Rat Paw Edema Method Research Articles

SYNTHESIS, BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION, QSAR AND DOCKING STUDIES OF 2-AMINO-5-(SUBSTITUTED)PHENYL-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLES

Ten compounds from the series of 2-amino-5-(substituted)phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Their structures were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method using indomethacin as standard. Analgesic activity was performed by acetic-acid induced writhing method in mice using aspirin as standard. The QSAR studies were performed for the analgesic activity using the software ‘Strike’ from Schrodinger. Docking studies were carried out for COX-2 inhibition using the software ‘Glide’ from Schrodinger. The compounds were obtained in good yields and possessed good anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Various physicochemical parameters, contributing towards analgesic activity were identified from the QSAR studies. The Glide Scores were more or less correlated with the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of compounds.

PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF N-MANNICH BASE PRODRUGS OF IBUPROFEN

The final efficacy and safety of N-mannich base prodrugs of amides of ibuprofen, IBMB-M and IBMB-P, were confirmed by performing pharmacological studies on animals. The antiinflammatory activity of the prodrugs was evaluated by rat paw edema method. The results confirmed that both the prodrugs have sufficient antiinflammatory activity. The gastrointestinal toxicity was evaluated on fasted rat model and these studies confirmed that both the prodrugs had remarkably reduced gastrointestinal ulceration. Finally, acute toxicity studies were performed on rats by administering the prodrugs at the dose level equivalent to LD50 of ibuprofen and higher doses. The LD50 of both the prodrugs was much higher than the LD50 of ibuprofen, which confirmed the safety of the prodrugs.

Novel 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives of Dihydropyrimidinones: Synthesis, Anti‐Inflammatory, Anthelmintic, and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation

The present study depicts synthesis of a series of some novel 5‐(5‐(aryl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐4‐styrylpyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity by the carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema method. The compounds were also screened for their anthelmintic activity on Indian earthworms and antibacterial activity against some gram positive and gram negative strains of bacteria. This pharmacological activity evaluation revealed that, among all the compounds screened, compounds 4b and 4c were found to have promising anti‐inflammatory activity. Interestingly, compounds 4b, 4c, and 4i exhibited appreciable anthelmintic property, while compounds 4c, 4g, and 4h showed leading antibacterial activity against the selected pathogenic strains of bacteria.

Pharmacological evidence for the folk use of Nefang: antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of its constituent plants.

BackgroundNefang is a polyherbal anti-malarial composed of Mangifera indica (MiB and MiL; bark and leaf), Psidium guajava (Pg), Carica papaya (Cp), Cymbopogon citratus (Cc), Citrus sinensis (Cs) and Ocimum gratissimum (Og) (leaves). Previous studies have demonstrated its in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities, antioxidant properties and safety profile. This study aimed at evaluating the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the constituent plants of Nefang which are relevant to the symptomatic treatment of malaria fever.MethodsAntipyretic activities were determined by the D-Amphetamine induced pyrexia and Brewer’s Yeast induced hyperpyrexia methods. Anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. Antinociceptive activities were determined by mechanical nociception in the tail pressure and thermal nociception in the radiant heat tail flick and hot plate methods. Data was analysed using the one way ANOVA followed by Neuman-Keuls multiple comparison test.ResultsBest percentage inhibition of induced pyrexia (amphetamine/brewer’s yeast; p < 0.05) was exhibited by Cc (95/97) followed by Og (85/94), MiL (90/89), MiB (88/84) and Cs (82/89). Cc and Og exhibited comparable activities to paracetamol (100/95).Anti-inflammatory studies revealed paw edema inhibition (%) as follows (p < 0.05): Indomethacin (47), MiL (40), Cp (30), MiB (28) and Og (22), suggesting best activity by MiL.Antinociceptive studies revealed significant (p < 0.01) pain inhibition (%) as follows: Paracetamol (97), Og (113), MiL (108), Pg (84) and MiB (88). Og and MiL exhibited the best activities.ConclusionThe results obtained suggest that the constituent plants possess biologically active compounds with antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. These activities are essential in the symptomatic treatment of malaria fever, thereby justifying the folk use of Nefang. This would be useful in its subsequent development for clinical application.

Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipid-based formulation of a rotenoid-rich fraction prepared from Boerhavia diffusa

Context: Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) roots are used in Ayurveda for treating inflammatory diseases. Generally poor oral bioavailability is a major problem associated with herbal drugs.Objective: To develop a phospholipid complex of rotenoid-rich fraction (RRF) and evaluate its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetic study.Materials and methods: RRF was prepared from a 70% ethanol extract of B. diffusa roots. This RRF was complexed with phosphatidylcholine by refluxing in 70% ethanol. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of RRF-PC and RRF was determined using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method, at a dose equivalent to 100 mg/kg p.o. of RRF. Edema volume was calculated at 3 and 5 h. The plasma concentration of boeravinone B was estimated in rats at a same dose level. Blood samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, and 36 h.Results: 1H and 31P NMR spectra of RRF-PC showed up-field shift of protons of the +N(CH3)3 group (3.37 → 3.23) and the phosphorus atom (−1.26 → −1.57 ppm), respectively, which confirmed phospholipid complex formation between phosphatidylcholine [PO4 and +N(CH3)3 groups] and phytoconstituents by hydrogen bonding. The RRF-PC showed significantly enhanced in vivo anti-inflammatory activity (64%) as compared with RRF (48%) and ibuprofen (50%) at 5 h (p < 0.001). Furthermore, detected plasma concentration of boeravinone B was two times higher in RRF-PC (75 ng/mL) as compared with RRF (40 ng/mL).Conclusion: The present study demonstrated an increased anti-inflammatory potential and higher plasma level of boeravinone B in lipid-based formulation (RRF-PC) as compared with RRF.

Development and optimisation of 3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid loaded poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid-nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats

3-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) is a potent anti-inflammatory compound of Boswellia serrata. However, anti-inflammatory activity of AKBA is impeded by poor oral bioavailability due to its poor aqueous solubility. In this context, we aimed to develop poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticle formulation of AKBA (AKBA-NPs) in order to improve its oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats. AKBA-NPs were prepared and characterised by analysing particle size and zeta potential using zeta sizer, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and physical property using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction techniques. The optimised nanoparticles were evaluated for in-vitro drug release and oral bioavailability studies, and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. The optimised AKBA-NPs showed the particle size of 179.6 nm with 0.276 polydispersity index and entrapment efficiency of 82.5%. AKBA-NPs showed increased in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity as compared with AKBA. Bioavailability study revealed about six times higher peak plasma concentration of AKBA in AKBA-NPs. Moreover, t1/2 and total area under the curve of AKBA were also enhanced by two and ninefold, respectively, in AKBA-NPs as compared with corresponding AKBA. The promising results of improved oral bioavailability and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of AKBA suggested the successful nanoparticle formulation of AKBA.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrazolylthiazole carboxylic acids as potent anti-inflammatory-antimicrobial agents.

Current Letter presents design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of pyrazolylthiazole carboxylates 1a-1p and corresponding acid derivatives 2a-2p. All 32 novel compounds were tested for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method as well as for in vitro antimicrobial activity. All the tested compounds exhibited excellent AI activity profile. Three compounds 1p (R=Cl, R(1)=Cl), 2c (R=H, R(1)=F) and 2n (R=Cl, R(1)=OCH3) were identified as potent anti-inflammatory agents exhibiting edema inhibition of 93.06-89.59% which is comparable to the reference drug indomethacin (91.32%) after 3h of carrageenan injection while most of the other compounds displayed inhibition ⩾80%. In addition, pyrazolylthiazole carboxylic acids (2a-2p) also showed good antimicrobial profile. Compound 2h (R=OCH3, R(1)=Cl) showed excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC 6.25μg/mL) against both Gram positive bacteria comparable with the reference drug ciprofloxacin (MIC 6.25μg/mL).

Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of &lt;i&gt;Euphorbia antiquorum&lt;/i&gt; Linn

Euphorbia antiquorum (L.) is used as traditional medicine for various ailments in Bangladesh. But the scientific basis for its use especially in pain and inflammation remains largely unknown. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the whole plant. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot plate, acetic acid induced writhing and formalin induced writhing methods in Swiss Albino mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight. The extract was also investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect on Long Evans rats at above mentioned doses using carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. The extract elicited a significant (p

English

A bio-guided fractionation of the defatted ethanolic extract (DEE) of the aerial parts of Trachelospermum jasminoides and its fractions: ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), chloroform fraction (CF) and n-butanol fraction (BF) were carried out, using carragenan induced rat paw edema method, to evaluate the in vivo acute anti-inflammatory potential at a given dose of 100 mg/kg body weight compared to indomethacin (20 mg/kg body weight). The EAF revealed the highest anti-inflammatory activity (76.92%) relative to the DEE and the CF (63.82 and 48.75%, respectively) at the same tested dose, while the BF was significantly inactive. The EAF and its major isolated compounds were investigated to determine the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Seven major compounds were isolated from the EAF, identified as: trachelogenin, nor-trachelogenin and tracheloside, in addition to apigenin, luteolin, quercetin and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Identification of the isolated compounds was achieved by their physico-chemical properties and spectral analysis (1D and 2D NMR). The EAF and the isolated compounds inhibited the excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β. Furthermore, the liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) for the bioactive EAF was carried out to complete the phytochemical picture. The results of this study verified that the EAF and the major compounds exert their action through inhibition of TNF-α and IL-1 β. Key words: Trachelospermum jasminoides, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS).

Liposomal Aloe vera trans-emulgel drug delivery of naproxen and nimesulide: A study.

Introduction:The present aim of this study was to formulate naproxen and nimesulide liposomal formulation for incorporation in Aloe vera transemulgel and to carry out in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the formulation.Material and Methods:A. vera gel was prepared and used as a gel base for formulation. Carbopol 934 is used as a gelling agent and Methyl paraben was used as a preservative for the formulation of the gel. Liposomes was formulated by using hydration method. The formulated naproxen and nimesulide liposomal formulation using A. vera trans-emul gel were evaluated for in vitro studies such as drug release, permeation study, and drug content and entrapment efficiency. Paw edema method in Wistar rats induced by carrageenan is used to study in vivo anti-inflammatory action.Result:From the in vitro studies such permeability drug release naproxen 65% (69.6), Nimesulide 65% (61.1), and commercial Nimsulide gel (60.82) at 240 min. In vivo data shows that formulated liposomal transemulgel formulation are superior in their efficacy compared to commercial and A. vera gel. The results are compared with the commercial formulations.Conclusion:From our results, it is concluded that the A. vera trans emul gel using nimesulide and naproxen liposomal formulation is stable and prepared gel base is effective for formulation with high drug release and drug content compared with commercial formulation with significant anti-inflammatory effect.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of leaves of solanum melongena linn. In experimental animals.

Aqueous extract of leaves of Solanum melongena Linn was investigated for its anti-inflammatory activity. Acute oral toxicity study according to OECD425 guidelines was done to find out the LD50 of test drug. Carrageenan induced paw oedema method in Wistar Albino rats were used in this study. Aspirin in the dose of 300mg/kg was used as the standard drug and three doses of aqueous extract of leaves of Solanum melongena L. (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg b.w.) was used as the test drug. The results were measured at 1(st) h, 3(rd) h, and 5(th) h after the carrageenan injection. In acute oral toxicity study none of the animals died at the dose of 2000mg/kg. Aqueous extract of Solanum melongena Linn leaf in the dose of 200mg/kg showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (p <0.05) at 3(rd) hr and highly significant anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.001) at 5(th) hr; in the dose of 400 mg/kg, test drug showed p<0.01 at 3(rd) and p<0.001 at 5(th) hr and in the dose of 100mg/kg it showed significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity at 5(th) hr. In doses of 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of aqueous extract of S. melongena L showed the percentage of inhibition of 42.62% which is less than the standard drug aspirin which showed 64.5% inhibition. Aqueous extract of leaves of Solanum melongena Linn has anti-inflammatory activity.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF CANANGA ODORATA LAM IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Background: The current study evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Cananga odorata Lam (EECO) in experimental animals. Methods: Acute toxicity test was done following OECD guidelines. Carrageenan induced paw edema method in Wistar Albino rats were used in this study. Aspirin in the dose of 300 mg/kg was used as the standard drug and three doses of EECO (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w. p.o) were used as the test drug. The results were measured at 1 st hr, 3 rd hr and 5 th hr after carrageenan injection. Results: EECO in the doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed highly significant anti-inflammatory activity (p<0.001) (p<0.001) (p<0.001) at 3 rd hr and (p<0.001) (p<0.001) (p<0.001) 5 th hr, respectively. In doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of EECO showed the percentage of inhibition of 62.9% which is more than the standard drug aspirin, which showed 60.14% inhibition. Conclusion: EECO has significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of Phaseolus vulgaris linn., seeds in rodents

Article history: With an objective of developing some novel analgesic and antiinflammatory natural agents with fast acting and low toxicity profile here in, the different extracts of Phaseolus vulgaris (Linn) seeds were evaluated for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities using glacial acetic acid induced writhing and carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method respectively. For screening of the extracts for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities aspirin and diclofenac were used as standard drugs respectively. Petroleum ether extract exhibited significant analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. The petroleum ether extract can be considered as a potential candidate for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities. The presence of steroids and flavonoids in petroleum ether extract of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., seeds could be attributed for the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities.

Evaluation of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity on Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Leaf

Background:Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. is an important medicinal plant of family Boraginaceae. Traditionally, its leaves are used to treat fever, headache, and joint pain but its medicinal activities have not been proven by research.Objective:To evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of C. dichotoma G. Forst. leaf extract.Material and Methods:The various extracts of leaf powder were prepared by using soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was selected for pharmacological study. To evaluate analgesic activity, Eddy's hot plate method, to study anti-inflammatory activity, carageenan-induced rat paw edema method, and to study antipyretic activity, yeast-induced pyrexia method was used. SD female rats (180-200 g) were used for the study.Results:In all three tests, the methanol extract high dose (400 mg/kg) was found to be highly significant as compared to standard drug.Conclusion:This study proved the traditional uses of plant leaves and concluded the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of the leaf methanol extract.

Metal complexes used as anti-inflammatory agents: Synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory action of VO(II)-complexes

The anti-inflammatory activity of the vanadium complexes has been studied using the carrageenan induced hind paw oedema method in albino rats (Wister strain). The coordination complexes of VO (II) with the Schiff base derived from 4-aminoacetophenone, 1-acetonaphthone and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde with 2-imino 4-thiobiuret; 3-acetoxypyridine with 2-amino 4-benzathiazol and 4-chloro aniline with salicylaldehyde have been synthesized and characterized by micro analytical data, FT-IR, electronic spectra and FAB-mass spectral studies. The Schiff base ligands behave as bidentated. The stoichiometry of the complexes is in 1:2 and 1:1 (M:L) ratio. The oxovanadium complexes in general show maximum inhibition percentage at about 1h. After 1h it goes on reducing and reaches a minimum at about 5h. Complex-3 (91.17%) and Complex-5 (85.30%) are most potent in in vivo experiment and exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity in 0.5h.

Pharmacological Potentials of Sea Cucumber Holothuria atra Extracts from the Indian Ocean

Drugs derived from marine organisms are currently used to cure infectious diseases. Marine invertebrates collected from the intertidal regions of the Indian coast have shown promising biological activities. Sea cucumbers are soft-bodied worm-like echinoderms which belong to the class Holothuroidae. Anti inflammatory activity was detected using Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. The analgesic activity was performed using tail immersion method. Antipyretic activity was analysed using Brewer’s yeast induced hyperpyrexia method.CNS was determined using Locomotor activity. Immunomodulatory activity was tested using Carbon clearance test. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH method. Pharmacological studies showed that the anti inflammatory bustle of methanol extracts in Holothuria atra at the concentration of 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o on rats showed significant decrease in the paw thickness in a dose dependent manner when compared to that of the control, at the 5th hour of administration. Similarly the highest inhibition rate seen in H. atra extracts was 84% showed analgesic activity. Then antipyretic, immunomodulatory and CNS depressant activities were found to be moderate. The methanol extract of H.atra showed high antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 300. Overall results provide information that sea cucumber H. atra could be explored as a potential source of high-value bioactive metabolites and could be used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-inflammatory activity of N-(4- phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'-phenylureas.

A series of N-(4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'- phenylureas (5a-z) was synthesized from 2-amino-4-substituted phenylthiazoles and phenylisocyanates. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR and Mass spectral data. All the twenty six N-(4-phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'-phenylurea derivatives were screened for antiinflammatory activity by following carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Among the compounds screened, N-[4- (4-methoxy phenyl)-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'-phenylurea and N-[4-(4-methoxy phenyl-1, 3-thiazol-2-yl)-N'-(4-bromophenyl) urea were found to be more potent. The molecular docking interaction of aforementioned urea compounds revealed the traditional type II p38 kinase inhibitor's interactions in the DFG out active site.

Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of marine bromopyrrole alkaloid-based hybrids with anti-inflammatory activity

Hybrids of bromopyrrole alkaloids with aroyl hydrazone feature were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. All the tested hybrids showed good anti-inflammatory activity with 64.78–86.03% inhibition of edema. Most active hybrids 4b and 4f were further investigated for antihistaminic H1 [4b −8.09μg/mL (18.5μM); 4f −9.26μg/mL (24.05μM)] and anti-serotonergic 5-HT3 [4b −7.01μg/mL (16.04μM); 4f −9.64μg/mL (25.04μM)] activities. Molecule 4f with anti-inflammatory, anti-histaminic and anti-serotonergic activities emerges as a potential anti-inflammatory lead form in this study.

Transdermal delivery of meloxicam using niosomal hydrogels: in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation

Non-ionic surfactant vesicles were prepared using Span-60 and cholesterol in the mass ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2 and 3:1 for transdermal delivery of an anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam (MXM). The drug encapsulation efficiencies and particle size were observed in the range of 32.9–80.7% and 56.5–133.4 nm, respectively. Three different gel bases were also prepared using Poloxamer-407, Chitosan and Carbopol-934 as polymers to study the performance of the in vitro release of the drug. Prepared gels were also converted into niosomal gels. In vitro release characteristics of MXM from different gels were carried out using dialysis membrane in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The poloxamer-407 gel or niosomal poloxamer-407 gel showed the superior drug release over the other formulations. The release data were treated with various mathematical models to assess the relevant parameters. The results showed that the release of MXM from the prepared gels and niosomal gels followed Higuchi’s diffusion model. The flux of MXM was found to be independent on the viscosity of the formulations. The anti-inflammatory effects of MXM from different niosomal gel formulations were evaluated using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method, which showed superiority of niosomal gels over conventional gels.

In-Vitro Assessment and Pharmacodynamics of Nimesulide Incorporated Aloe vera Transemulgel

The aim of the investigation was to prepare nimesulide emulsion for incorporation in Aloe vera gel base to formulate 'nimesulide - Aloe vera transemulgel' (NAE) and to carryout in-vitro assessment and in-vivo anti-inflammatory studies of the product. Although the use of nimesulide is banned for oral administration, due to its potential for inducing hepatotoxicity and thrombocytopenia, the use of nimesulide for topical delivery is prominent in the treatment of many inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis. The drug loading capacity of transdermal gels is low for hydrophobic drugs such as nimesulide. Nimesulide can be effectively incorporated into emulgels (a combination of emulsion and gel). Aloe vera has a mild anti-inflammatory effect and in the present study Aloe vera gel was formulated and used as a gel base to prepare NAE. The emulgels thus prepared were evaluated for viscosity, pH, in-vitro permeation, stability and skin irritation test. In-vivo anti-inflammatory studies were performed using carrageenan induced hind paw edema method in Wistar rats. The results were compared with that of commercial nimesulide gel (CNG). From the in-vitro studies, effective permeation of nimesulide from NAE (53.04 %) was observed compared to CNG (44.72 %) at 30 min indicating better drug release from NAE. Topical application of the emulgel found no skin irritation. Stability studies proved the integrity of the formulation. The percentage of inhibition of edema was highest for the prepared NAE (67.4 % inhibition after 240 min) compared to CNG (59.6 %). From our results, it was concluded that the Aloe vera gel acts as an effective gel base to prepare nimesulide emulgel with high drug loading capacity (86.4 % drug content) compared to CNG (70.5 % drug content) with significant anti-inflammatory effect.