Rapid Pace Of Growth Research Articles

Microresonator frequency comb based high-speed transmission of intensity modulated direct detection data

Abstract Globally, the long-haul transmission of ultra-high bandwidth data is enabled through coherent communications. Driven by the rapid pace of growth in interconnectivity over the last decade, long-haul data transmission has reached capacities on the order of tens to hundreds of terabits per second, over fiber reaches which may span thousands of kilometers. Data center communications operate in regimes featuring shorter reaches and higher cost sensitivity. While integrated microresonator frequency combs are poised to revolutionize light sources used for high-speed data transmission over fiber, recent progress has focused largely on coherent detection schemes. Furthermore, though state-of-the-art intensity modulators are advancing in speed, it has not been demonstrated in the literature if microresonator-based comb lines can accommodate higher intensity modulated direction data (IMDD) line rates in tandem with these advancements. In this manuscript, we demonstrate the use of microresonator frequency combs pumped with a single laser for the transmission of high-speed IMDD data. We demonstrate error-free transmission of 30 Gbs−1 per comb non-return-to-zero data over fiber lengths of 6 km, as well as bit error rates under the forward error correction limit for propagation through 20 km of optical fiber. 60 Gbs−1 and 42 Gbs−1 pulse modulation amplitude 4 (PAM4) data modulated on each frequency comb line is further quantified to have a bit error rate under the forward error correction limit for fiber reaches of up to 6 km and 20 km respectively. The results showcase CMOS-compatible microresonator frequency comb modulated using IMDD formats as a promising technology for high-speed transmission in the data center transceiver industry.

The determining factors of juvenile suicide - case of Kyrgyzstan

In recent years, there is a rapid pace of growth in suicide and attempted suicide among youth in Kyrgyzstan, a small Central Asian country. The study aims to predict socio-economic, psychological, and other contextual determinants of suicide actions among youth based on a qualitative research through face-to-face interviewing. The research limits its scope with only the southern region of Kyrgyzstan, JalalAbad, where the suicide and attempt to suicide among youth in relation to general population was higher than other regions of the country. Nationwide research for the suicide among youth in Kyrgyzstan can be planned for future studies as a second phase of the project. Methods: For this research, parents, other close relatives, schoolteachers, neighbors and peers of victims are involved into a face-to-face interview. Additionally, the research also interviewed youth who chanced to survive after an attempt to suicide. Results: The results of the research indicate that many factors such as, social, economic and psychological that influence suicidal behavior among youth. Conclusion: However, the most influential were found to youth’s relationship with parents, teachers and peers; nonexistence of both parents (divorced, died) in the family, contagion, family income, psychological situations of youth and depression. Key words: Suicide, youth, parental affection, parental relationship, public policy, maltreatment, family income, peer relationship, teacher, and depression.

Leveraging data and AI to deliver on the promise of digital health

Rising rates of NCDs threaten fragile healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries.Fortunately, new digital technology provides tools to more effectively address the growing dual burden of disease. Two-thirds of the world’s population subscribed to mobile services by the end of 2018, while the falling price of connectivity and the 5G networks rollout promise to accelerate the use of digital technology. Properly leveraged, we can employ digital solutions and applications to transform health systems from reactive to proactive and even preventive, helping people stay healthy. With artificial intelligence (AI), health systems can be made more predictive by detecting risk factors and helping health professionals respond faster to prevent disease.Yet this rapid pace of growth has also complicated the digital health landscape. Myriad digital health apps compete and overlap in the public and private sectors, and significant gaps in the collection and analysis of digital data threaten to leave some behind.Established in 2010, the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development is led by ITU and UNESCO and advocates for the transformational impact of broadband technologies for development. Its working group on digital and AI in health, co-chaired by the Novartis Foundation and at different times Nokia, Intel and Microsoft, identifies best practices for countries to realize the potential of digital technology in health and care. Interviewing more than 100 key stakeholders and reviewing over 200 documents, the Working Group set out to identify common challenges that countries face in implementing digital health solutions, and to develop a framework that countries can use to build systems for supporting digital health solutions.Common challenges include a lack of coordination leading to fragmented digital health solutions; lack of systems and workforce capacity to manage data and digital technology, and inadequate financing to support digital health. The working group proposes six building blocks for digital health systems: formulate and execute a national digital health strategy; create policy and regulatory frameworks that support innovation while protecting security and privacy; ensure access to digital infrastructure; ensure interoperability of digital health system components; establish effective partnerships; and sustain adequate financing.

The main challenges of cruise tourism and statistics of expectations in Georgia

In parallel with global technologies and transformations, Georgia was intensively reviving and developing all types of tourism, the COVID-19 pandemic slowed the pace of rapid growth in the quantitative parameters of tourism, and then shifted tourism to a phase of economic uncertainty, leaving all types of tourism paralyzed. The main goal of the research was to identify the challenges facing cruise tourism and to develop recommendations for its development.The article discusses the importance of developing cruise tourism for the revival of tourism in Georgia. The potential of cruise tourism is characterized. According to the trends of the world, based on the annual report of the International Association of Cruise Lines for 2020, the statistics of cruises around the world are analyzed.We believe that educational projects should be started for tourism business owners, staff should be trained to give accurate recommendations regarding maritime cruises and COVID regulations, travel companies should be given the opportunity to take low-interest loans if necessary; State support for the promotion and development of tourism, including cruise tourism, is important.

The Use of Digital Technologies in Pedagogical Education in Kazakhstan: Problem State

Digital society, the digital economy, has become true and in turn, generates unique challenges due to the rapid pace of growth of information and communication technology. Digital capabilities and skills are necessary to achieve professional achievement and the personal growth of any person in this world. In terms of reform and modernisation of the global educational system, digitalisation of education is one important trend. Digitisation means the transformation into the digital language of all forms of information (text, sound, visuals, video and other data from different sources). When debating digitalisation, different experts and scholars view the transition from education into the digital phase as a turning point in education history. The UK is supposed to be the first in the world to add compulsory IT and software in 2015 to the schoolchildren's curriculum at age 5 - 16. The article deals with a very actual problem of digitalization of pedagogical education on the basis of a combination of environmental, competence-based and activity-based approaches. The results of the survey of Pedagogical Faculty instructors and students of Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University are presented in the article. The results show that although both groups of respondents are aware of using digital technologies in education, they do not develop systematic use of all their (technologies) opportunities. According to these results, the article states the need for developing a model for the development of cognitive independence of future educators based on the use of digital technologies.

An Intelligent Model for Text Forensics from Arabic Twitter Posts

The number of twitter users in Arab countries at a rapid pace of growth. As for the social networking platforms, they are a suitable environment for luring innocent users and commit different forms of crimes against them by cyber predators through claiming something they are not such as fake ID, age or gender targeting certain segments of the society. This have resulted in a huge number of cybercrimes including Phishing, harassment, cyber terrorism and many other forms. In this context, a number of different research efforts in the literature are available for English but very rare for Arabic texts. This article proposes an intelligent technique for enhancing text preprocessing that impacting the accuracy and performance of the classification task. The proposed model was evaluated against recently collected dataset from Arabic twitter users using different classifiers including naïve bays and neural networks to predict age attribute.

Problems of development of non-banking payment systems in Ukraine

Introduction. The development of non-cash payments is the key to economic growth in any country, because on the one hand, the level of control over payments increases, and on the other - the volume of customer spending increases, which leads to increased consumption and GDP growth. However, current trends in e-commerce and online commerce require the emergence of new technological solutions in the form of electronic payment systems that can legally handle transactions with electronic money and cryptocurrencies. Given the rapid pace of growth in transactions through non-banking electronic payment systems, the issue of identifying obstacles to the development of such payment systems is urgent, especially in view of the need to ensure effective oversight of payments and the deduction of payments. Purpose. The study of the main problems of development of non-banking payment systems in Ukraine in terms of their structural features and importance for the development of the national economy, as well as the development of recommendations for improving the right regulation of payment transactions with electronic money and cryptocurrencies. Results. The features of the development of non-bank payment systems in Ukraine are investigated. The author classification of non-bank payment systems is offered. The main directions of development of electronic payment systems in Ukraine are identified and the obstacles to the integration of international electronic payment systems providing cryptocurrency payment services are highlighted. Measures to improve domestic legislation in the field of electronic payment and cryptocurrency based electronic payment systems are proposed, as well as recommendations on the creation of a state non-banking electronic payment system using blockchain technology to increase transparency and public procurement payments paying taxes.

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1.INTRODUCTIONForeign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth have attracted much attention from policy makers, development agencies, and researchers, not least because they hold huge potential of improving the welfare of the vast number of poor people living in developing countries, but also because they are expected to complement each other. This suggests that, holding other things equal, faster growing economies will attract higher inflows of FDI and higher levels of FDI will in turn boost growth in the recipient country. This is especially possible in the current wave of globalization where goods and services, labor, and international financial capital cross national-state borders with fewer restrictions than before. However, not all international capital inflows to developing countries are growth-inducing, yet some theoretical models make the argument for full international capital liberalization. One argument goes as follows: 'By breaking the constraint that domestic investment is limited to the volume of national saving, capital inflows can be used to finance a more rapid pace of growth than a country could achieve on its own' (Bosworth, 2005, p. 1). Capital inflows with short-term horizon are unlikely however to generate sustainable growth in developing countries.Short-term capital inflows were widely believed to have contributed to the financial crisis and subsequent economic crisis in East Asia in the late 1990s and in Mexico in 1994. And there is evidence that the recent financial crisis in the U.S. was propagated to developing countries through the short-term dynamics of international capital flows. Short-term capital can enter and exit a developing country at the same speed, generating severe economic and financial shocks, leaving that country in a worse economic and financial position upon exit. This makes the case for FDI stronger in developing countries; hence capital liberalization policy should crowd out short-term capital and crowd in FDI (Stiglitz, 2000). FDI has longer-term predictability relative to the short-term variety, so policy makers can incorporate FDI in the development process with less fear of 'sudden stops' and thus fewer shocks to their economies. Long-term capital inflows in the form of FDI will reduce uncertainty, increase productivity, and improve growth in developing countries.Thus, the benefits of the potential complementary effect of FDI and growth are more likely to be realized in developing countries - higher standard of living and reliable access of public goods through higher tax revenues. This paper studies how FDI responds to growth and whether FDI in turn stimulates growth in developing economies within a system of simultaneous equations model, using a three-stage least squares (3SLS) estimator. We go beyond many previous studies that only examined the effect of growth on FDI or the other way around, for example, Durham (2004), Reisen and Soto (2001), and Nair-Reichert and Weinhold (2001). From a policy perspective, this is important as the analysis here seeks to enhance our understanding of the relationship between FDI and economic growth and, we hope, informs policy outcomes in developing countries. Our paper makes several contributions to economic literature. First, the paper documents that FDI improves growth in developing countries but FDI does not respond significantly to growth.In our second contribution to the literature on growth and FDI, we construct several dimensions of political instability and examine their effect on growth and FDI in the simultaneous equations framework. We find that political instability affects growth and FDI differently. In our final contribution, we test whether these dimensions of political instability impact FDI and growth differently in Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) relative to a global sample of developing countries. We do not find supporting evidence that political instability affects FDI and growth in SSA differently. …

Nutrition in adolescents: physiology, metabolism, and nutritional needs.

Adolescence is the period of development that begins at puberty and ends in early adulthood. Most commonly, adolescence is divided into three developmental periods: early adolescence (10-14 years of age), late adolescence (15-19 years of age), and young adulthood (20-24 years of age). Adolescence is marked by physical and sexual maturation, social and economic independence, development of identity, acquisition of skills needed to carry out adult relationships and roles, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. Adolescence is characterized by a rapid pace of growth that is second only to that of infancy. Nutrition and the adolescent transition are closely intertwined, since eating patterns and behaviors are influenced by many factors, including peer influences, parental modeling, food availability, food preferences, cost, convenience, personal and cultural beliefs, mass media, and body image. Here, we describe the physiology, metabolism, and nutritional requirements for adolescents and pregnant adolescents, as well as nutrition-related behavior and current trends in adolescent nutrition. We conclude with thoughts on the implications for nutrition interventions and priority areas that would require further investigation.

Inclusive Growth Strategies for Pakistan ─ Myth or Reality for Policymakers!

The mantra of inclusive growth is taking over the public policy debates addressing poverty alleviation and sustained development in the developing world. In order to reduce poverty substantially, rapid pace of growth is not only necessary, but it should be sustainable in the long run and broad-based across sectors, nonetheless, inclusive of country’s labour force at large. Poverty and growth were much discussed and analysed in separation by policymakers in the previous decades. Inclusive growth strategy is an integration of these two strands of analyses implying relationship between the macro and micro determinants of growth. This paper examines the nature of relationship between the macroeconomic and social-development indicators by using a Multiple Regression Framework and Vector Auto Regression Model, as proposed by Toda-Yamamoto, is used to determine the direction of causality between the key macroeconomic variables of Pakistan over the period of 1997-98s to 2009-10. The paper critically examines Inclusive growth paradigm ─ for market led growth, and suggests its weaknesses which can be addressed through review of the pro-poor goals of economic policy of Post Washington Consensus (PWC). Finally, the paper urges to explore the myths and realities of inclusive growth strategies for policymakers in Pakistan to identify and prioritize the Pakistan specific constraints i.e. Low spending on health and education, promote growth in agriculture and rural development for sustained and inclusive growth.

An Aggressive Lesion of Anterior Maxilla

To understand the aggressiveness of lesions in immunocompromised patients. Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is a non-neoplastic intraosseous lesion, anterior to the molars and more commonly in the mandible. It is an uncommon lesion accounting for less than 7% of all benign jaw lesions found predominantly in children and young adults with a female predilection of about 2:1 ratio. A 22-year-old male patient came to the department with a growth in the anterior part of the maxilla with pain, rapid pace of growth and which recurred after initial excision as told to us in the case history. A diagnosis of CGCG of aggressive nature should be kept in mind, in a young immunocompromised patient. A recurrent lesion, with rapid pace of growth, associated with pain, a positive immunodeficient status, lesion in the anterior maxilla in a male patient, we can think of an aggressive CGCG.

Use of Genetics in the Clinical Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure

Inherited forms of cardiomyopathy are common causes of heart failure. Applications of genetics in the evaluation and management of heart failure include the determination of inheritance patterns within families with cardiomyopathy, the evaluation of affected patients for syndromic features, the determination of people within families who are at risk of heart failure, and the identification of responsible gene mutations. Family planning may also be assisted by determination of a clear mutation that predisposes to heart failure. Genetic counseling is critical, and it should accompany the use of genetic testing in cardiovascular diseases. With the rapid pace of growth in technology that is used to determine DNA sequence, costs have declined and clinical application of genetic testing has expanded. This is particularly relevant for heart failure, because each of the familial forms of cardiomyopathy may be caused by a mutation in many different genes. Most families share a unique gene mutation, and appropriate interpretation of novel DNA variants is essential for proper use. The evaluation of risk of arrhythmia in familial forms of heart failure may benefit from genetic testing, as mutations in the genes encoding lamin A/C, desmin, and cardiac troponin T are associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Because of its complexity and the rapid rate of change in available genetic testing options, the genetic evaluation of heart failure is best suited to tertiary referral centers with specific expertise in this area.

China's Energy Security Conundrum

Abstract In terms of energy consumption, China is now second only to the United States. Its rapid pace of growth and increasing wealth of its citizens has led to spiraling demand for energy, and for oil in particular. In 1993, the country became an importer of oil and since then imports have risen steeply. Today, China imports 40 percent of its oil supplies and its dependence on oil (and gas) imports will continue to grow. In response to this, the Beijing leadership has launched an all-out program of domestic reform as well as a global import-security strategy. China's economic growth, which is crucial for its internal (and thus regime) stability depends on secure (and affordable) energy supplies. With energy security now a top priority, Beijing has launched a global drive to secure the country's fuel supplies. The vulnerability of the sea routes from the Middle East and Africa is a major concern, and the fact that only the United States is able to control them, even more so. China is responding by pursui...

FTA's and Trading Patterns in Natural Gas in GCC Countries

The World Natural Gas market is assuming growing importance in the coming years. Looking at past trends, we can see that world wide natural gas use has grown remarkably over the last three decades, registering an annual average growth rate of 2.7%. Before the oil price boom of 1973, not much attention was given to gas and it used to be flared off. Between 1978-98, the natural gas showed an uninterrupted, rapid pace of growth - the only fossil fuel to do so. Its annual average growth reached 3.4% between 1978-98 period. Natural Gas use almost doubled in absolute terms increasing by 810 million tones of oil from 1,139 m ton in 1978 to 1,949 m ton in 1998. Its share in the world primary energy rose to 21% in 1998.

The Extent of the Labor Market in the United States, 1870-1914

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the spread of railroad and telegraph networks in the United States and Europe, the introduction of steamships on transatlantic routes, and the laying of transatlantic telegraph cables initiated a period of pronounced economic integration within and between countries (Williamson 1996; Thomas 1954; Chandler 1977; Perloffet al. 1965; James 1978). This period was also characterized by a rapid pace of growth and pronounced international convergence in standards of living among the countries of western Europe, North America, and Australia (Maddison 1991). Jeffrey Williamson (1996) has recently argued that the increasing integration of factor markets, especially labor markets, in this era was a crucial factor in the pace of international convergence.

The Extent of the Labor Market in the United States, 1870–1914

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the spread of railroad and telegraph networks in the United States and Europe, the introduction of steamships on transatlantic routes, and the laying of transatlantic telegraph cables initiated a period of pronounced economic integration within and between countries (Williamson 1996; Thomas 1954; Chandler 1977; Perloffet al. 1965; James 1978). This period was also characterized by a rapid pace of growth and pronounced international convergence in standards of living among the countries of western Europe, North America, and Australia (Maddison 1991). Jeffrey Williamson (1996) has recently argued that the increasing integration of factor markets, especially labor markets, in this era was a crucial factor in the pace of international convergence.

Currency Risks in Emerging Markets Investments

This paper analyzes the special character of currency risks associated with equity investments in emerging capital markets. Such investments are an important and growing source of funds for financing projects which contribute to the rapid pace of growth in emerging markets. While investors in any foreign market face the consequences of possible changes in the value of foreign currency, uncertainty about the terms for currency conversion in emerging markets are aggravated by the interaction of capital flows and currency values, particularly for countries which rely heavily on external sources of financing. In such an environment, it is essential for investors to understand the characteristics of currency risk in order to incorporate them in their investment decisions. This paper analyzes equity market returns and currency fluctuations in a group of emerging markets by comparing them to a set of developed countries. By traditional measures of risk emerging markets appear to have low levels of currency risk. This paper demonstrates that there has also been substantial changes in currency risk in emerging markets which have not occurred in developed markets. This paper also discusses methods of hedging currency risk, taking into account the limitations on hedging strategies in emerging markets and the special characteristics of currency risks in those markets.

Professor James on the theory of monetary policy

strongest financial powers of the free world; and only if France uses its strength so as to foster rather than to impede monetary cooperation, in domestic as well as international matters, can the world economy be expected to grow in the future at the same rapid pace and with the same absence of serious interruptions as it has done in the recent past, since the institution of the Marshall Plan. For that reason, French monetary policy, and with it the theoretical framework that conditions and explains its practice, are vital elements in today's and tomorrow's economic life. Professor James shows his mastery of the subject, and a remarkable knowledge not only of European but also of American literature2. In particular, he asks the correct fundamental question: What are the conditions and the limits of the influence of monetary developments on the economy (page 42)? And he correctly defines the goal of monetary policy not just as monetary equilibrium (as usual in Continental Europe) but as "the most rapid pace of growth compatible with monetary equilibrium" (page 197). In his analysis, Professor James mentions the concept of "domination" (page 147), introduced into economic theory by Professor Per roux but sadly neglected, at least in American literature. That concept might well be used more extensively in explanation of the differences between the functions of a key currency and a peripheral currency, and the problems confronting them. Professor James sketches the development of monetary theory from the times of Wicksell and Schumpeter to the present (pages 746 and 116 to 148); explains demand for and supply of money, monetary equilibrium, and disequilibrium in its inflationary form (pages 47-115 and 149-187); discusses the principles of domestic and international monetary policy (pages 189-297); and briefly mentions French monetary policy in the period 1958-1963 (pages 299-312), international liquidity and reform of the International Monetary Fund (pages 312-333), and the attempts at creating a unified European currency (pages 334-344).

EFFECT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ON ABNORMAL LABIAL FRENUM

What the gods dared not promise to thy prayers, time, as it rolls on, has bestowed.—Virgil. THE rapid pace of growth and development in childhood impels a natural rehabilitation in the course of which many functional and structural deviations from the normal are corrected. Familiar examples will come to every pediatrician's mind—the molding of irregular head contours, the straightening of angular deformities of long bones disproportioned through scurvy or osteomyelitis, the filling out of thoracic defects, the alinement of alveolar margins temporarily distorted by thumbsucking and the retractions of umbilical protrusions. More dramatic even than these is the multitude of abnormal functional disturbances which are outgrown, spectacular examples of which were presented by Dr. Holt1in his last public address, given at Peking Union Medical College in 1923. These changes, Dr. Holt stated, are not as curious as they may seem to be, when it is recalled that