Rapid Technical Change Research Articles

Impact of Technology on Human Resource During Covid-19

Technology has become an indispensible aspect of today's environment, and human resource management around the worldhas been impacted in a variety of ways as a result of its adoption and deployment. Technology can have a significant impacton Human Resource Management. The internet and intranet revolutions have altered the way businesses are conductedaround the world. As a result, rapid technical change is beneficial. As a result, rapid technological development aids majorstakeholders in the long run in the growth and efficiency of organizations.Given how technology has altered every part of our life, it is unsurprising that it has had a significant impact on HumanResources. The way we communicate with our employees, keep business data, and evaluate employee performance has allaltered as a result of technology improvements. Technology, when used correctly, may have a positive impact on anycompany's HR operations. It accomplishes this by streamlining, organising, and streamlining the Human Resourcedepartment. However, it should be kept in mind that misusing it can have negative consequences for the company's entirestructure. HR is changing in both positive and negative ways, and keeping up with these changes can be difficult. This articlethrows light on how Human Resources is evolving with technology.

Explaining technical change and its impacts over the very long term: The case of the Atlantic sardine fishery in France from 1900 to 2017

As an industry based upon the harvesting of wild resources, the fishery is often used in economics to showcase the effects of its specific nature on human behavior and the impacts of that behavior on the fish stock itself. The common-pool status usually encountered in the use of these resources makes them especially vulnerable to major shifts in the supporting ecosystems, but also to rapid technical change. In most other parts of the economy, technical change and the creative destruction that it brings along are viewed positively, and even given central role in recent theories of growth. Happily for the creatures of the ocean that are hunted, fishers do not fit the mould of Schumpetarian entrepreneurs bent on creative destruction. However, the technology that does drift onto boats has had concerning effects on the status of fish stocks with important economic and cultural consequences. We present a narrative of the French sardine fishery using the evolutionary theory of technical change. The wild binary segmentation approach was applied on a time-series of French sardine landings from 1900 to 2017. This analysis revealed three significant production change points associated with important technical changes in the fishery. The first change point, in 1927, is related to the introduction of the purse-seine in France. The introduction of the mid-water trawl is the second change point in the early 1970s. A third change point occurred in 1998, where we see a reswitch from mid-water trawl to purse-seine. Collectively, these results highlight the technological changes in sardine production that occurred, but more importantly, the impacts of these changes both on the structure of the population of sardines, and on the industry. The lesson we derive from this case study is that technical change should be considered as a succession of shifts rather than a unidirectional history.

Противоречия информационной экономики как новое пространство для развития человеческого потенциала России и Китая

The article highlights the transformation of the role of information products in modern production, developing in the conditions of rapid technical and economic changes. This process stands out in different aspects. It is noted that in addition to cases when a producer voluntarily puts an information product into free access, when the state provides access to information, information benefits are also increasingly becoming free (or cheaper) in the commercial sector. The latter is connected with the development of artificial intelligence and neurotechnologies, which makes advertising more effective, and encourages information producers to make their product as accessible as possible for a wider advertising coverage. As a result, there is a contradiction when the distribution of free information goods due to the growth of advertising undermines commodity, market relations. At the same time, ensuring broad access to freely distributed information benefits is an essential condition for the development of human potential, which, in turn, is necessary for the development of high-tech production. The author substantiates a set of recommendations of socio-economic policy in the context of the new role of information products and, in general, the growing importance of the quality of human potential in production. The importance of international cooperation between Russia and China in the field of economics, science, education, and culture is emphasized. This interaction is particularly relevant in the conditions of acute geopolitical confrontation and the need to solve the problems of catching up development.

Evaluation of International Contemporary Operative Outcomes and Management Trends Associated With Esophagectomy: A 4-Year Study of >6000 Patients Using ECCG Definitions and the Online Esodata Database.

This study aims to verify the utility of international online datasets to benchmark and monitor treatment and outcomes in major oncologic procedures. The Esophageal Complication Consensus Group (ECCG) has standardized the reporting of complications after esophagectomy within the web-based Esodata.org database. This study will utilize the Esodata dataset to update contemporary outcomes and to monitor trends in practice in an era of rapid technical change. This observational study, based on a prospectively developed specific database, updates esophagectomy outcomes collected between 2015 and 2018. Evolution in patient and operative demographics, treatment, complications, and quality outcome measures were compared between patients undergoing surgery in 2015 to 2016 and 2017 to 2018. Between 2015 and 2018, 6022 esophagectomies from 39 centers were entered into Esodata. Most patients were male (78.3%) with median age 63. Patients having minimally invasive esophagectomy constituted 3177 (52.8%), a chest anastomosis 3838 (63.7%), neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy 2834 (48.7%), and R0 resections 5441 (93.5%). For quality measures, 30- and 90-day mortality was 2.0% and 4.5%, readmissions 9.7%, transfusions 12%, escalation in care 22.1%, and discharge home 89.4%. Trends in quality measures between 2015 and 2016 (2407 patients) and 2017 and 2018 (3318 patients) demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) improvements in readmissions 11.1% to 8.5%, blood transfusions 14.3% to 10.2%, and escalation in care from 24.5% to 20% A significantly (P < 0.05) reduced incidence in pneumonia (15.3%-12.8%) and renal failure (1.0%-0.4%) was observed. Anastomotic leak rates increased from 11.7% to 13.1%, whereas leaks requiring surgery decreased 3.3% and 3.0%, respectively. The Esodata database provides a valuable resource for assessing contemporary international outcomes. This study highlights an increased application of minimally invasive approaches, a high percentage of complications, improvements in pneumonia and key quality metrics, but with anastomotic leak rates still >10%.

Is Rising Inequality Unavoidable in a Globalizing Economy Characterized by Rapid Technical Change?

This paper assesses how correct is the view that a rise in income inequality is unavoidable in a globalizing economy characterized by rapid skill-biased technical change. To do so, it reviews the inequality trends recorded in the main developed and developing region during the last three decades. The data show that inequality rose in almost 70% of the countries with data during the years 1980–2000. These years were characterized by rapid internal and external liberalization and privatization. Yet, this trend was reversed during the subsequent decade, when Latin America and parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia recorded a decline in inequality. The evidence also suggests that while globalization and technical change may indeed increase inequality, domestic factors and policies were often behind the inequality increases of the last three decades.

Innovation in Algerian Enterprises: A Case study of Rouïba Automobile

Creativity and innovation in any organization are vital to its successful performance, especially in light of the growing challenges posed by globalization, rapid technical changes, intense competition, and the information revolution. Therefore, these organizations must face such challenges quickly and at the same time efficiently and effectively, which requires high creative capabilities of organizations to be able to develop new solutions, ideas and opinions. Business organizations today are always looking for a place on the top, and they strive to be at the forefront and able to face competition and achieve better results. Through this research, we conducted a field and practical study of the reality of innovation in Algerian enterprises, in particular the agency Peugeot in Rouïba (Rouïba Automobiles), where we aim to find out the extent or degree of their application to innovation within this agency. Among the most important findings is (some obstacles are facing the creativity and innovation activity in the agency that weakens innovation, including lack of competencies, lack of budget allocated to research and development activity).

PRZYSZŁOŚĆ MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH REGULACJI DOTYCZĄCYCH DÓBR WSPÓLNYCH LUDZKOŚCI

The future of the common goods of the mankind and the international law that secures them, starts to be an important scientific problem. Treaties and informal regulations from the XX century does not seem to be enough in the XXI century. In my opinion, within a short period of time, such a problems as Arctic race for raw materials, Antartics or Outer Space, will become even more important, beacuse of rapid technical development and changes in the structure of the international relations. Not only territories, but also different fields of the environment are the subject of concerns, for example seabed, radioactive wastes, as well as different kinds of weapons, that can be dectructive, for example, chemical, biological or atomic. The level of strictness of the regulations differs - from declarative to high. In the article I point at the reasons of the differences. As it was suggested above, the present state of these problems has its origins in the past, and also this perspective of analysys is very important, starting at least from the interwar peroid, through The Cold War, the last decade od the XX century and the beginning of the XXI. Politics, economy, technical develepment, rusulted in the fact that some of the treaties and regulations were created too fast, becoming an example of fear of a next war, wishful thinking. However, from time to time, the rivalry had also postitive results, in my opinions there was no one positive or negative tendency, similary to the state of the international relations it was changing many times. In this article I analyse these problems and make conclusions that I find the most important. The main methods I use is comparison of the formal acts and informal regulations (or if they do not exist I try to explain that) with this what can be observed nowadays. The anylysis is supported by international statistics, reports, also by what was found out by the media. Key words : common goods, mankind, international law, international security, environment protection

Modernizing the flow of blood: Biomedical technicians, working knowledge and the transformation of Swedish blood centre practices.

The early 1980s saw a 'paradigm change' in how donated blood was handled and used by blood centres, hospitals and pharmaceutical companies. In Sweden, a five-year state-financed R&D programme initiated a swift modernization process, an alleged 'revolution' of existing blood centre practices. In this article, we use interviews and archival material to analyse the role of female biomedical technicians in this rapid technical and organizational change. In focus is their working knowledge, or savoir-faire, of blood, instruments and techniques. We give a detailed analysis of technicians' embrained and embodied skills to create safety in blood and its representations, handle contingencies and invent new procedures and techniques. These transformations are analysed as sociomaterial entanglements, where the doing and undoing of gender, sociomaterial practices, hierarchies of authority and expertise, and emotions are intertwined.

Industrialization and De-industrialization in Indonesia 1983-2008: a Kaldorian Approach

Economists have for a long time discussed the causes of economic growth and the mechanisms behind it. Kaldor viewed advanced economies as having a dual nature very similar to that of developing countries, with an agricultural sector with low productivity and surplus labour, and a capital intensive industrial sector characterized by rapid technical change and increasing returns. The transfer of labour resources from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector depends on the growth of the latter’s derived demand for labour. With this background this study attempts to show the periods when the Indonesian economy indicated the processes of industrialization and deindustrialization. It also attempts to identify whether the economy experienced positive deindustrialization (i.e., showed signs of economic maturity where service sector substituted the role of industrial sector as the engine of growth) or negative deindustrialization (i.e., showed signs of economic stagnancy where industrial sector could not grow rapidly enough to absorb surplus labour from agricultural sector). Lastly, this study attemps to analyze several factors that might be responsible for the process of the deindustrialization. Keywords: industrialization, deindustrialization, economic growth

Environmental Governance and Technology: Opening the Black Box

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to the levels needed to achieve climate stabilization – currently believed to be at least 60%, globally, by 2050 – will require many industries to undergo very rapid technical change directed toward sustainability. Theory and experience suggest that without well-considered environmental governance, the private sector will not reach its full innovative potential in this area. The three papers included in this symposium take different empirical approaches to build policy-relevant knowledge regarding the relationship between technical change and environmental governance. Following the presentations, Magali Delmas, a major contributor to the field of environmental governance, and Stuart Graham, an influential thinker and researcher in technical change, will lead an interactive group discussion of the papers as well as of the broader space for research in this important area. Getting Beyond Reputation: Toward Supply Chain Level Sustainability Standards Presenter: Timothy M. Smith; U. of Minnesota Presenter: Jennifer Schmitt; U. of Minnesota Confronting Expectations with Empirical Evidence in Product Regulation and Innovation Presenter: Margaret Taylor; Stanford U. Presenter: C. Anna Spurlock; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Presenter: Hung-Chia Yang; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Avoiding premature technology lock-in through deployment policies Presenter: Tobias Schmidt; ETH Zurich Presenter: Benedikt Battke; ETH Zurich Presenter: David Grosspietsch; ETH Zurich Presenter: Volker H. Hoffmann; ETH Zurich

Library-Led Forums on Broadband: An Inquiry into Public Deliberation

Access to high-speed (broadband) Internet in public libraries requires a well-informed public to advocate, particularly in periods of government funding reductions and rapid technical and regulatory change. Libraries are encouraged by the National Broadband Plan to facilitate public inquiry on this issue by holding participatory forums. To collect evidence of the potential public response to library-led forums on this topic using a deliberative protocol, researchers conducted pre- and postforum surveys and content-analyzed recorded transcripts from thirteen library forums in north central Kansas. Results show positive influences of deliberation on participants’ information seeking, political self-efficacy, subsequent issue advocacy, and general satisfaction with the forum experience.

Intermediary Functions and the Market for Innovation in Meiji and Taishō Japan

Japan experienced a transformational phase of technological development during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We argue that an important, but so far neglected, factor was a developing market for innovation and a patent-attorney system that was conducive to rapid technical change. We support our hypothesis using patent data and we also present a detailed case study on Tomogorō Ono, a key developer of salt-production technology who used attorneys in connection with his patenting work at a time when Japan was still in the process of formally institutionalizing its patent-attorney system. In accordance with Lamoreaux and Sokoloff's 1999 influential study of trade in invention in the United States, our quantitative and qualitative evidence highlights how inventors and intermediaries in Japan interacted to create a market for new ideas.

A Creative Way to Teach and Learn Advanced Technical Concepts in Geographic Information Systems

AbstractThis paper presents a creative case-based modern-style pedagogical approach for teaching and learning advanced technical concepts in geographic information systems (GIS) using classroom observations covering an eight-year study period, 2004-2011. Assessment data was collected and analyzed to provide useful insights about this approach. Included in this paper are results of specific case studies that were analyzed using a sample of students between 2004 and 2006. The assessment data and respondents consistently indicated that a case study approach offered them an excellent and enabling environment to learn advanced technical concepts. These findings support the use of a case-based modern-style pedagogical method because it does not only promote a student's desire to learn and discover new concepts, but also allows them to be actively involved in finding real world GIS solutions. The teaching method encourages, engages, and provokes students to think critically of the technical subject matter. Besides, the method creates an interesting learning experience, simulates learning, and promotes interactive dialogue between the instructor and the students. Findings in this study have implications on the learning process and the adoption of this creative approach could help provide a meaningful learning experience for educators involved in teaching advanced technical concepts.Keywords: GIS education, Pedagogical approaches, Technology education, Active learning, GIS instructional strategies, Geography education1. IntroductionTeaching geographic information systems (GIS) courses can be challenging because of its breadth and interdisciplinary nature (Wikle, 1998; Doering, 2004; Baker and White, 2003; Kerski, 2003; Johansson and Pellikka, 2005; Favier and Van Der Schee, 2012). Both the teacher and student must cope with constant changes particularly new software applications and emerging areas of interest. Learning outcomes should be aligned to reflect any rapid technical changes so as to provide students with relevant GIS knowledge and job market skills. This dynamic situation creates a serious demand upon curriculum and instructional strategies, thus there is a consistent need to adjust learning goals and objectives to fit new challenges, which can at times, can be overwhelming for new GIS instructors. As a way of resolving some of these challenges, this paper proposes a more creative way to teach advanced GIS based on observations collected over an eight-year study period. As a GIS instructor, I first thought about this teaching idea in May 2000 following my participation in Case Studies in a Science Teaching Workshop organized by the University at Buffalo's National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science, with support from the National Science Foundation. Participants involved in this workshop were supposedly the guinea pigs for a case studies teaching project. Professor Clyde F. Herreid, the Principal Investigator (PI) tested his case studies on workshop participants. During the workshop three important aspects on the use of case-based approaches were taught: (1) how to develop and write cases; (2) how to teach with case studies; and (3) how to assess learning outcomes with cases (Herreid, 1994).Following this workshop I was inspired to think about my own teaching and how I could use the experience to improve the teaching of advanced GIS concepts. I realized the significance of using learning approaches which emphasize a collaborative case-based approach (Wheatley, 1986; Boehrer and Linsky, 1990; Williams, 1992; Barnes et al., 1994; Herreid, 1994; Lantz and Walczak, 1997).1.1 Conceptual frameworkThe Geography program at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC) offers a range of GIS and Remote Sensing Courses; in which GIS is one of three concentrations for both undergraduate and graduate students. We have witnessed an increase in enrollment and strong interest among students since 2003 after a major overhaul of the curriculum design. …

What Do We Know and Not Know about Potential Output?

Potential output is an important concept in economics. Policymakers often use a one-sector neoclassical model to think about long-run growth, and often assume that potential output is a smooth series in the short run--approximated by a medium- or long-run estimate. But in both the short and long run, the one-sector model falls short empirically, reflecting the importance of rapid technical change in producing investment goods; and few, if any, modern macroeconomic models would imply that, at business cycle frequencies, potential output is a smooth series. Discussing these points allows us to discuss a range of other issues that are less well understood, and where further research could be valuable.

The Boundaries of Industrial Research: Making Transistors at RCA, 1948–1960

As RCA made its initial foray into the field of solid-state electronics in the late 1940s, it deliberately broke down the boundary between the laboratory and the factory, showing extraordinary organizational flexibility in the early years of its transistor R&amp;D program. By the end of the 1950s, however, RCA was utterly compartmentalized, as the laboratory moved into advanced research of cutting-edge devices and the operating divisions engaged in developmental work on automating the transistor assembly process. This article situates this transition within the context of the broader changes in the U.S. political economy. Political, economic, and technological factors—including postwar demobilization, rising military funding for industrial R&amp;D, antitrust consent decrees, and rapid technical change—account for the rise and fall of organizational flexibility at RCA during the 1950s.

AN EMPIRICAL TYPOLOGY OF BRACKISH-WATER POND AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES: A TOOL TO AID COMPARATIVE STUDY IN THE SECTOR

Aquaculture in the Philippines is long-established but has witnessed rapid technical change in the last 20 years with the introduction of hatchery technology and commercial feed mills changing the production possibilities for a fishpond operator. To understand the sector, a typology of brackish-water pond farming systems is constructed using multivariate methods (principal components analysis, cluster analysis). Eight input variables across all major factors of production are used in the analysis, gathered from a net sample of 136 farms in two regions in 2003. Three latent variables are described, accounting for 58% of variance in the original data: specialization; land vs. labor intensity; and feeding intensity. Five clusters (farm types) are subsequently described: extensive polyculture (40% of sample); semi-intensive prawn-oriented polyculture (11%); low-input labor-intensive farms (27%); very large, extensive milkfish-oriented farms (8%); and semi-intensive milkfish monoculture farms (14%). Implications for technical efficiency estimation and comparative study of economic indicators are discussed.

The productivity debate of East Asia revisited: a stochastic frontier approach

This paper applies a stochastic frontier production model to the data from Penn World Table's 49 countries over the period 1965 to 1990, to decompose total factor productivity growth into technical change and technical efficiency change. Empirical results show East Asian countries led the world in productivity growth, mainly because their technical efficiency gain was so much faster than that of other countries. East Asian countries also registered rapid technical change, which was comparable to that of the G6 countries after the late 1980s. The results provide evidence that negate the hypothesis that East Asian growth was mostly input-driven and unsustainable.

The Infrastructural-Political

The Infrastructural-Political

Mechanism and Morality: On Bioethics in Context

One can hardly ignore the widely-shared conviction that we are living through a period of crisis in health care. And that crisis is more than economic and administrative — though its most egregious symptoms present in these interrelated forms. One need only pick up a newspaper or magazine to be reminded of the omnipresent and multidimensional nature of the problems confronting Western medicine. Many of these perceived dilemmas turn on rapid technical change and the difficulty of creating an institutional, economic — and moral - context in which these new clinical, policy, and research options can be managed. Not surprisingly, bioethics is often invoked — as both symptom and possible remedy — in discussions of these disheartening realities. How are we to think about this enterprise? site it in social space? understand its several interrelated identities? It is no easy task. Contemporary bioethics constitutes a particularly elusive and seemingly novel challenge for the historian. Value assumptions have always shaped medicine as a social enterprise, yet these values have been often implicit and unspoken, the moral common sense of each generation interacting with technical, professional , institutional, and economic factors to configure a place and time-specific set of clinical realities.

New Zealand as Middle Earth: Local and Global Popular Communication in a Small Nation

The shift of the research gaze from First World concerns and research questions to the different imperatives of a small nation such as New Zealand enables scrutiny of many conventional assumptions made about globalizing processes, children's evolving public spaces, and commodified culture. New Zealand provides an invaluable site to explore the processes creating the postmodern cultural experiences of globalized popular communication. Children in New Zealand respond as joyously as children in San Jose and Sheffield to the pleasures of global popular communication, but we argue that the global can only be tracked in the ways it emerges in a variety of local/ities. Researching the particular experiences of children in a small South Pacific nation also highlights the range of challenges faced by public intellectuals in a period of rapid global technical, economic, and cultural change.