Rate Of Canine Retraction Research Articles

Rate of Canine Retraction and Anchorage Loss – In Smart Clip versus Conventional Brackets (An in-vivo study)

Background: To analyse the rate of maxillary canine retraction and anchorage loss in Smart Clip Self Ligating (SCSL) and Conventional (CV) brackets. Materials and Methods: Forty four subjects were selected for the study requiring sectional maxillary canine retraction in first premolar extraction space during orthodontic treatment. The self ligating bracket (Smart Clip, 3M Unitek) on maxillary canine was compared to CV bracket (APC Victory series) on the contralateral side in a random split-mouth study design. Sectional canine retraction was done with a NiTi coil spring (150 gms force, 9 mm) on 0.016 í— 0.022" slot stainless steel wire. Results: The mean rate of distal movement of maxillary canine for the conventional (CV) bracket per 28 days was 1.048 mm and 1.027 mm for smart clip self ligating bracket (SCSL). Anchorage loss in molar was 0.586 mm and 0.652 mm for CV and SCSL bracket respectively. Conclusion: The rate of canine retraction for conventional bracket was faster than self ligating bracket, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Comparatively, no major difference was found in terms of molar anchor loss between both bracket types. Therefore, this study indicates that conventional brackets are equally efficient as compared to self ligating brackets for segmental canine retraction mechanics.

The effect of intra-oral LED device and low-level laser therapy on orthodontic tooth movement in young adults: A randomized controlled trial

This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to assess the effect of LED5 and LLLT6 in a three-arm parallel setting. Sixty patients who needed the maxillary first premolar extraction were allocated to three groups using the stratified block randomization method. In the LED group, a custom-made device with a wavelength of 640nm and a power density of 40 mW/cm2 was used 5min/day. In the laser group, Ga Al As7 laser with a wavelength of 810nm and a power of 100 mW was used on days 0, 3, 30, and 60 each time for 18seconds. Patients in the control group received placebo treatment as the laser group protocol, using a coated light cure device. Models were made at baseline and monthly until the end of the retraction. The rate of canine retraction was the primary outcome, while canine rotation and pain were secondary outcomes. The final data were anonymous for the outcome assessor and statistical consultant. Data were analyzed per protocol using a linear mixed model. The rate of canine retraction significantly increased by 60.8% in the laser group, while it increased not significantly by 26% in the LED group compared with the control group. There was no significant difference among the groups in terms of tooth rotation and pain. LLLT can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). LED with the present setting couldn't increase the rate of OTM. LLLT and LED did not affect canine rotation or pain. IRCT20120220009086N4. On 1 June 2019 was retrospectively registered.

Evaluation of Piezotome-Corticision Assisted Orthodontics in Retracting Upper Canine: A Split Mouth Design (Randomized Clinical Trial)

Objectives: The aim of this randomized clinical trial is to investigate the rate of canine retraction at different time points between piezotome-corticision assisted and conventional orthodontics. Methods: Fifteen patients were submitted for upper first premolars extraction after leveling and alignment was achieved to facilitate canine retraction. They were randomly divided into test side and control side. On the test side, the canine was retracted using piezotome-corticision assisted orthodontics, while at the control side, the canine was retracted using conventional technique. Both groups were immediately loaded with a horizontal force of 150g for canine retraction. The distance between the canine bracket hook and the first molar band hook were recorded using a digital caliper. The measurements were accomplished immediately after piezosurgery at 1,2,4,8 and 12 week. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the average amount of canine retraction between test and control groups (P<0.05). The canine on the test side was closed 6 weeks earlier than the control side. Conclusion: Piezocision is minimal invasive which accelerate the rate of canine of retraction approximately 1.5 times faster than that of conventional method.

Effects of submucosally administered platelet-rich plasma on the rate of tooth movement.

To evaluate the effects of submucosally administered platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the rate of maxillary canine retraction. Levels of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κb ligand (sRANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were also measured over 2 months. This split-mouth trial involved 20 sites in 10 subjects randomly assigned to PRP (experimental) side and control side. After alignment, the freshly prepared PRP was injected submucosally distal to the experimental side maxillary canine, and retraction was performed using NiTi closed-coil springs (150 g) on 0.019 × 0.025-inch stainless steel wire. The rate of canine movement was assessed using digital model superimposition at 0, 30, and 60 days. The OPG and sRANKL were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from GCF collected at 0, 1, 7, 21, 30, and 60 days. Twenty sites were analyzed using paired t test. The rate of tooth movement increased significantly by 35% on the PRP side compared with the control side in the first month (P = .0001) and by 14% at the end of the second month (P = .015). Using the Mann-Whitney U test, OPG levels were found to be significantly decreased on the 7th (P = .003) and 30th day on the PRP side (P = .01), while sRANKL became detectable by the third week postinjection on the PRP side (P = .069). Submucosal injection of platelet-rich plasma significantly increased tooth movement during the 60-day observation period. Local injection of PRP significantly altered the levels of OPG and sRANKL in GCF.

Evaluation of the Effect of Micro-osteoperforations versus Piezopuncture on the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement Associated with Canine Retraction

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of using micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) or piezocision in accelerating tooth movement, during canine retraction, compared to standard canine retraction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A split-mouth study design was carried out with two Groups A and B. Each group contained 10 patients; in each patient, one side was used as a control side and the contralateral side received either MOPs (Group A) or piezocision (Group B). The assessment data were collected by direct intraoral measurements, every 2 weeks, over a 3 months retraction period. RESULTS: Independent t-test, paired t-test, and ANOVA were used to analyze the results. In Group A, there was a statistically significant difference between the study and control sides (p < 0.001) with a total of 4.2 ± 0.5 mm canine retraction in the MOPs assisted canine retraction side versus a 2.8 ± 0.2 mm total canine retraction in the control side. For Group B, there was a statistically significant difference between the study and control sides (p < 0.001) with a total of 3.6 ± 0.4 mm canine retraction in the piezocision-assisted canine retraction side versus a 2.8 ± 0.2 mm total canine retraction in the control. CONCLUSION: MOPs and piezocision techniques accelerated the rate of canine retraction during orthodontic treatment, with the MOPs being slightly more effective.

Comparison of the efficacy of two-time versus one-time micro-osteoperforation on maxillary canine retraction in orthodontic patients: A split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial

Micro-osteoperforation (MOP), a minimally invasive technique for accelerating the rate of orthodontic tooth movement has been research extensively, but with varied clinical results. To compare the efficacy of one-time versus two-time micro-osteoperforation on the rate of maxillary canine retraction, its influence on anchorage loss, canine angulation and the levels of interleukin (IL-1β) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). The split-mouth study included 16 patients in which the left and right sides were randomly allocated to the control side (one-time MOP) and experimental side (two-time MOP). MOP was performed on both sides distal to the maxillary canines and canine retraction was carried out using NiTi closed coil springs (150gm) and direct anchorage with miniscrew implants. The second MOP was performed on experimental side one month after the first MOP. The rate of canine movement was assessed using 3D model superimposition over a period of six months. The type of tooth movement, anchorage loss and levels of IL-1β were also evaluated. Sixteen patients (mean age, 17.87±3.34 years) were analysed for a rate of canine retraction, anchorage loss, and type of tooth movement, while 15 patients were analysed for IL-1β. The rate was significantly higher on two-time MOP side after two months (P<0.001). No statistical difference was found in anchorage loss and controlled tipping of canines was observed. The IL-1β levels immediately after 2nd MOP were significantly higher than 1st MOP (P<0.001). The two-time intervention of MOP is more efficacious than one-time MOP in accelerating tooth movement.

THE USE OF MICRO-OSTEOPERFORATION CONCEPT FOR ACCELERATING DIFFERENTIAL TOOTH MOVEMENT

Objective: To compare the rate of accelerated tooth movement in canine retraction with micro-osteoperforation on one side and control on the other.&#x0D; Study Design: Quasi experimental study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Orthodontics department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul 2018 to Jan 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: A total of 30 patients were inducted. After alignment and extraction of maxillary first premolars, canine retraction was started with closed NiTi coil spring on both sides of the maxillary arch. Micro-osteoperforation was done on the right side and other side was a control side. The distance between the lateral incisor and the canine was measured on both sides before micro-osteoperforation. The same measurements were recorded after three weeks of retraction. The difference between pre and post retraction measurements was recorded. The difference in the rate of canine retraction between both modalities was compared using independent sample t-test.&#x0D; Results: The study included 17 males (56%) and 13 females (43%). The mean rate of tooth movement at experimental side of maxilla was 1.6 ± 0.52 mm and on control side was 0.66 ± 0.31 mm (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Micro-osteoperforation was an effective, comfortable, and safe procedure to accelerate tooth movement (1.6 times in accordance with this study). It significantly shorten the duration of orthodontic treatment.

Comparison of the rate of maxillary canine retraction with or without modified corticotomy facilitated orthodontic treatment

Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the rate of maxillary canine retraction in cases with modified corticotomy versus without modified corticotomy. Clinical interventional study. Split mouth design was used. Materials and Methods: A sample size of ten patients and 20 sites were selected within the age group of 18–35 years following all criteria of the study. Before orthodontic leveling and alignment, upper first premolar extraction was carried out under local anesthesia. Pre-treatment OPG and IOPA were taken in relation to the maxillary canine and maxillary second premolar teeth. One extraction side was considered as the experimental site and contralateral side as control. Leveling and alignment were started with wire sequence. After modified corticotomy procedure, the canine retraction was started with 8 mm NiTi closed coil spring. The amount of tooth movement was recorded with the help of a Digital Vernier Caliper at an interval of 1 month till the completion of canine retraction. Results: Paired t-test showed higher mean velocity of tooth movement in modified corticotomy side (1.07 ± 0.25) as compared to the conventional side (0.91 ± 0.24), (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: The modified corticotomy technique serves as an effective treatment modality for adults seeking orthodontic treatment with increased rate of orthodontic canine retraction.

The effect of different micro-osteoperforation depths on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: A single-center, single-blind, randomized clinical trial.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the clinical effectiveness of two different penetration depths of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.MethodsTwenty-four patients requiring the removal of the upper first premolar teeth were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group participants did not undergo MOPs. Participants in the experimental group underwent three MOPs each at 4-mm (MOP-4) and 7-mm (MOP-7) depths, which were randomly and equally performed to either the left or right side distal to the canine. The retraction amount was measured on three-dimensional digital models on the 28th day of retraction. MOP-related pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS). Between-group statistical differences in the VAS scores were determined using an independent t-test and those in canine retraction were determined using analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey test.ResultsNo significant difference was found between the MOP-4 (1.22 ± 0.29 mm/month) and MOP-7 (1.29 ± 0.31 mm/month) groups in terms of the canine retraction rate. Moreover, both the groups demonstrated a significantly higher canine movement than the control group (0.88 ± 0.19 mm/month). MOPs did not significantly affect the mesialization of the posterior teeth (p > 0.05). Moreover, the pain scores in the MOP-4 and MOP-7 groups were similar and showed no statistically significant difference.ConclusionsThree MOPs with a depth of 4 mm can be performed as an effective method to increase the rate of tooth movement. However, three MOPs with depths of 4–7 mm does not additionally enhance tooth movement.

Evaluation of the efficacy of laser-assisted flapless corticotomy in accelerating canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.

To evaluate the efficacy of laser-assisted flapless corticotomy in the acceleration of canine retraction compared with the conventional technique and to evaluate patients' pain and discomfort levels after corticotomy. A single-center randomized controlled trial was conducted on 18 class II division 1 patients (7 males, 11 females; age range: 16 to 24years) who required the first-upper-premolar extraction followed by canine retraction. A split-mouth design was used in which the Er:YAG laser-assisted flapless corticotomy was randomly allocated to one side, whereas the other side served as the control side. The primary outcome measure was the canine retraction rate which was assessed immediately after laser application, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12weeks after laser application. Also, the levels of pain and discomfort during the first week following laser application were assessed. Paired t-tests or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests were used to detect significant differences. All of the selected eighteen patients entered the statistical analysis stage. Significant differences were observed (P < 0.001) in canine retraction rates between the experimental and control sides at the baseline to 1st-week, 1st- to 2nd-week, 2nd- to 4th-week, and 4th- to 8th-week intervals. No significant difference was found between the two sides at the 8th- to 12th-week interval. A significant reduction was seen in the mean score of pain during eating at all assessment times when compared to the baseline data (P = 0.002 at day 2, P < 0.001 at days 5 and 7). Er:YAG laser-assisted flapless corticotomy appears to be an effective treatment method for accelerating canine retraction and was accompanied by a mild degree of pain and discomfort. ClinicalTrials.gov (No.: NCT04316403), retrospectively registered on the 20th of March 2020. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04316403.

Comprehensive comparison of canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains.

To compare canine retraction using NiTi closed coil springs vs elastomeric chains comprehensively in a split-mouth randomized controlled trial. The canines in 64 quadrants were randomly retracted into the first premolar extraction spaces using NiTi closed coil springs or elastomeric chains, in the maxilla and mandible. The retraction force was 150 g. Cone beam computed tomography scans and study models were obtained before the start of canine retraction and 6 months later. The rate and total amount of canine retraction, canine rotation, tipping, and root resorption were evaluated. A visual analogue scale was used to evaluate patients' pain experience. The two methods were statistically similar for dental changes, rate of canine retraction, and root resorption. However, patients reported significantly more days of pain with the elastomeric chain compared to the NiTi closed coil springs. Within the constraints of the current study, using either NiTi closed coil springs or elastomeric chains as force delivery systems for canine retraction results in no significant difference in the rate of canine retraction, tipping, rotation, or root resorption. Pain experience during retraction using elastomeric chains is more significant yet needs further investigation.

The effectiveness of surgical adjunctive procedures in the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis.

To identify and evaluate the body of the evidence regarding the effectiveness of surgical adjunctive procedures (SAPs) in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Unrestricted search of three electronic databases and manual search up to 12 June 2020 were undertaken. All systematic reviews of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials that investigate the effectiveness of the SAPs in accelerating OTM were included. Study selection and data extraction were undertaken independently and in duplicate by two reviewers. A random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was generated for comparable outcomes. Two reviewers assessed the quality of the included studies using AMSTAR2 and GRADE. Fourteen systematic reviews were included; however, four systematic reviews were assessed quantitatively. Meta-analysis showed that mean difference (MD) of canine retraction rate, for the first month after SAPs, was mild (MD = 0.65 mm/month). Compared to control, micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) statistically but temporally accelerate lower canine retraction and en masse retraction by 0.25 mm/month and 0.31 mm/month, respectively. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) in terms of molar anchorage loss (MAL) between control and MOP groups. Piezocision non-significantly shortens the duration of en masse retraction (4.30 months, P>0.05), but significantly shortens incisors retraction (101.64 days, P<0.001). MAL is mild but significantly less in the piezocision group compared to the control group (MD = 0.53 mm, P=0.03). Low-level evidence showed that SAPs have no significant effect on root resorption or periodontal health; however, piezocision is associated with transient acute inflammation and noticeable scars. Low-level evidence concludes that SAPs accelerate OTMs and reduce treatment duration, but the acceleration is minor and transient. The effect on anchorage loss is variable and technique related. Side effects of SAPs are transient, but some might be aesthetically noticeable. A cost-benefit analysis of SAPs should be considered while making the treatment decision.

Comparison of canine retraction by conventional and corticotomy-facilitated methods: A split mouth clinical study.

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this split-mouth single-centered, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the efficiency of corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics in rapid canine retraction.METHODS:The sample consisted of 10 patients (15–25 years old) requiring extraction of the maxillary first premolars with subsequent canine retraction. The patients’ right sides were randomly assigned to either the corticotomy (experimental) or control groups. Corticotomy cuts and perforations were performed and canine retraction was initiated bilaterally with closed-coil nickel-titanium springs that applied 150 g of force. The following variables were examined till the end of canine retraction on both sides: Rate of canine retraction, canine root resorption, and patient perception of the procedure. The rate of canine retraction was assessed every month using study models while root resorption was evaluated using CBCT. Patient`s perception was evaluated using a 100 mm VAS.RESULT:Mean time taken for full completion of canine retraction: 5.7 months (test) and 7.1 months (control). Mean root resorption: 0.53 ± 0.10 (control) and 0.24 mm ± 0.10 (test). Mean VAS scores: 16 ± 3.94 (24 hours) and 2 ± 2.58 (1 week) at control side and 46.50 ± 6.69 (24 hours) and 2 ± 2.58 (1 week) at test.CONCLUSION:There was an overall reduction in the time taken for canine retraction with corticotomy; however, an increase in the rate of canine retraction in the corticotomy-facilitated method was evident only for the first four months, compared to the conventional method. Less root resorption was observed in corticotomy-facilitated method than conventional method. Pain perception was more for corticotomy-facilitated method than conventional method at 24 hours, but similar after one week.

Is platelet-rich plasma able to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement?

Objectives To examine whether periodontal injection of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.Methods A split-mouth randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted among 16 female participants. Canines were retracted on 0.017 x 0.025-inch stainless steel archwires through closed-coil springs attached on first molars with mini-screws for anchorage preservation. The intervention side received PRP + CaCl2 solution and the control side CaCl2 only. Intraligamental injections were performed during the canine retraction period every three weeks (zero, three and six weeks). The rate of canine retraction was assessed through superimposition of digital models every month for a total of four months. Assessment of associated pain was conducted by questionnaire.Results During the four-month period, a faster rate of canine retraction was detected on the intervention side only for the first month. Following cessation of PRP injections, the rate of canine retraction on the intervention side was initially slower than and then similar to that on the control side. An increase of pain was reported on both sides.Conclusions PRP could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement in the short term with no prolonged effects.

The Effect of Stem Cells on the Rate of Canine Retraction

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effect of mandibular stem cells (MMSCs) on the rate of canine retraction. Materials and methods: The participants were twelve female patients with a bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and age range from 15-21 (mean±SD 18.2 ±1.7). Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were injected to one side, either right or left, while the other side served as a control group. Both upper and lower canines were retracted. Canines retraction were done under 150 gm of force using a 9 mm nickel-titanium TAD closed-coil spring between miniscrew and power arm welded to canines’ bracket. Alginate impressions were taken every month until all canines had reached the second premolars, and study casts were fabricated and then scanned with a 3D scanner. Results: stem cells significantly increased the rate of tooth movement, particularly at T1. Anchorage loss was negligible and insignificant between the two groups. The pain was lower in the stem cells group, and patients were almost satisfied with the procedure. Conclusion: Non-cultured stem cell injection is a safe procedure that could be an effective method to accelerate tooth movement andsignificantly reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment.

Efficacy of Modified corticotomy technique combined with skeletal anchorage in maxillary dentoalveolar class II malocclusion correction

Aim: It was to evaluate efficacy of modified corticotomy technique (combination between vertical and perforation corticotomy) versus standard vertical corticotomy technique in canine retraction for maxillary dentoalveolar class II malocclusion correction when they were in combination with skeletal anchorage. Patients and methods: 24 patients had maxillary class II malocclusion were treated by skeletal anchorage application combined by corticotomy cuts in one side and alone in another side (control side). Groups were divided randomly into equal groups according corticotomy techniques {group I: vertical corticotomy, group II: vertical and perforation corticotomy (modified corticotomy)}. The upper arch was immediately activated bilaterally after surgical procedure for retraction of the maxillary canines. The patients were followed for 6 months. Statistical analysis was done for the duration of canine retraction, rate of canine retraction, molar anchorage loss, gingival probing depth, and canine root resorption parameters. Results: The control side took significant longer duration than the corticotomy side in all groups. Group I showed statistically significant longer duration for canine movement than groups II. Molar anchorage loss parameter during canine retraction was unsignificant in both groups. Other parameters showed no significant differences between both sides in groups. Conclusion: Modified corticotomy technique is an effective way to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement, with superiority for it than vertical corticotomy in this aspect.

Maxillary canine retraction rate using two different orthodontic mechanics (A prospective clinical study)

The objective of this study is to compare the rate of canine retraction between conventional labial retraction force versus palatal retraction force with labial appliance. Subjects and methods This prospective randomized clinical study was conducted on a sample of 26 patients recommended for upper first premolar extraction as part of their orthodontic treatment plan. The patient ages ranged from (16-26) years. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; Group I: Thirteen patients, treated with Roth brackets 0.022-inch slot for labial orthodontic appliance with palatal retraction force. Group II: Thirteen patients, treated with Roth brackets 0.022-inch slot for labial orthodontic appliance with labial retraction force. Results The canine retraction rate was measured clinically using dental vernier at monthly intervals. The distance measured was between maxillary canine cusp tip and maxillary first molar mesiobuccal cusp tip. Measurement was done till closure of the extraction space (when both canines touch the mesial surface of the upper second premolars) Conclusion 1. Both methods of retraction with labial or palatal force could be effective in canine retraction. 2. There is no significant difference between both ways on the rate of canine retraction.

Miniscrew Implant supported Maxillary Canine Retraction with and without Corticotomy Facilitated Orthodontics (CFO).

Introduction:The purpose of the study was to scientifically test maxillary canine retraction assisted by miniscrew implant with corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics.Materials and Methods:Fifteen patients (six males, nine females) who had Class II division malocclusion with enhanced overjet were included in the study. Maxillary first premolars were surgical displaced along with retraction of maxillary. In the canine-premolar region, corticotomy was performed on one side of the maxillary arch; the other side served as the control region. Over a 4-month follow-up span, the following variables were examined: plaque index, tooth movement intensity, attachment degree, gingival regression, molar anchorage failure, gingival index, and scope of testing.Results:After 2 months, the canine retraction rate on the corticotomy side was more significant than on the control side by twice. The tooth movement rate steadily decreased to 1.6 times faster at the end of the 3rd month and to 1.06 times faster at the end of the 4th month. No failure of molar anchorage occurred on either the controlled or nonoperated hand during canine retraction.Conclusions:For people requiring orthodontic care with shortened treatment periods, corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics may be a viable treatment modality.

Effects of a ceramic active self-ligating bracket on retraction/tipping/rotation of canine, premolar mesialization, and transverse arch dimensions: A preliminary single-blind split-mouth randomized clinical trial

There is no clinical study on ceramic self-ligating brackets (SLBs). Therefore, this preliminary study was conducted for the first time to address its effects. This split-mouth randomized trial was performed on 32 quadrants in 16 orthodontic patients needing extraction of maxillary premolars and distalization of canines. In each blinded patient, right/left sides were randomized into control (ceramic bracket) and experimental (ceramic SLB) groups. Dental stone models were taken before canine retraction and 3 months into retraction. Models were digitized as three-dimensional models. Changes were measured on superimposed models. Groups were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α = 0.05, β = 0.1). Both bracket types caused significant changes after 3 months in terms of all assessed clinical outcomes (P ≤ 0.002). Compared to conventional ceramic brackets (control), ceramic SLBs reduced retraction rate (P = 0.001), canine rotation (P = 0.001), canine tipping (P = 0.002), and arch expansion at the canine site (P = 0.003). However, the extents of anchorage loss (P = 0.796) and arch constriction in the premolar area (P = 0.605) were not statistically different between the bracket types. Compared to conventional metal-lined ceramic brackets, active ceramic SLB can increase the duration of canine distalization, while reducing canine rotation and tipping (inducing more bodily movements). The loss of anchorage with ceramic SLB was similar to that of conventional ceramic bracket after 3 months of treatment (considering the lower rate of SLB canine retraction during that time). Both brackets similarly constricted the arch at the premolar site. In the canine area, they expanded the arch, with the SLB causing smaller extents of expansion.

The effects of gingival fibrotomy on the rate of canine retraction and anchorage loss

Introduction: This study investigated the effects of the gingival fibrotomy on the rate of canine retraction and anchorage loss. Methods: A split-mouth design RCT study was conducted in 20 patients (18 women, 2 men; mean age, 16.18±1.39 years) who need maxillary first premolars extraction and canines retraction. Fibrotomy was randomly allocated to one canine and the other used as control. Canines were retracted by closed coil springs applying 150 g in both sides. Rate of canine retraction and rate of anchorage loss were assessed using dental casts taken every 4 weeks. Results: No statistical significant difference was detected between both sides in the rate of canine retraction. The rate of anchorage loss showed statistically significant but clinically insignificant difference at the period of 4 and 16 weeks. Conclusion: Gingival fibrotomy around the upper canine in combination with extraction of the first premolar resulted in the same rate of canine retraction and anchorage loss in comparison to extraction of the first premolar only.