Chip Rate Research Articles

Concept Development of Multi Blade Potato Slicer

In Domestic field & Professional life situations like that where a home maker or Professional may need to use potato slicer to make potato chips. Usually, regular potato slicer is used by small and medium range hot potato chips maker, but it consumes both time and energy of the chips maker because of its single blade. By introducing multi-blade in potato slicer, we can save the energy and time of the chips maker. Potato slicer with multi blade will not only save the energy and time of the chips maker, it also increase the production rate of the potato chips. For example slicer with three blades will increase the 3 times production of the regular slicer.

Blurred interface induced control of electrical transport properties in Josephson junctions

The interfacial microstructures of Josephson junctions are vital for understanding the microscopic mechanism to improve the performance of superconducting qubits further. However, there remain significant concerns about well understanding the correlation between atomic structures and electrical behaviors. Here, we propose a new method to define the interface of the barrier in Josephson junctions, and investigate the factors that affect the electrical properties of junctions using material analysis techniques and first principles. We find that the aluminium–oxygen ratio of the interface contributes greatly to the electrical properties of junctions, which is consistent with the conclusions obtained by utilizing the generative adversarial network for data augmentation. When the aluminium–oxygen ratio of the interface is 0.67–1.1, the model exhibits a lower barrier height and better electrical properties of the junction. Moreover, when the thickness of the barrier is fixed, the impact of the aluminium–oxygen ratio becomes prominent. A detailed analysis of Josephson junctions using a microscopic model has led to identifying of process defects that can enhance the yield rate of chips. It has a great boost for determining the relationship between microstructures and macroscopic performances.

On-chip source-device-independent quantum random number generator

Quantum resources offer intrinsic randomness that is valuable for applications such as cryptography, scientific simulation, and computing. Silicon-based photonics chips present an excellent platform for the cost-effective deployment of next-generation quantum systems on a large scale, even at room temperature. Nevertheless, the potential susceptibility of these chips to hacker control poses a challenge in ensuring security for on-chip quantum random number generation, which is crucial for enabling extensive utilization of quantum resources. Here, we introduce and implement an on-chip source-device-independent quantum random number generator (SDI-QRNG). The randomness of this generator is achieved through distortion-free on-chip detection of quantum resources, effectively eliminating classical noise interference. The security of the system is ensured by employing on-chip criteria for estimating security entropy in a practical chip environment. By incorporating a photoelectric package, the SDI-QRNG chip achieves a secure bit rate of 146.2 Mbps and a bare chip rate of 248.47 Gbps, with all extracted secure bits successfully passing the randomness test. Our experimental demonstration of this chip-level SDI-QRNG shows significant advantages in practical applications, paving the way for the widespread and cost-effective implementation of room-temperature secure QRNG, which marks a milestone in the field of QRNG chips.

Vocal dimorphism in Anna's hummingbirds

Sexual dimorphism in vocal signals is found across many bird species. By evaluating correlations among sex, behaviors, and vocalizations, the meaning and utility of sound production may be inferred. Anna's hummingbirds Calypte anna exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males being larger and having more vibrant coloration than females, but vocal dimorphism in the species is less studied. A common vocalization of Anna's hummingbirds is the chip note, which is produced by both sexes in a wide array of contexts. Here, we correlated temporal parameters of recorded chip notes with individual sex and behavioral contexts gathered from field observations. The production rate of chip notes differed significantly between male and female hummingbirds but did not vary much with behavioral context. Although Anna's hummingbirds produce chips across a broad spectrum of behaviors, dimorphic chip production may be especially important in territorial behavior.

Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with pancreatic cancer by novel nano microfluidic chips and comprehensive nursing intervention.

It was to explore the detection efficiency of novel nano microfluidic chips on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in pancreatic cancer (PC) patients and the effect of comprehensive nursing intervention on the life indicators of patients after PC surgery. PC, benign pancreas, and healthy volunteers were enrolled. The number and positive rate of CTCs in the subjects, the relationship between the number of CTCs in PC patients and clinical data, the recurrence rate, and the life indicators of patients after intervention were sorted out and analyzed. The positive rate of CTCs was 96.67% in PC group (29/30), 16.67% in benign pancreas group (5/30), and 0% in healthy controls. The positive CTCs in PC patients were correlated with vascular invasion (P<0.05). The recurrence rate after PC resection was 56.67% (17/30). The positive detection rate of nano microfluidic chip was 30/30 (100%), which was higher than against CellSeach 7/30 (23.33%), P<0.05. The physiological function score of intervention group (93.67±1.48) was higher as against controls (60.45±2.03), P<0.05. The social function score of intervention group (91.26±0.44) was higher as against controls (54.92±2.98), P<0.05. The novel nano microfluidic chip has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CTCs in PC patients. Postoperative comprehensive nursing intervention can improve the quality of life (QoL) and functional status of PC patients.

Novel radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) 14T memory cell for aerospace applications in 65 nm CMOS technology

With the reduction of MOS transistor process size, the ability of static random access memory (SRAM) to resist single event upset plays an important role in reducing the soft error rate of chips. In this paper, a novel Radiation Hardened By Design Cell (RHBD-14T) using source isolation technology to reduce the number of sensitive nodes is proposed, compared with the following latest radiation-hardened memory cells (WE-Quatro, RHPD-12T, SAR-14T, SEA-14T, QUCCE-12T, SARP-12T, EDP-12T, QCCS, SCCS and SERSC-16T), the proposed RHBD-14T saves 0.5%, −5.3%, 100.2%, 83.6%, −18.5%, −22.8%, 83.7%, 72%, −2.1%, 171% of read-delay time and −13.4%, −36.3%, −34.4%, 24.1%, 8.4%, 153.1%, 47.8%, 14.7%, −2.8%, −32.8% of write delay time, respectively. In addition, RHBD-14T has the smallest power consumption and the largest hold static noise margin (HSNM), read static noise margin (RSNM) and charge-SNM to power-area-delay (QSPAD), which means it is more suitable for radiation intensive space environment.

Impact of CnRx Structure on Soft Error Rates of Flip-Flop Designs at 22-nm FD SOI Node

Embedded Silicon Germanium (eSiGe) is used in the channel region of PFET devices at the 22-nm FD SOI node. The use of eSiGe results in channel regions becoming strained, which results in better hole mobility and increased performance. However, if the active diffusion regions are too short on each side of a PFET gate, then the effect of channel strain is reduced, and performance is reduced. The Continuous Active Diffusion (CnRx) layout construct suggested by the foundry is a way to help keep channel strain present within a single cell design. In this paper the CnRx construct is implemented in a 22-nm FD SOI test chip and soft error rates of stacked-transistor flip-flops are shown to increase with heavy ion irradiation. The effect of channel strain on PFETs results in higher collected charges from ion strikes, and charges are more easily passed between adjacent transistors through strained channels. However, with careful schematic and layout design, these effects can be mitigated to produce both high performance and radiation tolerant cells using the CnRx construct.

ATNet: A Defect Detection Framework for X-ray Images of DIP Chip Lead Bonding.

In order to improve the production quality and qualification rate of chips, X-ray nondestructive imaging technology has been widely used in the detection of chip defects, which represents an important part of the quality inspection of products after packaging. However, the current traditional defect detection algorithm cannot meet the demands of high accuracy, fast speed, and real-time chip defect detection in industrial production. Therefore, this paper proposes a new multi-scale feature fusion module (ATSPPF) based on convolutional neural networks, which can more fully extract semantic information at different scales. In addition, based on this module, we design a deep learning model (ATNet) for detecting lead defects in chips. The experimental results show that at 8.2 giga floating point operations (GFLOPs) and 146 frames per second (FPS), mAP0.5 and mAP0.5-0.95 can achieve an average accuracy of 99.4% and 69.3%, respectively, while the detection speed is faster than the baseline yolov5s by nearly 50%.

Endurance Prediction Based on Hidden Markov Model and Programming Optimization for 28nm 1Mbit Resistive Random Access Memory Chip

We proposed a state transition probability model based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which can predict the lifetime for different endurance failure modes. The prediction span of this model is 500 cycles, and the accuracy rate can reach 83.6 %. Based on the prediction results, we proposed an optimized programming algorithm to rescue the failing cells during endurance. The failure rate of memory chip is reduced by 38 % after 5000 cycles. The forecasting model is effective and of practical value since it is based on the data from 28nm 1Mbit Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) chips, including the peripheral circuit noise, machine noise and device randomness. This prediction model is significant for promoting RRAM application and improving memory chip utilization.

Analytical and experimental investigations of rake face temperature considering temperature-dependent thermal properties

In metal cutting, rake face temperature is a critical factor affecting the quality of processed parts and tool wear. However, this temperature is difficult to estimate because of the high strain rate and barrier effect of chips. This paper presents an integrated analytical and experimental approach to predict rake face temperature, which proposes an improved analytical model considering temperature-dependent thermal properties. The considered temperature properties mainly include thermal conductivity (TC) and thermal diffusivity (TD) of the workpiece and cutting tool, which has rarely been considered in previous studies. With the measured cutting force and tool–chip contact length, the improved analytical model can predict the tool temperature based on an adaptive method to match the thermal properties and temperature at an arbitrary point. Moreover, a relatively new in situ measurement method for directly capturing the radiation of the rake face temperature using a two-colour pyrometer and slotted workpiece is presented. This new technique can eliminate the barrier effect of the chip without interrupting the cutting process. This experimental method is proved to be able to stably measure the rake face temperature with a deviation less than 3%, furthermore, the captured temperatures are much higher when compared with conventional methods under the comparable cutting conditions. The comparison of rake face temperature between the predicted and the measured results shows an average prediction error of 8.6% of the proposed method, proving its superiority over conventional models using constant thermal properties.

Hydrophobically modified low molecular weight polymers as high temperature resistant shale inhibitor

With the exploration and development of deep oil and gas, an efficient shale inhibitor resistant to high temperatures is critical for wellbore stability during drilling. In this paper, a hydrophobically modified low molecular weight polymer (SDY) is studied to maintain wellbore stability at high temperatures during drilling. The inhibition performance of SDY was investigated using linear swelling experiments and rolling recovery experiments at different temperatures. The experimental results showed that SDY had good inhibition performance. At 150 °C, the expansion rate was 61.69 % for 1 % SDY and 175.51 % in water. And the rolling recovery of shale rock chips was 87.53 % for 1 % SDY and 18.92 % in water. Compared with water, it can reduce the hydration swelling rate of bentonite rock mold by 57 % and improve the recovery rate of shale rock chips by 3.37 times at 150 °C. The inhibition mechanism of SDY was analyzed by zeta potential, particle size distribution, contact angle, self-absorbing water, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy experiments. The good inhibition performance of SDY at high temperatures may be attributed to three aspects. First of all, SDY molecules can neutralize the negative charge on the shale surface by electrostatic effect, and reduce the repulsive force between shales to inhibit the hydration dispersion of shales. Second, SDY can still adsorb on the shale surface at high temperatures to form a hydrophobic film and change the wettability of the shale surface. This increases the adsorption resistance of water molecules on the shale surface thereby inhibiting shale surface hydration. Third, SDY molecules can insert between the layers of bentonite sheets to bind the adjacent clay layers together, effectively inhibiting the permeable hydration of shale. This study provides an approach for addressing wellbore stability in deep wells with higher temperature.

Constructions of optimal two-dimensional optical orthogonal codes with AM-OPPW restriction for λ = 2

Two-dimensional optical orthogonal codes (2-D OOCs) are of current practical interest as they enable optical communication at a lower chip rate. In this paper, we are concerned about optimal 2-D (u×v,k,2)-OOCs with at most one-pulse per wavelength (AM-OPPW) restriction. An improved upper bound on the size of optimal AM-OPPW 2-D (u×v,k,2)-OOCs is derived, some combinatorial constructions are presented and many new infinite families of optimal AM-OPPW 2-D (u×v,4,2)-OOCs are obtained.

Determination of Optimum Process Parameters of the Drying Rate of Cassava Samples Using the Square Design Method

Drying is the removal of moisture content and other chemical compositions. The study aims to improve the process parameters involved in cassava chip drying. A statistical approach was utilized to evaluate the significance of the drying variables, such as the various cassava species, the drying temperature, and the drying duration, and their influences on the drying rate of cassava chips. The Latin Square Experiment Design was taken into account when determining the interaction between the critical optimum parameters. At the P 0.05 significance level, an ANOVA was used to analyze the linear and interaction influence of the drying variables on various quality parameters. The study used analysis to compare the F-statistic at four degrees of freedom and obtained an optimal significant level of 3.26. Also, the results showed a significant influence of temperature and period of drying on the drying rate of the cassava chips, but the cassava species did not affect the drying rate of the cassava chips. Also, the results from the statistical analysis were validated and can be employed for monitoring the drying process of cassava chips.

Tooth chipping patterns in Archaeolemur provide insight into diet and behavior.

Archaeolemur is a recently extinct genus of lemur that is often compared to some Cercopithecidae, especially baboons. This is due in part to their derived dentition, with large anterior teeth and reduced bilophodont molars. Research involving comparative morphology, analysis of coprolites, isotopes, and enamel structure, have suggested Archaeolemur had an omnivorous diet involving mechanically challenging items. Yet, microwear analysis of posterior teeth does not necessarily support this conclusion. In this macroscopic study, dental chipping was recorded on permanent teeth of Archaeolemur from different localities (53 individuals; 447 permanent teeth; including both A. edwardsi and A. majori specimens). This study aimed to compare chipping patterns across the dentition of Archaeolemur with chipping in other primates. The results show enamel chipping was prevalent on the anterior teeth of Archaeolemur (38.9% of anterior teeth showed at least one fracture) yet rare in posterior teeth (9%). There was a decrease in chipping frequency across the dentition, moving distally from incisors (50%; 20/40), through caniniform teeth (30%; 15/50), premolars (9.5%; 16/169), and molars (8.5%; 16/188). The results support previous research suggesting Archaeolemur had a varied omnivorous diet in which the anterior dentition was used for extensive food processing. This likely included mechanically challenging items such as tough/hard large fruits, small vertebrates, and crustaceans. Such a high rate of chipping in the anterior dentition is uncommon in other primates, with exception of hominins.

Quantum noise ciphered optical stealth communication based on equivalent spectral encoding.

To provide secure and covert transmission for optical communication system at the same time, a quantum-noise stream ciphered optical stealth communication approach is proposed for the first time. In the proposed system, the optical pulses are time spread by a chromatic dispersion device and then phase modulated with optical codes at chip rate to realize an equivalent spectral encoding. Binary optical codes are converted to multiple level phase-shift keying signal according to Y-00 protocol. The encoded optical signals are attenuated to mesoscopic coherent states and sent to a public channel. The ciphered signals are stealthy transmitted under public channel noise. The availability and covertness of the optical stealth channel is verified by system simulations.

Retrospective 1- to 8-Year Follow-Up Study of Complete Oral Rehabilitation Using Monolithic Zirconia Restorations with Increased Vertical Dimension of Occlusion in Patients with Bruxism.

Aim: The aim of this paper is to perform a retrospective assessment of the clinical performance of the complete oral rehabilitation of patients with bruxism treated with implants and teeth-supported veneered and non-veneered monolithic zirconia restorations with increased occlusal vertical dimension. Methods: In this retrospective follow-up study, 16 bruxer patients, mean age 59.5 ± 14.9 years, were treated with 152 veneered and 229 non-veneered monolithic zirconia and followed for a mean of 58.8 ± 18.8 months (range 1–8 years). The patients were examined clinically and radiographically, annually. Clinical data were extracted from the medical records. In the recall appointments, modified California Dental Association (CDA) criteria were used to evaluate the restorations. Implant and restoration survival and success rates were recorded and analyzed. Results: The cumulative survival rates of implants and restorations were 97.7% and 97.6%, respectively. Nine restorations were replaced: three due to horizontal tooth fractures, two because of implant failure and four had secondary caries. A total of 43 biologic and technical complications were recorded. In the veneered group, the predominant complication was minor veneer chipping (16.4%), which required polishing only (grade 1). In the non-veneered group, the main complication was open proximal contacts between the implant restorations and adjacent teeth (14.5%). Conclusions: The survival rates of restorations and implants in patients with bruxism are excellent, even though veneered zirconia restoration exhibited a high rate of minor veneer chipping, which required polishing only. The biologic complication of fractured single-tooth abutment may occur.

Super-Resolution Channel Sounding Method of Time Delay for Millimeter-Wave Channel

To satisfy the dynamic requirements of the millimeter-waveband, the higher time delay resolution is required. Time delay resolution of pseudo-noise (PN) cross-correlation channel sounding method can be limited by chip rate and sampling rate of analog to digital converter (A/D). In this letter, the multipath information in the chip is approximated using equivalent sequential sampling at a lower sampling rate, followed by the deconvolution method to derive the channel impulse response (CIR). Compared with the PN cross-correlation method, the time delay resolution of new method is much smaller than the chip width with a low sample rate of A/D. To improve time delay resolution over a wide range of time delays, we integrate the novel method with the PN cross-correlation method. Moreover, we have designed a novel channel simulator in order to verify the effectiveness of super-resolution approach of time delay.

Forest chip drying in self-heating piles during storage as affected by temperature and relative humidity conditions

Storing is an important part in the value chain of the energy use of forest chips as severe losses of dry mass and energy content and increases in greenhouse gas emissions may occur. During the storage the temperature in the biomass increases affecting the dry mass loss and the material drying. In a field-scale experiment, we monitored temperature inside two uncovered wood chip piles for 175 days and measured the chip gravimetric moisture content at the beginning and end of the experiment. In the laboratory the drying rate of the wood chips under different temperature and relative humidity conditions was determined. We constructed a new two-dimensional simulation model where water vapor diffusion within the pile, and chip moisture change was solved using a finite volume method. The determined chip drying rate was used as a source term in the simulation. The simulation model results were in close agreement with the experimental data in the middle sections of the pile, whereas the model was not able to describe the chip moisture redistribution in the pile tails. Modeling revealed that the pile size and porosity were important factors in determining the chip drying, which indicates that chip drying can be controlled by management, such as planning of pile dimensions and compaction.

Surviving the Hair Dryer: Continuous Calibration of a Crystal-Free Mote-on-Chip

The single chip micro-mote () is a 2×3 mm single-chip crystal-free mote-on-chip. implements the IEEE802.15.4 and BLE standards and can communicate with off-the-shelf radios compliant to those standards. exclusively uses on-chip oscillators, including a 2.4 GHz LC oscillator to synthesize the communication frequency, and a 2 MHz RC oscillator to clock the chip rate. The challenge is that the LC oscillator drifts at 2,100 ppm over a temperature range of 45∘C, far from the 40 ppm maximum drift mandated by the IEEE802.15.4 standard. While one-shot calibration is possible, any temperature change causes IEEE802.15.4 communication to fail. This paper describes a continuous calibration approach for to adapt the tuning of its oscillators as the temperature changes. Experimental results show that it allows to keep communicating with an IEEE802.15.4 radio even under the extreme condition of using a hair dryer to heat up the chip at 3∘C/min. Under these conditions, the drift of the LC oscillator stays within the ±40 ppm limit over 94% of the time. Similarly, the drift of the 2 MHz RC oscillator stays within ±1,000 ppm limit 99.98% of the time.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Possible RNSS Signals in the S-Band for the KPS.

Recently, the Korean government has announced a plan to develop a satellite-based navigation system called the Korean Positioning System (KPS). When designing a new Radio Navigation Satellite Service (RNSS) signal, the use of the S-band has emerged as an alternative to avoiding signal congestion in the L-bands, and South Korea is considering using the S-band with the L-bands. Therefore, this study proposed possible S-band signal candidates and evaluated their performance, such as the radio frequency (RF) compatibility, spectral efficiency, ranging performance, and receiver complexity. Several figures-of-merit (FoMs) were introduced for quantitative performance evaluation for each candidate. Each FoM was calculated using an analytical equation by considering the signal design parameters, such as the center frequency, modulation scheme, and chip rate. The results showed that the outstanding candidate signal was different depending on the signal performance of interest and the reception environments. Therefore, we discuss and summarize the signal performance analysis results considering the whole FoMs together. Under the assumptions given in this paper, the binary phase shift keying (BPSK)(1), sine-phased binary offset carrier (BOCs)(5,2), and BPSK signals were superior for the spectral efficiency, ranging performance, and receiver complexity, respectively.