture of CH4: CO2 = 2:1 as fuel. This shows a great improvement from the cell without catalyst for internal dry reforming, which is attributed to the formation of NiCo alloy active species after reduction in H2 atmosphere. The results indicate the benefits of inhibiting the carbon deposition on Ni-based anode through introducing the La0.6Sr0.4Co0.4Ni0.6O3-δ catalyst precursor. Additionally, the dry reforming technology will also help to convert part of the exhaust heat into chemical energy and improve the efficiency of SOFC system with biogas fuel.

Ni/support-CaO bifunctional combined materials for integrated CO2 capture and reverse water-gas shift reaction: Influence of different supports

Integrated CO2 capture and utilisation (ICCU) is a promising strategy for restricting carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. Bifunctional combined materials (BCMs), containing adsorbents and active catalysts, are widely applied in this process. Producing syngas via reverse water–gas shift reaction (RWGS) and integrating with Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis is an attractive and valuable CO2 utilisation route. This work investigated a series of Ni/support-CaO BCMs (supports = ZrO2, TiO2, CeO2 and Al2O3) for the integrated CO2 capture and RWGS (ICCU-RWGS) process. The Ni/support-CaO BCMs were prepared by physically mixing various metal oxide supports loaded Ni with sol–gel derived CaO. The ICCU-RWGS performance (CO2 conversion, CO yield and CO generation rate) of these BCMs followed the order during tested conditions (550–750 °C): Ni/CeO2-CaO > Ni/TiO2-CaO > Ni/ZrO2-CaO > Ni/Al2O3-CaO. A comprehensive characterisation of Ni/support materials showed that Ni/CeO2 had the characteristics of stronger basicity, optimal Ni dispersion and improved NiO reducibility, which led to the outperforming ICCU-RWGS activity over Ni/CeO2-CaO (e.g. 56.1% CO2 conversion, 2.68 mmol g−1 CO yield and ∼100% CO selectivity at 650 °C). Furthermore, the Ni/CeO2-CaO BCM showed a stable, yet, self-optimising catalytic performance during the cyclic ICCU-RWGS reaction over 20 cycles. The TEM characterisation suggested that was ascribed to the volume expansion and shrinkage of CaO in the cyclic adsorption–desorption altering the distance between the adsorbent and Ni/CeO2, resulting in an enhanced CO2 conversion during the cycle.

Effective CO2 methanation at ambient pressure over Lanthanides (La/Ce/Pr/Sm) modified cobalt-palygorskite composites

Hear a series of Lanthanide-modified cobalt-palygorskite composite (LnCoPal, LnLa/Ce/Pr/Sm) for CO2 methanation reaction under atmospheric pressure were prepared by a simple impregnation method. The results showed that the PrCoPal catalyst showed fairly good activity for CO2 methanation, the CO2 conversion rate was 68.05% and the CH4 selectivity was 95.0% at 425 °C and atmospheric pressure (GHSV=15,000). The improved catalytic performance for the PrCoPal composite materials, compared to the other elements doped samples, was attributed to the incorporation of the Pr elements into the Co/Pal system, which enhanced the metal-support interaction between Co and palygorskite (Pal), improved the dispersibility of Co particles on Pal, refined Co particles, and increased catalytically active sites on the surface of the catalyst. The surface modification with a small amount of lanthanides slightly increased the surface alkalinity, enhanced the adsorption of CO2, and improved the overall catalytic performance.

Dopant induced modification of support-surface structure for high throughput conversion of CO in aqueous media

The paper addresses the structural and catalytic influence of different modifiers on mesoporous TiO2 loaded with Co, Mn, and Pt for aqueous phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (AFTS). The catalysts were synthesized in a two-step method; first, the modified TiO2 was prepared by the revised sol–gel method using different precursors of metal oxide. Then the metal precursors were loaded on the modified support using a mechanochemical procedure, a top-down approach. The quick high yield at room temperature without using any organic or inorganic solvent makes this synthesis procedure efficient. The synthesized catalysts were characterized with different techniques, including XRD, BET, XPS, TEM, HRTEM, H2, CO, CO2, NH3-TPD, etc. Under the identical reaction conditions, the rate of CO conversion under aqueous reaction medium follows the trend SiO2 > ZrO2 > TiO2 > Al2O3 > ZnO > MgO for modified TiO2, whereas the selectivity of C5+ hydrocarbons follow SiO2 > ZnO > MgO > TiO2 > Al2O3 > ZrO2 trend at 453 K and 3 MPa pressure. Based on the results obtained, we found that a balanced surface acidity to basicity ratio plays an important role in the activation of CO, followed by its hydrogenation. Moreover, the DFT results show that the CO conversion and hydrogenation are linearly correlated to the CO* + H* adsorption energy over the catalyst surface. Despite the aqueous phase, the rate of CO conversion for Si-Ti catalyst is kinetically determined using different Fischer-Tropsch empirical kinetic models, with negligible dependency on the partial water pressure term.

Improved Photocatalytic Activities of g-C3N4 Nanosheets by B Doping and Ru-Oxo Cluster Modification for CO2 Conversion

g-C3N4 is a promising photocatalyst for CO2 conversion owing to its outstanding reduction potential. However, its shallow valence band position and sluggish water oxidation reaction restrict the overall CO2 photoreduction process. Herein, g-C3N4 nanosheets are first doped with B through thermal treatment of mixed NaBH4 and subsequently modified with highly dispersed Ru-oxo clusters by using tailored chitosan oligomers. The optimal Ru-oxo modified B-doped g-C3N4 exhibits an exceptional photocatalytic CO2 conversion rate with 22-fold improvement compared with pristine CN. Based on the results of electron paramagnetic resonance, atmosphere-controlled surface photovoltage spectroscopy, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, etc., it is confirmed that the improved photoactivities are attributed to the downward shift of the valence band to obtain the strong driving force for water oxidation along with extension of the visible light response region by B doping and to the capture of photogenerated holes to enhance charge separation and then to accelerate the water oxidation process from the modified Ru-oxo clusters.

Data Analysis in Green Industrial Processes with Modified Chemical Efficiency and Environmental Impact: Smart Urea Production and CO2 Removal

Agriculture can benefit from urea fertilizer because it contains a lot of nitrogen at a reasonable cost. Urea fertilizer can be stored easily and does not pose a fire hazard over time. Due to its acidifying properties, urea fertilizer is an ideal fertilizer for many plants. Input and feed of the urea unit are taken from the output of the ammonia unit (CO2 and NH3). Hence, in this study, two methods of CO2 recovery from combustion gases and CO2 recycling in ammonia units will be used to increase urea production to realize low-carbon and industrial systems (including green agriculture). CO2 recovery also reduces environmental pollution, which is a very important factor in sustainable cities and societies. The results showed that CO reduction increases the overall efficiency compared to the data reported in the world for the same process, which is due to the reduction of CO input to methanize. Collecting information around the globe for constructing the same green system considering various conditions in each environment makes complicated situations in terms of how to design the process and the observed outcomes. However, we could find a new smart design to build the green system in our case study where it is completely acceptable compared to the same systems’ outputs. The obtained results indicate that the temperature of the shift reactor can be brought closer to 365°C without reducing the selectivity of the catalysts, which in turn would increase the CO conversion rate, the CO2 output, and the overall efficiency of the unit. Finally, it is shown that the rate of CO escape from shift reactors is decreased.

Hydrotalcite-derived Ni-LDO catalysts via new approach for enhanced performances in CO2 catalytic reduction

In this work, hydrotalcite-derived new Ni-LDO catalysts were synthesized via sequenced precipitation, for CO2 catalytic reduction to synthetic natural gas (SNG) with high performances, while the traditional sample via coprecipitation was prepared and measured as the comparison. By regulating precipitation procedure, a significant performance enhancement was attained, in which the CO2 conversion rate per gram nickel was 7-times higher than that of the conventional comparison, at the temperature of 573 K and atmospheric pressure. In addition, the desired product selectivity is up to 99%. Structural characterizations proved that the as-synthesized catalysts showed layered meso-porous properties. An increasing Ni particle size and higher coverage of medium-strong basic sites was observed over the optimized catalyst sample prepared when part of Mg2+ and Al3+ were precipitated at first step. Catalyst surface nickel enrichment and promoted reducibility were also achieved when using sequenced precipitation. This work achievements provided a new route for surface nickel enrichment of much more active hydrotalcite-derived Ni-LDO layered catalysts for enhanced performances.

Concentrated Full-Spectrum Solar-Driven CO2 Reduction with H2O to Solar Fuels by Au Nanoparticle-Decorated TiO2

Currently, the production of solar fuels by the photoreduction of CO2 with H2O is limited by the slow reaction rate and low efficiency of solar energy conversion. Combining concentrated solar power and plasmonic nanomaterials is a promising strategy to enhance photothermal transformation and promote solar-to-fuel conversion. Herein, a nanocatalyst comprising gold anchored on TiO2 was fabricated using a regular deposition-precipitation method. The nanocatalyst showed improved performance in CO2 reduction with H2O under concentrated full-spectrum irradiation owing to the coupling of photo- and thermal energies. Macroscopic experiments demonstrated a clear correlation between the light intensity and the syngas yield, and a CO2 conversion rate of 6.35% was achieved after 3 h under simulated sunlight illumination of 1644 mW/cm2. Photoelectrochemical measurements and finite element method simulations indicated that Au/TiO2 achieved better separation and transport of the photoexcited carriers than TiO2 owing to localized surface plasmon resonance that heats the nanocatalysts under concentrated full-spectrum irradiation. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy analysis also suggested that the photothermal effect accelerates the formation of intermediates such as formate and acetate and therefore enhances the overall photocatalytic rate. These results highlight the excellent potential of combining concentrated solar power and plasmonic nanostructures to realize the synergistic utilization of photon energy and thermal energy. Such a combination not only promotes the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency but also paves the way for future applications in large-scale scenarios.

Embedding Cs2AgBiBr6 QDs into Ce-UiO-66-H to in situ construct a novel bifunctional material for capturing and photocatalytic reduction of CO2

Solar-energy-driven CO2 conversion into valuable chemical fuels holds great renewable potential. However, most photocatalysts' weak CO2 adsorption limits more artificial photosynthesis for further utilization. Herein, we present an in situ assembling approach to produce stable Cs2AgBiBr6/Ce-UiO-66-H composite, in which a tight contact interface between the two participated components was constructed. Benefiting from the photocatalytic properties and high adsorption capacity for CO2, the optimized 20Cs2AgBiBr6/Ce-UiO-66-H adsorption-photocatalyst exhibits outstanding performance for reductive CO2 deoxygenation with considerable CO generation rate (309.01 μmol g−1h−1) under simulated solar light irradiation with 300 W Xe lamp, which is about 2.1 and 2.7 times than that of pure Cs2AgBiBr6 and Ce-UiO-66-H, respectively. The excellent catalytic conversion of CO2 is ascribed to the effective solar harvest and quickly photo-excited carriers’ separation in such assembled architecture. Importantly, due to the in-situ synthesis, Cs2AgBiBr6 QDs are intercalated in the Ce-UiO-66-H frameworks and it could lead to improved stability and induce abundant oxygen vacancies in Cs2AgBiBr6/Ce-UiO-66-H, which can maintain unchangeable CO2 conversion rate under wet air with consecutive ten hours of the recycling test. In this work, the combining metal–organic frameworks and lead-free halide perovskite provide great potential for artificial photocatalytic CO2-to-CO conversion under a mild gas–solid reaction condition via utilizing solar energy.

SO2 Tolerance of Rice Hull Ash Based Fe-Cu Catalysts for Low-Temperature CO-SCR of NO

Rice husk ash (RHA) has potential as a supporter of catalysts. In this research, we studied the activity and SO2 tolerance of RHA-based Fe-Cu oxide in the reduction of NO by CO. Characterization methods were employed to study the properties of the catalysts and their SO2 tolerance. Activity and SO2 resistance were also tested at different temperatures. We recommend two catalysts with SO2 resistance ability: Fe0.67Cu0.33/RHA (the highest catalytic activity) and Fe0.8Cu0.2/RHA. The NO removal rate hardly changed with the addition of SO2 and was kept at about 100%. However, the CO conversion rate decreased with increasing SO2 at the lower reaction temperatures, which may be due to the formation of sulfites. Fortunately, the deactivation was reversible and can be reduced with an increase in the reaction temperature. The results of our research may help promote the application of CO-SCR.

Ordered mesoporous carbon spheres assisted Ru nanoclusters/RuO2 with redistribution of charge density for efficient CO2 methanation in a novel H2/CO2 fuel cell

Efficiently reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) into carbon chemicals and fuels is highly desirable due to the rapid growth of atmospheric CO2 concentration. In prior work, we described a unique H2/CO2 fuel cell driven by low-valued waste heat, which not only converts CO2 to methane (CH4) but also outputs electrical energy, yet the CO2 reduction rate needs to be urgently improved. Here, a novel Ru-RuO2 catalyst with heterostructure was grafted on mesoporous carbon spheres by in situ partially reducing RuO2 into ultrasmall Ru clusters (∼1 nm), in which heteroatom-doped carbon spheres as a matrix with excellent conductivity and abundant pores can not only easily confine the formation of Ru nanocluster but also are beneficial to the exposed active sites of Ru complex and the mass transport. Compared to pure RuO2 nanoparticles supported on carbon spheres, our composite catalyst boosts the CO2 conversion rate by more than 5-fold, reaching a value of 382.7 μmol gcat.-1h−1 at 170 ℃. Moreover, a decent output power density of 2.92 W m−2 was obtained from this H2/CO2 fuel cell using Ru-RuO2 embedded carbon spheres as a cathode catalyst. The Ru-RuO2 heterostructure can modify the adsorption energy of CO2 and induce the redistribution of charge density, thus boosting CO2 reduction significantly. This work not only offers an efficient catalyst for this novel H2/CO2 fuel cell but also presents a facile method to prepare Ru nanoclusters.

Dehydrogenase-Functionalized Interfaced Materials in Electroenzymatic and Photoelectroenzymatic CO2 Reduction

The simultaneous extenuation of emitted CO2 conversion to chemicals and fuels has purposely motivated researchers toward adapting electrochemical techniques associated with gas diffusion electrodes by using enzyme formate dehydrogenase (FDH). Herein, an in-depth analysis on the background of electroenzymatic CO2 reduction in connection with the nature of binding of FDH on the electrode surface for interfacial direct electron transfer (DET) and mediated electron transfer (MET) are discussed. Types of bioelectrodes with a dehydrogenase enzyme and adapted techniques for their fabrication are emphasized along with new FDH enzymes and their possible effect on CO2 reduction efficacy. Solar-driven photoelectroenzymatic CO2 reduction has emerged as a promising strategy, which is discussed in terms of the rate of CO2 conversion in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, enzyme-interfaced materials, NADH regeneration, the role of synthetic photoelectrode materials, and diffusional electron mediators. Advanced applications of electroenzymatic CO2-reduction-driven fuels and their effect are assessed to offer future directions of interfaced materials for electroenzymatic and solar-driven processes.

Evaluating the effect of torrefaction on the pyrolysis of biomass and the biochar catalytic performance on dry reforming of methane

The torrefaction and pyrolysis experiments on hawthorn seed (HS) were carried out, and biochar obtained was utilized as a catalyst in dry reforming of methane (DRM) under microwave field. The product was characterized and analyzed to explore the influence of torrefaction on HS, subsequent pyrolysis process and catalytic performance of biochar. Results reveal that increasing torrefaction temperature enhanced deoxygenation and dehydration of solid product, thus increase gas and liquid product. And the yield of tar increases significantly with pyrolysis temperature. The carbon content of biochar with potential as carbon-based catalyst can exceed 80%. As torrefaction was implement before pyrolysis, not only was smokey flavor of tar improved, but also carbonization of biochar was further enhanced. As torrefaction temperature and pyrolysis temperature was respectively set at 300 °C and 600 °C, the biochar acquired could make the conversion rate of CH4 and CO2 reach 75% and 85% in the DRM reaction, respectively.

Congregated-electrons-strengthened anchoring and mineralization of gaseous formaldehyde on a novel self-supporting Cu2-xSe/Cu2O heterojunction photocatalyst under visible lights: A viable mesh for designing air purifier

Reinforced adsorption enabled efficient degradation of formaldehyde was investigated with a unique flower-like Cu2−xSe/Cu2O heterojunction photocatalyst. Nonstoichiometric Cu2−xSe crystals are grown from a pliable Cu mesh through a self-sacrifice template strategy. Sintering Cu2−xSe in O2/N2 atmosphere enables the formation of Cu2−xSe/Cu2O heterojunction. The implantation of Cu2O lowers the work function of Cu2−xSe and boosts the gathering of electrons, qualifying the heterojunction as electron-rich area with those shared Cu atoms being active sites. Under illumination, abundant electrons on Cu2−xSe/Cu2O delocalize to attract formaldehyde molecules and convert them into semi-stable carbonates. Simultaneously, these electrons react with adsorbed oxygen to produce active •O2-. With a continuous-flow operation mode, 100% removal percentage and 99.5% CO2 conversion rate are achieved when eliminating formaldehyde. By virtue of its integrity and pliability, the Cu mesh bearing Cu2−xSe/Cu2O can be applied in air purifier directly.

Transition metal (Ni, Cu, Ga, Fe) doped LaCoO3 improve surface hydrogen activation to promote low-temperature CO2 methanation

The LaCo0.7X0.3O3 (XCo, Ni, Cu, Ga, Fe) perovskite catalyst was prepared by the sol-gel method, and the effect of the partially substituted catalyst at the B-site for the hydrogenation of CO2 to methane reaction was studied. XRD, H2-TPR, TEM, BET, CO2-TPD and XPS technologies were used to characterize the catalyst. It was found that the reduced ability of LaCoO3, the specific surface area and surface defects of the material could be enhanced with the B-site element doping, the dissociation ability of H2 also be improved for the CO2 methanation reaction. The catalyst dissociates more H* radicals and combines with the CO2 adsorbed on the La site to form HCOO* , then hydrogenates to form H2CO* and removes H2O, and finally hydrogenates to form CH4. The CO2 conversion rate and CH4 yield of the doped catalyst have been significantly improved. At 220–280 ℃, the CO2 conversion rate can reach 13%, and the highest CH4 selectivity can reach 99%.

Synthesis of Cu-based nanoparticulated electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction by supercritical fluid deposition

This work has focused on the synthesis of Cu nanostructured electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction by supercritical fluid deposition (SFD) technique. Different synthesis strategies such as the suppression of cosolvent (methanol) and/or reducing agent (hydrogen) have been studied. Good copper deposition yields (around 85%) have been attained in the absence of hydrogen. This material (C-200Me) has been tested as catalyst in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in gas phase and the results obtained have been compared with those achieved with a catalyst synthesised using H2 as reducing agent (C-200H2Me). CO and formic acid have been the main reduction products with both catalysts. CO2 conversion rate has been almost six times higher with C-200H2Me, what may be probably attributed to a higher proportion of Cu0/Cu+ species in this catalyst. These results indicate the higher catalytic activity of Cu0 (than that of Cu2O) in the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 in gas phase.

Enhanced CO2 conversion on highly-strained and oxygen-deficient BiVO4 photocatalyst

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) has recently received significant attention for photocatalytic CO2 conversion due to its low bandgap and high stability, but low position of the conduction band and high electron-hole recombination rate limit its photocatalytic activity. In this study, to overcome the drawbacks of BiVO4, oxygen vacancies and lattice strain are simultaneously introduced in this oxide using a high-pressure torsion process. The processed material not only shows the low recombination rate and enhanced conduction band level but also exhibits bandgap narrowing. The oxygen-deficient and highly-strained BiVO4 shows a high photocatalytic CO2 conversion rate with an activity comparable to the P25 TiO2 photocatalyst. The enhancement of photocatalytic activity is discussed based on the modification of band structure, enhanced light absorbance, the lifetime of excited electrons, and the role of oxygen vacancies as activation sites for CO2 photoreduction. This work introduces a feasible pathway to develop active photocatalysts for CO2 conversion by lattice strain and defect engineering.

Bifunctional catalysts composed of low silicon‐content SAPO‐34 nanosheets and In2O3/ZrO2 with improved performance for CO2 hydrogenation

AbstractThe conversion of CO2 into high‐value chemicals has drawn a great deal of consideration, of which the most ideal product is lower olefins. However, the modified Fischer–Tropsch (F‐T) synthesis with CO as an intermediate shows poor selectivity for lower olefins. Here, a list of bifunctional catalysts consisting of SAPO‐34 zeolites with adjustable silicon contents and In2O3/ZrO2 were synthesized. In the reaction process, CO2 is first hydrogenated to methanol over an In2O3/ZrO2 catalyst, and then the generated methanol rapidly diffuses to the adjacent zeolite catalyst to react to lower olefins. The selectivity of lower olefins (88.3%) and conversion rate of CO2 (23.3%) was achieved over In2O3/ZrO2 and SAPO‐34‐0.05 at 633 K, a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 4500 ml·gcat–1·h–1, and H2/CO2/Ar = 3:1:1. The catalytic performance remained stable after 50 h of reaction. Characterization analysis showed that Si content affected the content of Brønsted acid sites (BAS) and morphology of SAPO‐34, resulting in different distribution of reaction intermediates. Tetramethyl‐benzenes, as important intermediate species, had a slower conversion rate on the SAPO‐34 with low Si content and nanosheet morphology, which led to high lower olefins selectivity. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.