Rat Tongue Research Articles

Temperature and depth evaluation of the in vitro effects of femtosecond laser on oral soft tissue, with or without air-cooling

Femtosecond laser is an effective and safe tool in many surgeries, but the studies of its effect on oral soft tissue ablation are insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the effect of soft tissue ablation with a 1030-nm femtosecond laser on temperature and depth. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rat tongue specimens were obtained and flat-mounted. The 1030-nm femtosecond laser was controlled by a computer system, with a set distance of 4.7mm between the laser aperture and soft tissue surfaces. Ten specimens were ablated for > 1min with or without air-cooling for temperature measurement, while the other 10 specimens were ablated for depth measurements, using the following parameters: (i) 3W, 2000mm/s; (ii) 3W, 4000mm/s; (iii) 5W, 2000mm/s; (iv) 5W, 4000mm/s; (v) 8W, 2000mm/s; (vi) 8W, 4000mm/s. Temperature changes were measured using a type-K thermocouple. The depth attained using different power and scanning speed settings was measured by a three-dimensional morphology measurement laser microscope. Laser power, scanning speed, and air-cooling effects were determined. Higher energy and lower speed induced higher temperatures (p < 0.05), which were significantly decreased by air-cooling (p < 0.05). The lowest ablation depth was obtained at 3W and 4000mm/s (72.63 ± 6.47μm) (p < 0.05). The greatest incision depth was achieved at 8W and 2000mm/s (696.19 ± 35.37μm), or 4000mm/s (681.16 ± 55.65μm) (p < 0.05). The 1030-nm femtosecond laser application demonstrates clinically acceptable ablation efficiency, without marked temperature damage, in a controlled manner.

Identification and characterization of a highly metastatic epithelial cancer cell line from rat tongue cancer

ObjectivesTongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a clinically devastating disease. However, most established TSCC cell lines currently show undesirable malignant behaviours. The purpose of this study is to establish a highly metastatic TSCC cell line to serve as a useful tool for basic research. Materials and methodsTSCCs were induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Tumor cells were obtained from the cancer tissues by primary culture and were then purified by an in vitro invasion assay and a limiting dilution assay. The growth rate, cell cycle distribution, apoptotic rate, tumorigenicity and distant metastatic phenotypes of the rat tongue cancer cells were fully investigated and characterized. ResultsTo date, the rat tongue cancer cell line, named Rca-T, has been continuously cultured in vitro for over 210 passages and exhibit a long spindle-shaped morphology, adherent growth, and a stable epithelial phenotype. The population doubling time of Rca-T cells is 23.35 h. Approximately 39.8% of these cells are in S phase, and the apoptosis rate of Rca-T cells is 7.46%. Furthermore, in immunodeficient nude mice, both the xenograft rate and the incidence of experimental lung metastasis are 100%. The in vitro assays further reveal the highly malignant and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like properties of Rca-T cells. ConclusionIn this study, the tumorigenic and highly distant metastatic TSCC cell line Rca-T was established. The malignant features of this cell line, especially its metastatic potential, will enable a wealth of functional studies on the molecular mechanisms of TSCC metastasis in the future.

Abstract 1270: Potential metabolic and molecular mechanisms of black raspberry-mediated oral cancer chemoprevention

Abstract Oral cancer accounts for about 50,000 new cases and 10,000 new deaths in the U.S. every year. This amounts to about one person every hour every day. To combat this public health challenge, there is a need to identify agents that prevent oral cancer development and fully characterize their mechanisms of action. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the ability of black raspberries (BRBs) to inhibit oral carcinogenesis. We recently showed that in an experimental model of rat oral carcinogenesis using the carcinogen 4 nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), BRBs reduce oral lesion incidence and multiplicity. However, understanding how the bioactive compounds in BRBs drive the metabolic and molecular pathways that lead to oral cancer chemoprevention remains unclear. In this study, we determined the potential metabolic and molecular mechanisms associated with BRB-mediated chemoprevention of oral carcinogenesis using the well-established carcinogen-induced rat oral cancer model. Male F344 rats were divided into 4 groups: sentinel group, 4NQO only group, 4NQO + 5% BRB group, and 4NQO + 10% BRB group. 4NQO was administered in drinking water (20ug/mL) for 10 weeks after which regular drinking water was provided for 6 weeks. BRBs were incorporated into rat diets at 5% or 10% concentrations and fed to the rat treatment groups for the last 6 weeks after 4NQO administration. Sentinel animals did not receive 4NQO or BRB. At terminal sacrifice, urine samples from all groups were harvested and analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. We identified metabolites in rat urine samples by "Complex Mixture Analysis by NMR" (COLMAR) followed by 2D 13C-1H HSQC NMR quantitative analysis. RNA was extracted from rat tongue samples and used for RNA sequencing analysis. 4NQO only administered rats showed highest overall intensity, which was about 2.5 times higher than 4NQO + BRB treated rats. 171 metabolites were identified in urine samples of 4NQO only administered rats while 101 and 90 metabolites were identified in 4NQO administered rats that were treated with 10% and 5% BRB, respectively. About 31 "unique" metabolites were identified in 4NQO only administered rat urine samples but were absent in BRB treated groups. Fourteen additional metabolites were increased and 11 metabolites were decreased following BRB treatment of 4NQO administered rats compared to rats administered with 4NQO only. Our metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct molecular and metabolic markers and pathways that drive oral carcinogenesis and BRB-mediated oral chemoprevention, which can potentially be exploited in oral cancer treatment strategies. Citation Format: Steve Oghumu, Thomas J. Knobloch, Logan C. Weghorst, Lei Bruschweiler-Li, Cheng Wang, Rafael Bruschweiler, Christopher M. Weghorst. Potential metabolic and molecular mechanisms of black raspberry-mediated oral cancer chemoprevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1270.

Biological aspects of the tongue morphology of wild-captive WWCPS rats: a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study

The aim of this study was to characterise the tongue in wild-type rats using several microscopic techniques. Warsaw Wild Captive Pisula Stryjek (WWCPS) rats belong to a lineage of wild-caught rats. The study was carried out on tongues of 15 male and 15 female WWCPS rats. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were carried out. There were no significant differences between the male and female WWCPS rat tongues. There was a median groove approximately 1 cm long in the apex of the tongue that faded caudally. The intermolar prominence was clearly marked in the distal part of the lingual body. Lingual mechanical papillae located on the surface of the tongue formed four subtypes based on their shape: small filiform papillae, giant filiform papillae, thin elongated filiform papillae and wide filiform papillae. Gustatory papillae formed the second group of papillae and were divided into bud-shaped fungiform papillae, a single vallate papilla surrounded by an incomplete papillary groove and foliate papillae, which were a well-formed and composed of several pairs of folds divided by longitudinal grooves. In the posterior lingual glands (mucoserous and serous), acidic sulphated mucin-secreting cells gave a strong AB pH 2.5 positive reaction, and a positive reaction with the AB pH 1.0 stain for acidic carboxylated mucin. Double AB/PAS staining showed the presence of the majority of mucous cells with predominant of acidic mucins. Positive PAS staining showed the presence of neutral mucin. HDI staining demonstrated a weak positive reaction within Weber’s glands of the WWCPS rat tongue.

Лектинова гістохімія смакових бруньок жолобуватого сосочка язика щурів в нормі та за умов глутамат-індукованого ожиріння

Лектинова гістохімія смакових бруньок жолобуватого сосочка язика щурів в нормі та за умов глутамат-індукованого ожиріння

Preliminary study on two analytical methods for evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes model in rats with blood stasis due to sleep deprivation

The comparison on evaluating blood stasis syndrome in sleep deprived rats was carried out by using R, G, B image analysis of Tongue and palm as well as auricle, palm surface laser Doppler flow perfusion. The experiment was performed by means of a small platform on the water environment for sleep deprivation. The rats were weekly weighed at fixed time, and their macroscopic signs were observed; and their tongue and palm images of the control and model group were respectively collected by the SLR camera at the 2nd, 4th and 6th week. Then the color saturation analysis was performed by means of proofreading with the standard colorimetric card. At the same time, the laser dopper flowmetry was used to analyze the perfusion of auricle and foot flow in rats. It turned out that there was no significant difference in the R,G,B value of the tongue and palm in rats between normal group and model group at the first stage(at the 2nd week), so were the perfusion of auricle and foot flow in rats. But at the second stage (at the 4th week), the R value of tongue in model group rats was obviously lower than that in normal group(P<0.01), and the other value (G,B) of tongue in module rats had a decease tendency, but there was no statistical significance. However, the perfusion of left and right auricle flow in model group rats were dramatically decreased as compared with the normal group(P<0.01); there was still no significant difference in the perfusion of the palm between two groups. It was found that R,G,B value in model group had a lower trend as compared with the control group of the tongue and palm images at the third stage (at the 6th week), but no statistically significant difference. The perfusion of left and right auricle flow in model group was constantly decreased as compared with the normal group(P<0.01).Right and left foot blood flow was lower than the normal group, but no statistically significant difference. We can safely conclude that the results of the R, G, B values of the tongue in rats could objectively reflect the characteristics of the rats with blood stasis syndrome, which were consistent with the diagnosis of clinical tongue image. As a method of microcirculation evaluation, the surface laser doppler perfusion of auricle can exhibit the characteristics of blood stasis in model rats, but also was more objective and reproducible. Therefore, the combination of R, G, B value of tongue as well as auricle laser doppler blood flow is more beneficial to the objective evaluation of index in the later study of traditional Chinese medicine blood stasis syndrome model.

Photoacoustic for Oral Soft Tissue Imaging based on Intensity Modulated Continuous-Wave Diode Laser

We built the photoacoustic imaging (PAI) systems to image oral soft tissue. To reduce the cost and size significantly, the PAI system used an intensity-modulated continuous-wave (CW) diode laser with a wavelength of 532nm and output peak power of 200mW as an excitation source, combined with a condenser microphone as photoacoustic signals detector. The Pulse Width Modulation technique was applied to form a square wave fluctuation of laser radiation by using certain duty cycle on single-frequency of 17.8 kHz. Sample of this study was Sprague Dawley rats tongue on plasticine media, irradiated by modulated CW diode laser. The result of this study showed that modulated laser exposure on one certain spot of the sample produced PA-signals in polynomial correlation with a duty cycle of laser modulation. Based on it, the photoacoustic imaging then was done by using gradual duty cycles, i.e., 20%, 30%, and 40%. This study also showed that using CW diode laser which is modulated with low duty cycle can produce most accurate PA image, as well as keeping the sample from the high energy of laser exposure that may cause biological changes. Furthermore, the maximum duty cycle to modulate laser for oral soft tissue imaging in this system was 30%.

Proximate and Mineral Compositions, Mineral Safety Index (MSI) of Ten Organs of African Giant Pouch Rat

An investigation into the proximate composition, mineral composition and the mineral safety index of heart, skin, muscle, lungs, tongue, kidney, spleen, brain, liver and eyes of African giant pouch rat was carried out using standard methods, calculations of metabolizable energy, percentage energy contribution due to: protein, fat and carbohydrate; utilizable energy due to protein; Ca/P, Na/K, [K/(Ca+Mg)], Ca/Mg ratios and mineral safety index. In the proximate composition, the followings were discovered: samples were good in muscle (ash), kidney (protein), muscle (crude fat), skin (carbohydrate) and also contributed the highest energy. Highest level of proportion of energy due to protein (PEP %) came from the kidney, highest level of energy due to fat (PEF %) came from muscle whilst highest energy contribution due to carbohydrate (PEC %) came from the skin. The utilizable energy due to protein (UEDP %) assuming 60% utilisation had the highest level in the kidney. In the mineral composition muscle was good in Na; muscle was best in K; kidney was highest in Ca; tongue was rich in Mg; spleen was high in zinc; liver was high in Fe; muscle was rich in Mn; kidney was rich in P; muscle was good in Ca/P; skin was best in Na/K; spleen was best in [K/(Ca+Mg)] and spleen was best in Ca/Mg. In the mineral safety index (MSI) values: Zn with MSI of 33 was lower than heart, spleen and in Fe with MSI of 6.7 was lower than heart, muscle, lungs, brain, liver and eyes. The following parameters were significantly different at α = 0.05 among the samples: crude protein, carbohydrate, PEP %, PEF %, PEC %, UEDP %, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and P. This report will give nutritional information on the various organs analysed.

Keratin 10 In Investigating The Healing Power Of Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells Compare d To Microvesicles In Tongue Of Irradiated Albino Rats

Background: Multiple oral complications were reported in patients who receive radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. Objectives: Investigating the healing power of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells compared to microvesicles on dorsal lingual mucosa in irradiated albino rats.Methods: 30 adult male albino rats were used. Rats were then divided randomly into three groups, 10 rats each. Group A: Irradiated rats received no treatment. Group B: Irradiated rats received a single dose of 1×106 bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) injected intravenously, immediately after irradiation. Group C: Irradiated rats received a single dose of 30 μg microvesicles (derived from bone marrow stem cells) injected intravenously, immediately after irradiation. Each animal group was further divided into two subgroups (5 rats each) according to their date of scarification as follows: Subgroup I: The animals were sacrificed at day 3 following irradiation. Subgroup II: The animals were sacrificed at day 7 following irradiation. After scarification the tongue was dissected and examined histologically, histochemically and by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for keratin 10 expression.Results: Histologically, irradiated groups received no treatment (groups AI&AII) showed marked epithelial and connective tissue degeneration. On the other hand both treated irradiated groups showed marked improved histological features (group B & C) during both experimental periods (3 and 7 days). However the microvesicles treated group demonstrated normal histology especially at 7 days. Histochemical examination using masson´s trichrome stain revealed an increased collagen density in groups (B & C) as compared to group A during both experimental periods. This increase was statistically significant. RT-PCR results showed statistically significant increase in keratin 10 expression in groups (B & C) as compared to group A during experimental periods I & II. Conclusions: Both BM-MSCs and microvesicles showed healing power in atrophied epithelium and connective tissue of dorsal lingual mucosa after radiotherapy, however treatment with microvesicles revealed more positive effect than BM-MSCs.

Protective effects of purple carrot extract (Daucus carota) against rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of purple carrot extract following rat tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO). For this purpose, histopathological analysis, proliferative status, antioxidant activity and inflammatory status were investigated in this setting. A total of 20 male rats were distributed into four groups as follows (n = 5 per group): Group 1-free access to water and commercial diet for 12weeks; Group 2-received 4NQO at 50ppm dose in drinking water daily and commercial diet for 12weeks; Group 3-free access to water and received diet supplemented with purple carrot extract (0.1g/kg) for 12weeks; and Group 4-received 4NQO at 50ppm dose in drinking water daily and diet supplemented with purple carrot extract (0.1g/kg) for 12weeks. Histopathological analysis revealed that animals treated with purple carrot extract reduced the oral lesions such as dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Animals with oral pre-neoplastic lesions and treated with purple carrot extract decreased ki-67 and 8-OHdG immunoexpression. Moreover, pNFκBp50 and MyD88 protein expressions were decreased after purple carrot treatment associated or not with 4NQO exposure. SOD-Mn mRNA levels increased with treatment with purple carrot extract as well. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that purple carrot extract was able to protect oral lesions induced by 4NQO in Wistar rats as a result of antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory potential and antiproliferative and antimutagenic actions.

Cytotoxic effect of chlorpyrifos is associated with activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 system and inflammatory response in tongue of male Wistar rats.

Repeated administration of chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide, can increase the risk of oral cytotoxicity. The current study was designed to assess the mechanism by which CPF mediates its cytotoxic effect on lingual mucosa of rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were used in the present study and divided into three groups: group I: healthy rats (negative control), group II: rats treated with CPF 1/40 LD50 (3.375mg/kg, orally/daily) for 28days, group III: rats treated with CPF 1/10 LD50 (13.5mg/kg, orally/daily) for 28days. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under ketamine anesthesia. Tongue samples were dissected out at their base for detection of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) by western blotting and histopathological and electron microscopic studies. Immunostaining was used to determine cleaved caspase 3 and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) localization. Structural and ultrastructural examination of treated lingual mucosa with CPF demonstrated degenerative changes that involved both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue as well as the lingual glands. CPF-treated rats demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in addition to a significant dose-dependent activation of NF-κB and cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, CPF activated HO-1 and Nrf-2 pathway in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, this data suggests that the CPF-induced cytotoxicity may be explained by NF-κB activated inflammatory cascade. In addition, CPF triggers an adaptive activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Topical chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine and erythromycin in the repair of traumatic ulcers on the rat tongue: Clinical, histological and microbiological evaluation

ObjectiveThis study investigated the effect of topical application of 0.12% chlorhexidine, 10% povidone-iodine and 50% erythromycin on the optimization of healing process of traumatic ulcers made on ventral tongue of rats. DesignForty-Eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, chlorhexidine (Chx), povidone-iodine (PvI) and erythromycin (Er). An ulcer of 5 mm in diameter was made on the ventral tongue of the animals. After 24 h, a microbiological sample was taken and daily application of the substances started. Six animals each group were euthanized at 4 days and the others at 8 days postoperative, totaling three and seven days of treatment. Prior to euthanasia, a new microbiological collection was performed. ResultsThe experimental groups showed less area of residual ulcer. A significant difference was seen between the PvI and Chx in relation to the control after three days of treatment (p < 0.05). Although the experimental groups displayed greater newly formed epithelial area, there was no significant difference compared to the control (p > 0.05). Er exhibed the lowest inflammation scores after seven days of treatment (p < 0.05). PvI showed reduction of microorganisms at both times and under aerobic (p < 0.01 at 3 days and p < 0.001 at 7 days) and microaerophilic (p < 0.05) conditions. Er significantly reduced the count of microorganisms in aerobic condition when compared to control group (p < 0.05 at 3 days and p < 0.01 at 7 days). ConclusionsAll drugs promoted reduction of the microorganisms at the site of the injury, which may have a direct effect on the tissue repair process.

Effect of Ferula persica plant methanol extract on the level of Cox-2 in induced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in rat tongue.

Background: More than 90% of oral cancers are cases of squamous cell carcinoma. Standard treatment of cancer includes a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Each of these treatments, however, brings about certain problems and side effects. Today herbal medicine, has become a more preferable option in dealing with health problems or preventing them because this type of medicine has better compatibility with the body and does not cause undesirable side effects. In this study , the effect of Ferula persica plant methanol extraction on Cox-2 levels in SCC induced rat tongue is conducted in vivo. Methods: In this lab research, 75 rats from SD race in the age – range of 2/5 – 3 months were selected and put in five groups. In order to induce tongue carcinoma, 4– Nitroquinoline 1 (4 NQO) powder was used 3 times a week for each rat. Furthermore, Ferula persica extract was given to each of the groups in order to examine Cox-2 changes in the blood. Results: Comparison of Cox-2 average in various groups resulted in the observation that there was significant difference between the Cox-2 levels in the groups which had only received carcinogen and the other groups. In this group, Cox-2 level was less and in the group that had received Ferula extract (500 mg) along with carcinogen , Cox-2 level was found to be more than other groups. Conclusion: Ferula persica extract does not have reducing effect on serum Cox-2.

Effect of Stem Cells versus Statins on the Mucous Membrane and Salivary Glands of the Tongue of Induced- Diabetic Rats

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases. Statins are the most commonly prescribed medications to lower plasma LDL-C levels. Statins also have been shown to reduce the progression of atherosclerotic plaques.Stem cell (SC) therapy is emerging as a potentially revolutionary way to treat disease and injury with wide ranging medical benefits.Aim: to evaluate the effect of SC versus simvastatin on the mucous membrane and salivary glands of the tongue of rats with streptozotocin-induced DM. Material and Methods: Seventy-five male albino rats (weight 150-180gr) were divided into the following groups: Group1.1 (15 rats) served as controls.Group 2.1 (15 rats) were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60mg/kg body weight) for induction of DM. Group 3.1 (15 rats) were subjected to induction of DM (as in group 2.1). One week later, the animals were treated with simvastatin in a daily intraperitoneal dose of 5mg/kg body weight. Group 4 (30 rats) were subdivided into:Subgroup.4.1 (15 rats) subjected to induction of DM (as in group 2.1). One week later they were subjected to single intravenous infusion of mesenchymal bone marrow SCs. Subgroup. 4.2 (15 rats)were used for isolation and culture of bone marrow SC.By the end of the experimental periods all animals were sacrificed, and the tongue of all rats were dissected and processed for light and scanning electron microscopic examinations. Results: Examination of diabetic rats' tongues revealed atrophic and degenerative changes on the tongue papillae. The examined tongues of the rats treated with simvastatin showed partial improvement in the histological picture while the tongue of rats treated with SC showed almost normal histology. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory effect of SMV on the diabetic tongue. Bone marrow-derived SC are responsible for repairing the tissues and replacing them when injured or exposed to tear, wear or diseases.

Morphological characteristics of the tongue and lingual papillae of the large bamboo rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis).

The large bamboo rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis) is a fossorial rodent found throughout Indochina that has a distinct habitat dominated by bamboo thickets. In the study reported here, the lingual biology of this rodent is described in detail, based on characteristic features of the tongue and lingual papillae as determined by light and scanning electron microscopy studies. The tongue was found to be elongated with a rounded apex and possessed a median groove and a well-developed intermolar prominence. Three types of the papillae were found on the dorsal lingual surface: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The most abundant papillae were the filiform papillae, the majority of which had a wide base and fork-like processes. Rounded fungiform papillae with one to four taste buds were randomly distributed among the filiform papillae, with a high density found at the anterior tongue, particularly the apex. Two oval vallate papillae were observed on the posterior part of the tongue, surrounded by a circumferential groove into which their numerous gustatory pores opened. The lingual radix had no papillae but contained mucus-secreting Weber's salivary glands. Structural adaptations of the tongue to meet the functional demands of food ingestion and food manipulation in the oral cavity are also discussed.

The effect of ethanol on rat tongue and the possible protective role of royal jelly: Light and scanning electron microscopic study

Background: Ethanol is the most commonly used and abused xenobiotic in the world. Royal jelly (RJ) has been considered as an antioxidant that protects against different agents.Aim of the work: This study aimed to investigate the effect of ethanol on the rat tongue and the possible protective role of royal jelly.Material and methods: Twenty five adult male rats were used in this study and were divided into 4 groups. Group I: 10 rats were divided equally into negative and positive controls. Group II: 5 rats received RJ at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight by gastric tube daily for 30 days. Group III: 5 rats received ethanol at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight from 30% v/v ethanol solution in distilled water by a gastric tube daily for 30 days. Group IV: 5 rats received both RJ and ethanol as the same previous doses by gastric tube for 30 days. Tongue sections were histologically prepared and examined.Results: The results revealed that group II was nearly as group I. Group III revealed by LM dorsal surface of the tongue was covered by irregularly arranged, short and long lingual papillae. Some papillae were thin, with blunted tips and others were completely absent. The epithelial lining of the ventral surface also showed an apparent reduction in thickness. The keratin layer of the ventral surfaces of the tongue appeared in some regions discontinuous and detached. Some skeletal muscle fibers revealed separations and vacuolations.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination revealed a noticeable atrophy of lingual papillae from being short to being absent in focal areas. They were irregularly arranged in different directions. Group IV revealed amelioration of these changes.Conclusion: Ethanol has damaging effects on the lingual papillae and muscles and royal jelly has a protective role for these effects.

Phenotypic change in trigeminal ganglion neurons associated with satellite cell activation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation is involved in lingual neuropathic pain.

Iatrogenic trigeminal nerve injuries remain a common and complex clinical problem. Satellite glial cell (SGC) activation, associated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and neuropeptide expression in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) are known to be involved in trigeminal neuropathic pain related to trigeminal nerve injury. However, the involvement of these molecules in orofacial neuropathic pain mechanisms is still unknown. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in lingual nerve crush (LNC) rats was observed in SGCs. To evaluate the role of neuron-SGC interactions under neuropathic pain, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive (IR), phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2)-IR and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR cells in the TG were studied in LNC rats. The number of CGRP-IR neurons and neurons encircled with pERK1/2-IR SGCs was significantly larger in LNC rats compared with sham rats. The percentage of large-sized CGRP-IR neurons was significantly higher in LNC rats. The number of CGRP-IR neurons, neurons encircled with pERK1/2-IR SGCs, and neurons encircled with GFAP-IR SGCs was decreased following CGRP receptor blocker CGRP8-37 or mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1 inhibitor PD98059 administration into the TG after LNC. Reduced thresholds to mechanical and heat stimulation to the tongue in LNC rats were also significantly recovered following CGRP8-37 or PD98059 administration. The present findings suggest that CGRP released from TG neurons activates SGCs through ERK1/2 phosphorylation and TG neuronal activity is enhanced, resulting in the tongue hypersensitivity associated with lingual nerve injury. The phenotypic switching of large myelinated TG neurons expressing CGRP may account for the pathogenesis of tongue neuropathic pain.

Mechanism of changes of peripheral neuro-muscle endings of the tongues of rats with experimental streptozotocyn diabetes mellitus

The paper presents the characteric of dynamics of morphological changes of neuromuscular endings of the tongues of rats with experimentally induced streptozotocin diabetes mellitus. The hysto-ultrastructural research showed pathomorphologic changes in the experimental diabetes mellitus at different time periods. Their regulations indicate the relation of neuromuscular endings and elements of muscular tissues. During experimental streptozotocin diabetes mellitus, there occured interconnected structural changes of muscle fibers, myelin nerve fibers and the microcirculatory channel of the tongue with damage to the neuromuscular endings. In the dynamics of the diabetic process, three phases were distinguished: the phase of reactive-dystrophic changes with maximum severity two weeks after the beginning of the experimental modeling of streptozotocin diabetes mellitus; the phase of destructive-dystrophic processes, which began after the fourth week from the beginning of the modeling experimental streptozotocin diabetes; degenerative-destructive phase, which developed after the sixth week of the experiment. The dynamics of changes in the neuromuscular endings are also related to the duration of diabetes mellitus, they occur in two stages: in the first stage (up to 4 weeks) reactive processes were observed , in the second (6–8 weeks) – dystrophic processes. The uneven degree of their manifestation is related to the reaction of the microcirculatory channel of neuromuscular endings and composition of the tongue muscles. The greatest sensitivity to hyperglycemia was observed in muscle fibers of the intermediate type.

Some lectin binding properties of the tongue of the mole rat, Nannospalax xanthodon

We investigated carbohydrate residues on the epithelial surface, in the epithelial cells and in gland cells of the tongue of the mole rat using histochemical methods. We used horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins from Helix pomatia (HPA), Arachishypogaea (PNA), Ulexeuropaeus (UEA I), Canavaliaensiformis (Con A). The most intense reactivity was observed in the keratin layer with HPA, UEA I and Con A, and in the epithelial cells with UEA I and Con A. In the glands, we found strong reactivity in serous cells with HPA and Con A, and in mucous cells with HPA and UEA I. PNA did not bind to epithelial or gland cells. Consequently, GlcNAc, fucose and α-D-mannose terminal glycoconjugates are distributed widely; GalNAc terminal glycoconjugates appeared in small amounts.

KGF Enhances Oral Epithelial Adhesion and Rete Peg Elongation via Integrins

Oral epithelial adhesion to the lamina propria underlies the physiologic function of the oral mucosa and contributes to resisting bacterial invasion, preventing body fluid loss, and maintaining routine chewing; thus, understanding the factors that positively influence oral epithelial adhesion is a research topic of great interest. Rete pegs contribute to oral epithelial adhesion by enlarging the contact areas, whereas integrins are the major molecules that mediate epithelial cell adhesion to the basement membrane. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) can promote both rete peg elongation in the skin and the expression of integrins in various cell types. Herein, we tested the effects of submucosal injection of KGF in the ventral surfaces of rat tongues on oral epithelial adhesion. The data confirmed that topical injection of KGF elevated the adhesive forces, elongated the rete pegs, and increased the abundance of integrins, KGF, and KGF receptor on the rat tongue ventral surface. However, HYD-1 (Lys-Ile-Lys-Met-Val-Ile-Ser-Trp-Lys-Gly), an integrin antagonist, inhibited the KGF-enhanced epithelial adhesion and rete peg elongation. Moreover, KGF promoted the expression of integrin subunits α6, β4, α3, and β1 in human immortalized oral epithelial cells in 2- and 3-dimensional culture systems. In vitro cell attachment assays demonstrated that HYD-1 inhibited the adhesion of human immortalized oral epithelial cells on Matrigel. Strikingly, the expression of integrins, KGF, and KGFR in human masticatory mucosae with longer rete pegs was more abundant than that in the lining mucosae with shorter rete pegs. In addition, rete peg lengths were positively correlated with the expression levels of integrins, KGF, and KGF receptor. These findings indicate that KGF strengthens oral epithelial adhesion and rete peg elongation via integrins.