Rate Of Canine Retraction Research Articles

Effect of Archwire Gauge on the Rate of Canine Retraction

Effect of Archwire Gauge on the Rate of Canine Retraction

Effect of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement-a systematic review and a meta-analysis.

The micro-osteoperforation can be used to increase the rate of tooth movement, simplify complex orthodontic movements, and also help adjust the anchorage but there are conflicting reports on the effectiveness and adverse effects of this intervention. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, ISI web of science, EMBASE, Scopus, and CENTRAL online databases for studies measuring the effects of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement from inception to February 2019 was performed. Based on the PICO model, human studies which evaluated the effects of MOP on the rate of tooth movement in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were selected for this review. The relevant data from the eligible studies were extracted using piloted custom extraction forms. The data were combined and analysed using inverse-variance random-effect meta-analysis and the mean difference was used for comparing the outcome measures. Six randomized clinical trials were finally included in this meta-analysis. The rate of canine retraction per month was significantly higher in the MOP group [mean difference (MD) = 0.45 mm, 95% CI = 0.17-0.74]. These results were similar with regard to different malocclusions, the jaw on which it was performed, and MOP methods. The patients did not report any significant differences in terms of pain severity levels after MOP. With regard to the adverse effects, one study reported higher amounts of root resorption among patients undergoing MOP. The rate of tooth movement was increased after performing MOP but in at least one study higher root resorption was observed. Therefore, the use of MOP can be recommended after weighing the benefits and disadvantages this intervention can bring for each patient. The protocol for this review was registered via crd.york.ac.uk/prospero with the ID CRD42019115499.

Effect of micro-osteoperforation on the rate of canine retraction: a split-mouth randomized controlled trial

BackgroundAmong the recent modalities introduced to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is micro-osteoperforations (MOPs), in other words, bone puncturing. The aim of this split-mouth trial was to investigate the effects of MOPs on the rate of OTM.MethodsEighteen patients requiring bilateral first premolar extraction and upper canine retraction with maximum anchorage were enrolled in this study. Immediately before canine retraction, three MOPs were randomly allocated to either the right or left sides. MOPs were performed using a mini-screw (1.8 mm diameter, 8 mm length) distal to the canine. Canine retraction continued for 4 months. Data were collected from monthly digital models, in addition to pre- and post-retraction maxillary CBCT images. The primary outcomes were the rate of canine retraction per month and the total distance moved by the canines. The secondary outcomes were the effect of MOPs on anchorage loss, canine root resorption, and pain.ResultsThe mean rate of canine retraction in both sides was 0.99 ± 0.3 mm/month. The total distance moved by the canine cusp tip was greater in the MOP than the control side (mean difference 0.06 ± 0.7 mm), which was statistically insignificant (P > 0.05(. The total distances moved by the canine center and apex were significantly greater in the MOP than the control side (mean difference 0.37 ± 0.63 mm (P < 0.05) and 0.47 ± 0.56 mm (P < 0.01) respectively). Insignificant differences were detected regarding anchorage loss and root resorption between both sides (P > 0.05). Mild to moderate pain was experienced following the MOP procedure, which rapidly faded away within 1 week.ConclusionsMicro-osteoperforations were not able to accelerate the rate of canine retraction; however, it seemed to facilitate root movement.

Micro-osteo perforation effects as an intervention on canine retraction

ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of canine retraction, mesial movement of molar and pain perception in maxillary first premolar extraction patients with or without flapless cortical perforations (FCPs). MethodsThirty adult patients with class II div I malocclusion were randomly allocated with the help of SPSS software to either perforation or conventional group for carrying out this randomized parallel group-controlled trial in 1:1 ratio. Maxillary first premolars were extracted and after canine retraction, distance between the tip of the canine and midpoint of incisal edge and the distance between the cervical midpoints on the height of contour of respective cinguli was measured. Also, mesial movement of molar and pain perception were assessed in both groups. Three bilateral cortical FCP of 1.5 mm diameter were made in the perforation group. Data were analyzed with the help of SPSS software with an intention-to-treat the FCP approach. ResultsSignificant canine retraction in patients with FCP (mean retraction of 6.68 ± 0.60 [measured at crown tip level] and 5.97 ± 0.71 mm [measured at mid cervical level]) was revealed, while patients with conventional mechanics had mean retraction of 2.54 ± 0.49 and 2.33 ± 0.46 mm. Mesial movement of molar also showed significant difference (FCP = 0.48 ± 0.11 mm and Conventional = 0.65 ± 0.19 mm). Pain perception in control group was significantly lower in day 1 and 2. ConclusionFCPs are an effective method of accelerating the rate of canine retractions by 2–3 fold of tooth movement, however, pain perception was high in day 1 and 2.

Comparing the rate of retraction in canines in males and females

There are multiple factors that affect the treatment duration and the rate of canine retraction between males and females. A difference in the levels of calcitonin and the maintenance of the appliance by both genders varies the treatment duration. Hence this study was conducted to analyse the difference in the rate of canine retraction between males and females using two different bracket systems, synergy and self-ligating. The study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled split-mouth clinical trial, which included 16 subjects, 8 males and 8 females, of ages 12-30 years, divided into 2 groups, the left and the right quadrants receiving Self Ligating and Synergy brackets based on simple randomization, along with a 19*25" SS wire and closed coil springs for individual canine retraction. The patients were reviewed every 21 days for four appointments and records were taken for each review. Digital Vernier calliper was used to measure the amount of canine retraction, and statistical analysis was conducted. The values were calculated and tabulated, and independent ‘t' test was used to analyse the statistical difference. There was no significant statistical difference between the two genders. There are various factors that affect the rate of canine retraction and gender of the patient undergoing orthodontic treatment is one of them. With increased amounts of calcitonin in males, making the alveolar and basal bone denser when compared to women, would likely increase the treatment time in males, when compared to females. Hence this study was conducted to compare the difference and showed that there is no statistical difference between males and females in the rate of canine retraction.

Three-dimensional finite element analysis to evaluate biomechanical effects of different alveolar decortication approaches on rate of canine retraction

The aim of this study was to compare different corticotomy approaches and determine their biomechanical effects on rate of canine displacement when compared to conventional orthodontics. Three-dimensional Finite Element Models with conventional non-corticotomy approach (model 1) and three corticotomy approaches ensuing buccal and palatal vertical cuts (model 2), interseptal bone reduction (model 3), buccal vertical cuts (model 4) were fabricated. Displacement of the canine and von Mises stresses in the canine and trabecular bone were calculated and compared under a distal retraction force of 1.5N. The maximum displacement of canine with minimum anchorage loss was seen in model 3 followed by model 2, model 4 and model 1. The maximum equivalent (von Mises) stress was concentrated mainly on the distal side of canine in model 3 and had a uniform distribution of stresses on entire root surface. Corticotomy approaches effectively accelerated maxillary canine retraction, exhibiting twice the rate of canine movement with minimum anchorage loss when compared to non-corticotomy approach. Corticotomy with interseptal bone reduction was most effective in terms of canine displacement and stress distribution.

Tooth movement rate and anchorage lost during canine retraction: A maxillary and mandibular comparison.

To investigate the canine retraction rate and anchorage loss during canine retraction using self-ligating (SL) brackets and conventional (CV) brackets. Differences between maxillary and mandibular rates were computed. Twenty-five subjects requiring four first premolar extractions were enrolled in this split-mouth, randomized clinical trial. Each patient had one upper canine and one lower canine bonded randomly with SL brackets and the other canines with CV brackets but never on the same side. NiTi retraction springs were used to retract canines (100 g force). Maxillary and mandibular superimpositions, using cephalometric 45° oblique radiographs at the beginning and at the end of canine retraction, were used to calculate the changes and rates during canine retraction. Paired t-tests were used to compare side and jaw effects. The SL and CV brackets did not show differences related to monthly canine movement in the maxilla (0.71 mm and 0.72 mm, respectively) or in the mandible (0.54 mm and 0.60 mm, respectively). Rates of anchorage loss in the maxilla and in the mandible also did not show differences between the SL and CV brackets. Maxillary canines showed greater amount of tooth movement per month than mandibular canines (0.71 mm and 0.57 mm, respectively). SL brackets did not show faster canine retraction compared with CV brackets nor less anchorage loss. The maxillary canines showed a greater rate of tooth movement than the mandibular canines; however, no difference in anchorage loss between the maxillary and mandibular posterior segments during canine retraction was found.

Leptin levels in gingival crevicular fluid during canine retraction: in vivo comparative study.

To evaluate and compare the leptin levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and rate of canine retraction using an elastomeric chain and nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed coil spring. In vivo, clinical study. Orthodontic department at ITS Centre for Dental Studies and Research, Ghaziabad, India. Twenty-seven patients reported to the Department of Orthodontics at ITS Centre for Dental Studies and Research. Twenty-seven patients were included in the study in which canine retraction was carried out with an elastomeric chain and NiTi closed coil spring on either side of the arch applying 150 g of force on both sides. GCF samples were collected before the commencement of canine retraction, on the first, seventh and 21st day after application of force and were analysed for leptin levels by the ELISA technique. Impressions for the study model were taken at baseline and after 21 days to measure the rate of tooth movement bilaterally with an electronic digital calliper. The results obtained within both groups showed a significant decrease in leptin levels from baseline to 21 days ( P = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in leptin levels between both groups, but leptin levels decreased more in the NiTi closed coil spring group. The rate of tooth movement is not significantly different between both groups, but space closure is faster in the NiTi closed coil spring group. Leptin levels in GCF showed a significant decrease during canine retraction using an elastomeric chain and NiTi coil spring; there was no significant difference in the rate of tooth movement between both the groups.

The effect of combined corticotomy and low level laser therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: split mouth randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of corticotomy and Low-Level Laser Therapy(LLLT) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. A randomized split-mouth design for 16 female patients compared the rate of maxillary canine retraction using corticotomy combined with LLLT versus corticotomy only. The device used in the present study was an In-Ga-As semiconductor diode laser emitting at 940 nm (IR) with these parameters: 0.5 W/ cm2 power density, 5 J/cm2 Fluence, CW, 240 sec time irradiation, weekly for the first month and twice monthly for the next three months. Assessment of the rate of canine retraction was carried out via a series of dental models. A non-significant statistical rate of canine retraction was achieved by LLLT combined to corticotomy compared with the corticotomy technique alone. Low-Level Laser Therapy combined to corticotomy could not achieve a higher rate of canine retraction compared to the golden standard corticotomy technique alone. No long-term adverse effects on the alveolar mucosa were detected following both techniques.

The Effectiveness of Micro-osteoperforations during Canine Retraction: A Three-dimensional Randomized Clinical Trial.

Aim:A major challenge in orthodontics is decreasing treatment time without compromising treatment outcome. The purpose of this split-mouth trial was to evaluate micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.Materials and Methods:Eight patients of both genders were selected, age ranging between 15 and 40 years, with Class II Division 1 malocclusion. The participants in this trial with MOPs were randomly allocated to either the right or the left side, distal to the maxillary canine. First maxillary premolars were extracted as part of the treatment plan on both sides and then canine retraction was applied. Miniscrews were used to support anchorage. MOP side received (three small perforations) placed on the buccal bone, distal to the maxillary canine, on randomly selected side using an automated mini-implant driver and the other side was the control side. Blinding was used at the data collection and analysis stages. The primary outcome was the rate of canine retraction measured with a three-dimensional (3D) digital model from the baseline to the first 2 weeks superimposed at the rugae area from the baseline to the first, second, and third months. The following secondary outcomes were examined: anchorage loss, canine tipping, canine rotation, root resorption, plaque index, and gingival index. Pain level, pain interference with the patients’ daily life, patients’ satisfaction with the procedure and degree of ease, willingness to repeat the procedure, and recommendation to others were also evaluated.Results:No statistically significant difference was observed in the rates of tooth movement between the MOP and the control sides at all-time points (first month: P = 0.77; mean difference, 0.2 mm; 95% CI, −0.13, 0.18 mm; second month: P = 0.50; mean difference, −0.08 mm; 95% CI, −0.33, 0.16 mm; third month: P = 0.76; mean difference, −0.05 mm; 95% CI, −0.40, 0.29 mm). There were also no differences in anchorage loss, rotation, tipping, root resorption, plaque index, periodontal index, and pain perception between the MOP and control sides at any time point (P > 0.05). MOPs had no effect on the patients’ daily life except for a feeling of swelling on the first day (P = 0.05). Level of satisfaction and degree of easiness of the procedure were high.Conclusion:According to our clinical trial, MOPs cannot help in speeding up a canine retraction.

Comparative evaluation of the efficiency of canine retraction using modified Marcotte and T-loop retraction springs - A split-mouth, randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of canine retraction using modified Marcotte and T-loop retraction springs.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-four subjects with a treatment plan involving bilateral extractions of upper first premolars were included in the study. A split-mouth design was used to randomly allocate opposite quadrants to either modified Marcotte spring (MS) or T-loop spring (TLS) for canine retraction. Cephalometric radiographs and models were used to measure the rate of canine retraction (primary outcome) and compare the angular/rotational changes in the canines and anchorage loss in molars (secondary outcomes) following retraction. Subjective assessment of pain and discomfort was compared using visual analog scale (VAS). Paired and independent t-tests were used to evaluate changes.RESULTS:The mean amount and rate of retraction of the canine were found to be significantly higher for MS (3.56 ± 0.696 mm and 1.188 ± 0.232 mm, respectively) when compared with TLS (2.125 ± 0.472 mm and 0.71 ± 0.157 mm, respectively). Distopalatal rotation of the canine was also significantly lesser for MS (2.42°±1.868°) than TLS (5.65° ±2.84°, P < 0.001). However, the amount of anchorage loss and canine tipping were significantly higher for MS. Statistically significant higher values in the VAS score for TLS indicated greater discomfort.CONCLUSION:MS exhibited increased rate of retraction and rotation control when compared with TLS during sectional canine retraction. Patient comfort was better for MS as evidenced by the VAS scores. However, the amount of tipping and anchorage loss obtained with MS were significantly higher than TLS.

Comparative evaluation of the maxillary canine retraction rate and anchorage loss between two types of self-ligating brackets using sliding mechanics.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the maxillary canine retraction rate and anchorage loss with active and passive self-ligating brackets (SLBs).MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was conducted on 10 patients whose age ranged from 14–20 years. The patients had minimal to no crowding with a dental protrusion of maxillary incisor that required the extraction of maxillary first premolars and retraction of canines. The maxillary canines had to be in a good alignment and level before treatment to ensure that canine retraction had started from the same point bilaterally. A cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) had been taken for each patient's maxilla before treatment initiation and after complete canine retraction. Using nickel titanium, close-coil spring canine retraction on both sides and the rate of canine movement was measured.RESULTS:The patients were checked every 2 weeks to measure the retraction rate and ensure that a constant force (150 g) was being delivered to both canines. The pre- and post-canine retractions CBCT were superimposed to evaluate the pattern and rate of canine movement and anchorage loss. The result of this study showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups.CONCLUSION:The type of SLB, either active or passive, does not affect the rate or type of canine movement during its retraction in the orthodontic extraction cases, and the anchorage loss of the upper molars was nearly the same in both type.

Clinical and molecular-level comparison between conventional and corticotomy-assisted canine retraction techniques

BackgroundOrthodontic tooth movement resulting from coordinated biochemical reactions occurring in and around cells leads to protein synthesis, mitosis, and cell differentiation. This study was aimed at comparing the rate of canine retraction as well as the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and alkaline phosphatase at specified time intervals during individual canine retraction using corticotomy-assisted and conventional techniques. MethodsTwenty patients (10 boys and 10 girls) with a mean age of 14.5 years and requiring first premolar extractions for orthodontic treatment were included. This split mouth study was carried out where maxillary canine retraction was done by active tie-backs, with corticotomy on the experimental side and without corticotomy on the control side. Rate of retraction was assessed with digital Vernier calipers. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected before starting treatment and at 3 days, 7 days, and 1 month from the distal sides of the canine of both sides after the force was applied. ResultsMinimally invasive corticotomy produced an acceleration in the rate of canine retraction by approximately 40%. Tumor necrosis factor-α peaked at the third day in both conventional and corticotomy-assisted canine retraction sides. A gradual increase in the levels of alkaline phosphatase was observed from baseline to 7 days after corticotomy, which remained elevated at day 30. ConclusionsIt was concluded that alveolar corticotomy increased rate of canine retraction by approximately 40%, increased catabolic activities approximately 250%, and increased anabolic activities approximately 42%.

Three-dimensional assessment of the effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of tooth movement during canine retraction in adults with Class II malocclusion: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

The purpose of this split-mouth trial was to investigate the effect of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the rate of tooth movement. Thirty-two patients (24 female, 8 male; mean age, 19.26±2.48years) who required fixed orthodontic treatment and maxillary first premolar extractions participated in this trial with MOPs randomly allocated to either the right or left sides distal to the maxillary canines. Eligibility criteria included Class II Division 1 malocclusion, healthy periodontal condition, no smoking, and no systemic disease. Miniscrews were used to support anchorage and retract the canines with the aid of closed-coil nickel-titanium springs with 150g of force. Randomization was accomplished with block randomization with a permuted block size of 2 with a 1:1 allocation ratio to either right or left with allocations concealed in opaque, sealed envelopes. Blinding was used at the data collection and analysis stages. Three MOPs were performed using miniscrews (5mm depth, 1.5mm width) on the buccal bone distal to the canines on the randomly selected side. The primary outcome was the rate of canine retraction measured from 3-dimensional digital models superimposed at the rugae area from the baseline to the first, second, and third months. The following secondary outcomes were examined: anchorage loss, canine tipping, canine rotation, root resorption, plaque index, and gingival index. Pain level, pain interference with the patients' daily life, patients' satisfaction with the procedure and degree of ease, willingness to repeat the procedure, and recommendation to others were also evaluated. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of tooth movement between the MOP and the control sides at all time points (first month: P=0.77; mean difference, 0.2mm; 95% CI, -0.13, 0.18mm; second month: P=0.50; mean difference, -0.08mm; 95% CI, -0.33, 0.16mm; third month: P=0.76; mean difference, -0.05mm; 95% CI, -0.40, 0.29mm). There were also no differences in anchorage loss, rotation, tipping, root resorption, plaque index, periodontal index, and pain perception between the MOP and control sides at any time point (P>0.05). MOPs had no effect on the patients' daily life except for a feeling of swelling on the first day (P=0.05). Level of satisfaction and degree of easiness of the procedure were high. A significant percentage of patients were willing to repeat the procedure and recommend it to others. No serious harm was observed. Three MOPs were not effective in accelerating tooth movement at any time point. Other secondary parameters evaluated were not different between the MOP and control sides except for the feeling of swelling on day 1 on the MOP side. Patients were highly satisfied with the MOP procedure, and many considered MOPs an easy procedure and were willing to repeat and recommend it to friends. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov with identifier number NCT02473471. The protocol was not published before trial commencement. This work was supported by Jordanian University of Science and Technology (grant number 20150263). No conflict of interest is declared.

Age-dependent biologic response to orthodontic forces.

Orthodontic tooth movement results from increased inflammation and osteoclast activation. Since patients of all ages now routinely seek orthodontics treatment, we investigated whether age-dependent biologic responses to orthodontic force correlate with the rate of tooth movement. We studied 18 healthy subjects, adolescents (11-14years) and adults (21-45years), with Class II Division 1 malocclusion requiring 4 first premolar extractions. Canines were retracted with a constant force of 50cN. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected before orthodontic treatment and at days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after the canine retraction. Cytokine (IL-1β, CCL2, TNF-α) and osteoclast markers (RANKL and MMP-9) were measured using antibody-based protein assays. Pain and discomfort were monitored with a numeric rating scale. The canine retraction rate was measured from study models taken at days 28 and56. Although the cytokine and osteoclast markers increased significantly in both age groups at days 1, 7, and 14, the increases were greater in adults than in adolescents. Interestingly, the rate of tooth movement in adults was significantly slower than in adolescents over the 56-day study period. Adults also reported significantly more discomfort and pain. Age is a significant variable contributing to the biologic response to orthodontic tooth movement. Adults exhibited a significantly higher level of cytokine and osteoclasts activity but, counterintuitively, had a significantly slower rate of tooth movement.

Evaluation of piezocision and laser-assisted flapless corticotomy in the acceleration of canine retraction: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundTo evaluate the effectiveness of two minimally invasive surgical procedures in the acceleration of canine retraction: piezocision and laser-assisted flapless corticotomy (LAFC).MethodsTrial design: A single-centre randomized controlled trial with a compound design (two-arm parallel-group design and a split-mouth design for each arm).Participants: 36 Class II division I patients (12 males, 24 females; age range: 15 to 27 years) requiring first upper premolars extraction followed by canine retraction.Interventions: piezocision group (PG; n = 18) and laser-assisted flapless corticotomy group (LG; n = 18). A split-mouth design was applied for each group where the flapless surgical intervention was randomly allocated to one side and the other side served as a control side.Outcomes: the rate of canine retraction (primary outcome), anchorage loss and canine rotation, which were assessed at 1, 2, 3 and 4 months following the onset of canine retraction. Also the duration of canine retraction was recorded.Random sequence: Computer-generated random numbers.Allocation concealment: sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes.Blinding: Single blinded (outcomes’ assessor).ResultsSeventeen patients in each group were enrolled in the statistical analysis. The rate of canine retraction was significantly greater in the experimental side than in the control side in both groups by two-fold in the first month and 1.5-fold in the second month (p < 0.001). Also the overall canine retraction duration was significantly reduced in the experimental side as compared with control side in both groups about 25% (p ≤ 0.001). There were no significant differences between the experimental and the control sides regarding loss of anchorage and upper canine rotation in both groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two flapless techniques regarding the studied variables during all evaluation times (p > 0.05).ConclusionsPiezocision and laser-assisted flapless corticotomy appeared to be effective treatment methods for accelerating canine retraction without any significant untoward effect on anchorage or canine rotation during rapid retraction.Trials registrationClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02606331).

Evaluation of the Rate of Canine Retraction with Two Commercially Available Straight Wire Brackets

Objective: This study was to compare the rate of canine retraction with two commerciallyavailable straight wire brackets. Materials and methods: A sample of 10 patientswith an age range from 15 to 18years, requiring orthodontic treatment. The study was designed clinically (split mouth technique) in the same patient right side bonded by Ormco Roth orthodontic brackets while in the left side were bonded byIMD Roth orthodontic brackets . Canine retraction was measured four times every 28 day till completeretraction of canine occurred. Results: the rate of canine retraction was non significantlydifferent from right and left side, also monthly, weekly and daily rate of canine retraction was non significantly different in the right and left side. Conclusion: The rate of Canine retraction using (IMD brackets is insignificantly different from (Ormco)brackets, both of them have the same rate, during the first ,second, third and fourth interval no significant difference on the rate of canine retraction between the 2 groups

Comparison of Rate of Canine Retraction and Anchorage Potential between Mini-implant and Conventional Molar Anchorage: An In vivo Study.

Aim:The aim of this study was to compare the rate of canine retraction, the anchorage loss, and the change in the inclination of the first molars between molar and mini-implant anchorage.Objective:(1) To compare the rate of canine retraction between conventional molar anchorage and mini-implant anchorage in the maxilla and mandible. (2) To compare the amount of anchor loss between mini-implant-anchored and molar-anchored sides during canine retraction in the maxilla and mandible.Materials and Methods:Ten patients were included in the study. The implants were loaded immediately by applying a force of 100 g. Measurements were made in the pre-retraction and post-retraction lateral cephalograms. A line drawn vertically from the sella-nasion plane through the distal pterygomaxillary point was used as a reference line.Results:The mean rates of canine retraction were 0.95 and 0.82 mm/month in maxilla on the implant and molar sides, respectively, and were 0.81 and 0.76 mm/month in mandible on the implant and molar sides, respectively. The mean anchorage loss was 0.1 mm on the implant side and 1.3 mm on the molar side of the maxilla and 0.06 mm on the implant side and 1.3 mm on the molar side of the mandible. The mean change in molar inclination was 0.3° on implant side and 2.45° on molar side of the maxilla and was 0.19° on implant side and 2.69° on molar side of the mandible.Conclusions:Implant anchorage is an efficient alternative to molar anchorage.

Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Randomized Control Study

Background:Fixed orthodontic treatment is time-consuming procedure. Pain is usually associated with orthodontic treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) duration and pain perception.Materials and Methods:This randomized double-blind splint-mouth controlled clinical study includes 20 (8 males and 12 females) orthodontic patients requiring bilateral canine retraction. Time taken for canine retraction with LLLT (Group A) over control (Group B) quadrant on the same patient was assessed along with pain experience using facial pain scale. The data were tabulated and statistically evaluated using SPSS 20 for windows (Microsoft, Chicago, IL, USA) and t-test with P < 0.05. The difference in pain was evaluated with Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results:There was no difference in values for age and sex of patient for tooth movement and pain (P > 0.05). There was statistically significant decrease in rate of canine retraction in Group A compared to Group B. There was statistically significant difference for maxillary and mandibular arches in Group A whereas it was not significant in Group B. Pain experience was statistically significant till 2nd day, and after 3rd day, it was not significant between the groups.Conclusion:LLLT can reduce the fixed OTM timing and pain experience.

A comparative evaluation of maxillary canine retraction using flap and flapless corticotomy: A clinical study

Objective: The objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of maxillary canine retraction using flap and flapless corticotomy. Materials and Methods: A sample of 10 adult patients undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring therapeutic extraction of maxillary first premolars bilaterally were selected, compliant with the inclusion criteria. By random allocation, one site was selected for flap corticotomy-facilitated orthodontics (CFO) and opposite site for flapless CFO. After corticotomy procedure, maxillary canine retractions were done on both the sides using sliding mechanics. A paired t-test was used to determine the statistical significance of the difference in the amount of tooth movement between the flap and flapless sides. Results: There were statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in the rates of anteroposterior movement of the canines between the flap and flapless sides at all measurement times, and the rates of canine retraction were consistently higher in the flap side than in the flapless side. Conclusions: Flap corticotomy technique is more effective as compared to that of flapless corticotomy technique. Clinical Relevance: Flap corticotomy will be more effective clinically; however, the histologic correlation in regard to the changes in both the technique would be more beneficial.