Recombination Rate Research Articles

Comparison of Recombination Rate, Reference Bias, and Unique Pangenomic Haplotypes in Cannabis sativa Using Seven De Novo Genome Assemblies

Genomic characterization of Cannabis sativa has accelerated rapidly in the last decade as sequencing costs have decreased and public and private interest in the species has increased. Here, we present seven new chromosome-level haplotype-phased genomes of C. sativa. All of these genotypes were alive at the time of publication, and several have numerous years of associated phenotype data. We performed a k-mer-based pangenome analysis to contextualize these assemblies within over 200 existing assemblies. This allowed us to identify unique haplotypes and genomic diversity among Cannabis sativa genotypes. We leveraged linkage maps constructed from F2 progeny of two of the assembled genotypes to characterize the recombination rate across the genome showing strong periphery-biased recombination. Lastly, we re-aligned a bulk segregant analysis dataset for the major-effect flowering locus Early1 to several of the new assemblies to evaluate the impact of reference bias on the mapping results and narrow the locus to a smaller region of the chromosome. These new assemblies, combined with the continued propagation of the genotypes, will contribute to the growing body of genomic resources for C. sativa to accelerate future research efforts.

P-772. Whole Genome Analysis of Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates from Colonic Biopsy In Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Abstract Background A long debate has prevailed over cause of Crohn's disease with published evidence for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP).Our study was designed to look for mycobacterial pathogens by culture and DNA PCR in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). Phylogenetic Analysis of M. intracellulare isolate genomes compared with reference M. intracellular strain ATCC 13950T Circular representation of four M. intracellulare isolate genomes compared with reference M. intracellular strain ATCC 13950T. Inner to outer four concentric rings show isolates from this study. The information is read from outer circle to inner as follows: genome size, genes on the forward strand, genes on the reverse strand, t-RNA, and r-RNA of reference strain.The percentage similarity is represented by different color codes. Zoomed portion represent absent genetic region in four isolates. Methods Colonic biopsy and Blood Buffy coat samples were processed for cultures and DNA detection for mycobacterial pathogens (including MAP) in 889 patients with inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn’s disease (CD)( clinical manifestations, endoscopic,radiological and histological features as per ECCO consensus guidelines), Intestinal tuberculosis,Controls (Adult patients with hemorrhoidal bleeding and no other colonic disease undergoing sigmoidoscopy). Results Four cultures from CD patients grew Mycobacterium intracellulare. Whole Genome Sequencing identified deletion regions in the studied isolates, with 156 protein-coding genes absent in all four isolates compared to the reference genome (M. intracellulare Strain ATCC 13950T). Antibiotic resistance and virulence factor analyses indicated resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid and an abundance of virulence factor genes in M. Intracellulare species. Pan and core gene analyses suggested a closed pan-genome in M.intracellulare, with limited distribution of antibiotic resistance genes. Conclusion M. Intracellulare is reported in immune-compromised patientsin several studies. The results of the core genome phylogenetic analysis suggest that factors beyond the isolation sources of M.intracellulare strains may contribute to shape their evolutionary trajectory. Functional analysis indicated a gradual decrease in metabolic capacity across clusters, suggesting an ongoing genome streamlining process in M. Intracellulare species. Essential gene prediction identified strain specific essential genes, emphasizing the importance of energy-related processes. Homologous recombination rate analysis suggested recombination in M. intracellulare strains, with specific parameters showing variation compared to other pathogenic species. This comprehensive study contributes valuable information about the genomic characteristics, evolution, and functional profiles of M. intracellulare strains. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Analysis of Gene Differences Between F and B Epidemic Lineages of Bandavirus Dabieense

The prevalence of SFTS is becoming increasingly widespread and is expected to become a significant security issue. The article discusses the prevalence regions and genetic differences in two SFTSV lineages, so as to provide a scientific data basis for the clinical control and prevention of fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. The literature involving SFTSV patients from 2009 to 2023 and SFTSV complete genome sequences uploaded by NCBI were collected and sorted out, based on time and SFTSV lineage division, we analyzed viral gene sequence. SFTSV patient data were continuously reported from 2009 to 2023, involving five countries including China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are obvious lineage and host divisions between the SFTSV lineages prevalent in China and abroad. The sources of B-lineage SFTSV samples are mainly concentrated in South Korea, Japan, and the middle and lower reaches of Hubei or Zhejiang in China, with half of the samples coming from humans and half from animals, and the F series SFTSV samples were mainly collected from provinces such as Anhui and Henan in China, with the main source being human patients. The F-lineage SFTSV is the highest proportion in the middle and upper provinces in China. The B lineage has recently appeared in Zhejiang and Taiwan and is prevalent abroad. Using prediction software based on molecular structure prediction technology, analyze the differences between the B and F lineages of SFTSV through prediction methods such as nucleotide mutations, gene recombination, mutation sites, and evolution rates. Conclusively, the differences in SFTSV between B and F lineages may be related to gene recombination of M and L fragments, it was also found that the B lineage had a lower recombination rate and mutation rate than the F lineage, and the evolutionary rate was prominently different. Comparative analysis of the differences in two SFTSV lineage genes could further understand the epidemic status of SFTSV and provide help and more insights for the prevention of the spread of specific types of SFTSV.

Do the Shuffle: Expanding the Synthetic Biology Toolkit for Shufflon-like Recombination Systems.

Naturally occurring DNA inversion systems play an important role in the generation of genetic variation and adaptation in prokaryotes. Shufflon invertase (SI) Rci from plasmid R64, recognizing asymmetric sfx sites, has been adopted as a tool for synthetic biology. However, the availability of a single enzyme with moderate rates of recombination has hampered the more widespread use of SIs. We identified 14 previously untested SI genes and their sfx sites in public databases. We established an assay based on single-molecule sequencing that allows the quantification of the inversion rates of these enzymes and determined cross-recognition to identify orthogonal SI/sfx pairs. We describe SI enzymes with substantially improved shuffling rates when expressed in an inducible manner in E. coli. Our findings will facilitate the use of SIs in engineering biology where synthetic shufflons enable the generation of millions of sequence variants in vivo for applications such as barcoding or experimental selection.

Enhancing the optical and electrical performance of a micro-LED with GaN substrate by optimizing structural parameters

In this study, the impact of structural parameters on the optical and electrical performance of a micro-LED based on GaN substrate is evaluated through simulation. The adjusted structural parameters include Al content in the Al x Ga 1-x N electron blocking layer (EBL), In content in the In y Ga 1-y N quantum well (QW) layers, and the QW period. The results indicate that lower Al content in the EBL increases the radiative recombination rate in QWs, leading to higher quantum efficiency and output power. The effect of varying In content in the QWs on the recombination process of the device is discussed. Additionally, it was found that a shorter QW period in the active region could achieve lower power consumption and higher luminous brightness and efficiency. These findings enhance the understanding of GaN substrate-based Micro-LEDs and provide important guidance for optimizing and designing high-performance GaN substrate Micro-LEDs.

Colloidal Design and Preparation of an Internal Electric Modulated Z-Scheme BiOI-CdS Heteronanostructure with Oxygen-Rich Vacancies.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting offers an ideal strategy for the development of clean and renewable energy. However, its practical implementation is often inhibited by the high recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers and the instability of photoanodes. Introducing defect engineering (such as oxygen vacancies) and constructing internal electric field-modulated Z-scheme heteronanostructures (HNs) can be considered as effective approaches to overcome these obstacles. Herein, a flexible method is developed for synthesizing Z-scheme BiOI-CdS HNs with oxygen vacancies, which induce an internal electric field between ultrathin BiOI nanosheets and a CdS semiconductor. This Z-scheme mechanism significantly promotes the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby enhancing the PEC performance. The BiOI-CdS photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 4.22 mA cm-2 at 1.6 V vs RHE under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm-2), outperforming bare BiOI and CdS. Moreover, the photoanode exhibits exceptional stability with only a slight decrease of approximately in its initial photocurrent after a rigorous 4 h test, surpassing other counterparts in terms of durability. This work affords a better understanding of oxygen vacancies and the construction of highly efficient and stable Z-scheme photoanodes for feasible PEC application.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Roles of Vacancy Defects in Polymer and Graphitized Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts: A Comprehensive Review

Vacancy defect graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and conjugated polyimide (PI) polymer photocatalysts have become increasingly recognized as metal-free photocatalysts featuring an appropriate bandgap. The narrow absorption spectrum of visible light and the rapid recombination rate of the photoexcited charge carriers in PI polymers and g-C3N4 impede its photocatalytic performance. The presence of oxygen vacancies (OVs) in PI polymer photocatalysts, as well as nitrogen vacancies (NVs) and carbon vacancies (CVs) in g-C3N4, can significantly enhance the migration of photogenerated electrons. Adding vacancies to improve the electronic structure and band gap width can greatly enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of PI polymers and g-C3N4. Defect engineering is important for increasing the photocatalytic ability of PI-polymer and g-C3N4. There remains a notable absence of thorough review papers covering the synthesis, characterization, and applications of vacancy-rich PI-polymer and g-C3N4 in photocatalysis. This review paper examines the roles of OVs in PI-polymer, NVs, and CVs in g-C3N4 and thoroughly summarizes the preparation approaches employed before and after, as well as during polymerization. This review scrutinizes spectroscopic characterization techniques, such as EPR, XPS, PAS, XRD, FTIR, and NMR, for vacancy defect analysis. We also reviewed the role of vacancies, which include light absorption, photogenerated charge carrier separation, and transfer dynamics. This review could serve as a comprehensive understanding, a vacancy-engineered design framework, and a practical guide for synthesizing and characterizing.

Salutary impact of spontaneous oxidation in CH3NH3SnI3 on CZTS-based solar cell

From the time of discovery, CH3NH3SnI3 has been a promising candidate in photovoltaics due to its outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, stabilization was not easy to achieve in CH3NH3SnI3-based solar cells. Because CH3NH3SnI3 was used as an absorber, its naturally-occurring self-doping property spontaneously modified band alignment, which increased carrier recombination and decreased the efficiency of solar cell gradually. In this paper, for the first time, we have presented detailed study on use of CH3NH3SnI3 as a hole transport layer in prototype solar cell having configuration: CH3NH3SnI3/CZTS/CdS/ZnO/AZO, using SCAPS software. To understand the effect of spontaneous self-doping property of CH3NH3SnI3 on solar cell performance, the analysis of variation in solar cell performance parameters, band alignment conduction band, valance band, Fermi levels, charge density, current density, conductance, capacitance and recombination rate was performed as a function of increasing CH3NH3SnI3 carrier concentration. It was found that, when used as an hole transport layer, the inherent self-doping property of CH3NH3SnI3 became a helpful trait to increase hole extraction and spontaneously enhanced our device efficiency. Thus, the inherent self-doping property of CH3NH3SnI3 transformed from curse to boon when we leveraged CH3NH3SnI3 as an hole transport layer in our solar cell device.

Genetic differentiation in the MAT-proximal region is not sufficient for suppressing recombination in Podospora anserina.

Recombination is advantageous over the long-term, as it allows efficient selection and purging deleterious mutations. Nevertheless, recombination suppression has repeatedly evolved in sex and mating-type chromosomes. The evolutionary causes for recombination suppression and the proximal mechanisms preventing crossing overs are poorly understood. Several hypotheses have recently been suggested based on theoretical models, and in particular that divergence could accumulate neutrally around a sex-determining region and reduce recombination rates, a self-reinforcing process that could foster progressive extension of recombination suppression. We used the ascomycete fungus Podospora anserina for investigating these questions: a 0.8 Mbp region around its mating-type locus is non-recombining, despite being collinear between the two mating types. This fungus is mostly selfing, resulting in highly homozygous individuals, except in the non-recombining region around the mating-type locus that displays differentiation between mating types. Here, we test the hypothesis that sequence divergence alone is responsible for recombination cessation. We replaced the mat- idiomorph by the sequence of the mat+ idiomorph, to obtain a strain that is sexually compatible with the mat- reference strain and isogenic to this strain in the MAT-proximal region. Crosses showed that recombination was still suppressed in the MAT-proximal region in the mutant strains, indicating that other proximal mechanisms than inversions or mere sequence divergence are responsible for recombination suppression in this fungus. This finding suggests that selective mechanisms likely acted for suppressing recombination, or the spread of epigenetic marks, as the neutral model based on mere nucleotide divergence does not seem to hold in P. anserina.

Effects of Intrinsic Defects on the Carrier Lifetime in CdZnTe: Insights from Ab Initio Calculations.

CdZnTe (CZT) has garnered substantial attention due to its outstanding performance in room-temperature semiconductor radiation detectors, where carrier transport properties are critical for assessing the detector performance. However, due to the complexities of crystal growth, CZT is prone to defects that affect carrier lifetime and mobility. To investigate how defects affect nonequilibrium carrier transport, nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD) is employed to examine six types of intrinsic defects and their impact on electron-hole (e-h) recombination. The findings reveal that Te substitution at the Cd site (TeCd) and Te interstitial (Tei) defects expedite recombination by introducing intermediate energy levels. The coupling of new energy levels in Te vacancy (VTe) with the conduction band minimum (CBM) slows down electron release and results in an extended recombination time. Cd substitution at the Te site (CdTe) and Cd interstitial (Cdi) defects enhance nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) to accelerate the recombination. In contrast, Cd vacancy (VCd) diminishes NAC through weakening carrier coupling with high-frequency phonons and leads to a deceleration of the recombination rate. Overall, the intrinsic defects may change electron structures to vary NAC, which is critical for the recombination rate. It is believed that this research may benefit the understanding of defects on the carriers' lifetime in CZT and provide hints for further optimizing the performance of CZT material in nuclear radiation detection.

CAYSS: Package for Automatic Cytometry Analysis of Yeast Spore Segregation.

Meiotic recombination is a powerful source of haplotypic diversity, and thus plays an important role in the dynamics of short-term adaptation. However, high-throughput quantitative measurement of recombination parameters is challenging because of the large size of offspring to be genotyped. One of the most efficient approaches for large-scale recombination measurement is to study the segregation of fluorescent markers in gametes. Applying this to yeast spores by flow cytometry has already been proved to be highly efficient, but manual analyses of distributions of signal intensities is time-consuming and produces nonperfectly reproducible results. Such analyses are required to identify events corresponding to spores and to assign each of them to a genotypic class depending on their fluorescence intensity. The CAYSS package automatically reproduces the manual process that we've been developing to analyze yeast recombination for years, including Maximum-Likelihood estimation of fluorescence extinction (Raffoux et al. 2018a). When comparing the results of manual versus CAYSS automatic analyses of the same cytometry data, recombination rates and interference were on average very similar, with less than 3% differences on average and strong correlations (R2 > 0.9). In conclusion, as compared to manual analysis, CAYSS allows to save a lot of human time and produces totally reproducible results.

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of disappearing Plasmodium vivax in southern Thailand

The evolution of genetic diversity and population structure of Plasmodium vivax as malaria elimination approaches remains unclear. This study analyzed the genetic variation and molecular epidemiology of P. vivax from Yala Province in southern Thailand, an area in the pre-elimination phase. Seventy P. vivax isolates, collected between 2017 and 2020, were genotyped for domain II of pvdbp and the 42-kDa region of pvmsp1 using amplicon deep sequencing. Data from Yala province were compared to published data from Tak province, where transmission was higher. Key analyses included nucleotide diversity (π), haplotype diversity (Hd), natural selection, recombination rates, and complexity of infection (COI). Genetic diversity in Yala was relatively low (π = 0.008dbp and 0.014msp1; Hd = 0.774dbp and 0.407msp1) compared to Tak (π = 0.012dbp and 0.027msp1; Hd = 0.849dbp and 0.962msp1). In Yala, polyclonal infections were found in 53.7% of pvdbpII and 47.8% of pvmsp142 isolates, with average COI of 1.6 and 1.7. Both genes were under balancing selection. Distinct genetic differences were found between Yala and Tak in pvmsp142, providing a local genotypic profile useful for tracing parasite origins.

Fe-doped SnO2 nanoparticles: enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen efficiency, Rhodamine-B dye degradation and visible light absorption

The existing energy-wastewater nexus may be resolved using metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts in photocatalytic hydrogen production and pollutant degradation, which is a clean and sustainable process. SnO2 is one such well-researched and proven photocatalyst that is now in use, although it only works with ultraviolet light, which only makes up 4% of the total solar energy received. The present research aims to use iron as a dopant to make SnO2 active under visible light, enhancing reactions like water splitting and dye degradation. The sol-gel method was used to synthesize the photocatalysts. XRD, BET, UV diffuse reflectance spectra, PL spectra, XPS, and SEM micrographs were used to characterize the synthesized photocatalysts. For 7.5 wt% Fe-doped SnO2, a remarkable hydrogen generation rate of 18.81 µmol/hr under sunlight was achieved, nearly three times that of pure SnO2 (5.71 µmol/h). The nanocomposites display excellent photoreactivity towards RhB dye degradation with an optimal concentration of 7.5 wt% Fe-doped SnO2. This optimal composite photocatalyst removes 93% of RhB dye on 0.1 g/L photocatalysts in only 60 min under sunlight. Pristine SnO2 removes 36% of the dye under similar reaction conditions. The photoluminescence spectra of Fe-doped SnO2 had lower peak locations than the pristine SnO2, indicating a decreased rate of charge recombination and increased life duration of the active species. As a result, hydrogen generation rates and dye degradation efficiencies have increased significantly. The photocatalyst’s recyclability study revealed that the photocatalysts can be used efficiently for four cycles without significant reduction in the yield.

Impact of mechanically applied strain on Auger recombination in InGaAs multiple quantum wells

We present the results of direct measurements of the effect of mechanically applied biaxial strain on Auger recombination rates in InGaAs quantum wells grown on InP. By mounting these structures on a flexible membrane, we applied strain mechanically rather than by changing the quantum well alloy fraction. Specifically, we employed time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy to probe the recombination dynamics in the degenerate carrier regime. From these measurements, we extract the non-degenerate cubic Auger coefficient C30. We found that applying 1.59% tensile biaxial strain increased the Auger C30 coefficient by 325% in one of our samples. These results support the hypothesis that the mechanical strain induced by heteroepitaxy plays a direct role in mitigating Auger recombination in InP-based telecommunication-range lasers.

A 6.49-Mb inversion associated with the purple embryo spot trait in potato

Abstract The embryo spot trait leads to a deep purple or reddish coloration at the base of the cotyledons of the embryo, visible on both sides of flat potato (Solanum tuberosum) seeds. This trait has long been used by potato researchers and breeders as a morphological marker during dihaploid induction. The formation of embryo spots reflects the accumulation of anthocyanins, but the genetic basis of this trait remains unclear. In this study, we mapped the embryo spot trait to a 6.78-Mb region at the end of chromosome 10 using an F2 population derived from a cross between spotted and spotless plants. The recombination rate in the candidate region is severely suppressed, posing challenges for the map-based cloning of the underlying gene and suggesting large-scale rearrangements in this region. A de novo genome assembly of the spotted individual and a comparative genomic analysis to the reference genome of spotless potato revealed a 6.49-Mb inversion present in the spotted plant genome. The left breakpoint of this inversion occurred in the promoter region of an R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene that is highly expressed in the cotyledon base of spotted embryos but is not expressed in that of spotless embryos. This study elucidated the genetic basis for embryo spot formation in potato and provides a foundation for future cloning of the causative gene.

Locuszoomr: an R package for visualising publication-ready regional gene locus plots

Abstract Summary Locuszoomr is an R package for visualising and creating publication-ready regional gene locus plots similar to those produced by the original web interface ‘LocusZoom’, but running locally in R. Genetic or genomic data with gene annotation tracks are plotted via R base graphics or ‘ggplot2’, allowing flexibility and easy customisation. Modular plotting functions enable layering of multiple GWAS plots such as for PheWAS, comparing GWAS with eQTL signals, and aligning multiple locus plots on the same page. Interactive plots can be visualised using ‘plotly’ enabling quick identification of data points for labelling. The ‘LDlink’ API (https://ldlink.nih.gov/) can be programmatically queried to obtain linkage disequilibrium (LD) data from the 1000 Genomes Project which is overlaid on plots. The package allows users to query Ensembl databases from Bioconductor or AnnotationHub for genomic information, so it can be used to show gene track information for any species available in Ensembl. Helper functions enable recombination rate data from UCSC to be overlaid on plots. The package has a detailed vignette and includes embedded example GWAS data to allow users to try out different features. Locuszoomr is also fast: identifying 50 peaks in a GWAS of around 8 million SNPs takes around 0.6 seconds. Exporting 50 locus plots with 1Mbp window with recombination rate takes around 30 seconds on Intel 9th gen CPU or 14 seconds on Apple ARM M3. Availability and implementation The R package locuszoomr is open-source and available from CRAN: https://cran.r-project.org/package=locuszoomr and GitHub: https://github.com/myles-lewis/locuszoomr

A comprehensive SCAPS-1D simulation study on the photovoltaic properties and efficiency enhancement of CH3NH3PbCl3 perovskite solar cells

Abstract Recent progress in lead (Pb) halide perovskites has inspired much research into economical solar cells, focusing on critical issues of stability and toxicity. This study investigates the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by simulating the impact of a methylammonium lead chloride (CH3NH3PbCl3) layer as the absorber material using the SCAPS-1D simulator. The first comprehensive study of this material examines the role and configuration of the Electron Transport Layer (ETL) and Hole Transport Layer (HTL), as well as the absorber layer, on solar cell performance. The ETLs used in the device optimization are ZnO, SnO2, IGZO, and CdS; the HTL is CuO; and the front and back contacts are Au and Ni, respectively. The study highlights CuO as the optimal HTL for CH3NH3PbCl3, delivering power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 16.10%, 16.06%, 16.05%, and 14.41% with ZnO, SnO2, IGZO, and CdS as ETLs, respectively. The performance of these device architectures is significantly influenced by factors such as defect density, absorber layer thickness, ETL thickness, and the combination of different ETLs and CuO HTLs. Furthermore, this study elucidates the impact of absorber and HTL thickness on key photovoltaic parameters, such as VOC, JSC, FF, and PCE. Also, we have discussed the VBO, and CBO for different ETLs. Additionally, we examine the effects of series and shunt resistance, operating temperature, quantum efficiency (QE), capacitance-voltage characteristics, generation and recombination rates, and current density-voltage (J-V), analysis of absorption data, and impedance analysis behavior on achieving the highest efficiency of the device. This comprehensive study provides critical insights into designing cost-effective, high-performance PSCs, and advancing the development of next-generation photovoltaic technologies.

Silver and Titanium Oxides Coated on g-C3N4 Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Degradation of Mixture of Brilliant Green-Congo Red Dyes and Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Under Visible Light Irradiation

Silver and titanium oxides coated graphitic carbon nitride (Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4) nanocomposite was created by a single-step thermal polymerization. The Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) methods, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), photoluminescence (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were within the numerous techniques used to characterize this nanocomposite. Both the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and the Tauc plot indicated that the Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite had a lower electron-hole pair recombination rate and lower band gap energy. The coating of Ag2O and TiO2 on g-C3N4 was verified by TEM. The Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite was used in the photocatalytic degradation of a Brilliant green (BG)-Congo red (CR) dye combination and ciprofloxacin (CIP) antibiotic under visible light irradiation. According to the research, under visible light irradiation, the Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalytic activity simultaneously degraded a mixture of BG-CR dyes, with BG (93%) and CR (85%) degrading percentages in 70 min and CIP (82%) degrading in 120 min. Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were primarily responsible for the degradation of BG and CR dyes under visible light irradiation, whereas holes and hydroxyl radicals were investigated as important oxidative species in the photocatalytic degradation of CIP utilizing the Ag2O/TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposite.Graphical

Modification in the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by H ions implantation on TiO2 photoanode

The sol-gel approach was utilized to synthesize the pure TiO2 films. Hydrogen ions are irradiated on these synthesized films with a flow rate of 2x1013, 2x1014 and 2x1015 ionscm-2, and the beams are accelerated at 700 KeV. The XRD analysis confirmed the tetragonal structure of TiO2. The high grain size is observed at 2x1014 ions/cm2 . UVvisible spectroscopy showed that films are highly transparent to visible light and hydrogen ions produces a red shift in the absorbance peak. The low value of Eg is observed at 2x1014 ions/cm2 . The calculated value of conduction band edges gave suitable information of the behavior of free charge carriers in the solar cells. PL analysis showed that the recombination rate reduced, which will enhance the dye-sensitized solar cells' efficiency. DSSCs have been prepared with these films. The EIS results indicate the resistance in the transportation of charges across the interfaces reduces. Via current voltage J-V analysis, open circuit voltage Voc, short circuit current density Jsc and fill factor FF were improved with the H-irradiation process at 2x1014 ions/cm2 fluence rate, resulting in maximum photoconversion efficiency of 4.05%.

Estimating realized relatedness in free-ranging macaques by inferring identity-by-descent segments

Biological relatedness is a key consideration in studies of behavior, population structure, and trait evolution. Except for parent-offspring dyads, pedigrees capture relatedness imperfectly. The number and length of identical-by-descent DNA segments (IBD) yield the most precise relatedness estimates. Here, we leverage different methods for estimating IBD segments from low-depth whole genome resequencing data to demonstrate the feasibility and value of resolving fine-scaled gradients of relatedness in free-living animals. Using primarily 4 to 6× depth data from a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) population with long-term pedigree data, we show that we can infer the number and length of IBD segments across the genome with high accuracy even at 0.5× sequencing depth. In line with expectations based on simulation, the resulting estimates demonstrate substantial variation in genetic relatedness within kin classes, leading to overlapping distributions between kin classes. By comparing the IBD-based estimates with pedigree and short tandem repeat-based methods, we show that IBD estimates are more reliable and provide more detailed information on kinship. The inferred IBD segments also identify cryptic genetic relatives not represented in the pedigree and reveal elevated recombination rates in females relative to males, which enables the majority of close maternal and paternal kin to be distinguished with genotype data alone. Our findings represent a breakthrough in the ability to study the predictors and consequences of genetic relatedness in natural populations, contributing to our understanding of a fundamental component of population structure in the wild.