Rapid Urban Growth Research Articles

Contributions to a Theoretical Framework for Evaluating the Supply–Demand Matching of Medical Care Facilities in Mega-Cities: Incorporating Location, Scale, and Quality Factors

The rapid urbanization and population growth in mega-cities have led to a significant increase in the demand for medical services, highlighting the critical need for a more efficient alignment between the supply and demand of medical resources. Previous research often focuses on singular factors, such as accessibility or quantity, as the primary criteria for matching medical services, without comprehensively considering the location, scale, and quality factors of medical facilities. Addressing this gap, this study develops a theoretical framework that integrates these three critical factors to assess the supply–demand matching (SDM) of medical care facilities (MCFs) with population needs. This assessment is conducted using geospatial analysis techniques with ArcGIS and Python. The study includes an empirical analysis of 134 streets within the Chongqing municipality. The empirical results reveal significant disparities in the performance of integrated medical care facilities (MCFs), as well as variations across the dimensions of location, scale, and quality. Central districts like Yuzhong demonstrate high levels of accessibility, appropriate scale matching, and satisfactory service quality, whereas rapidly urbanizing peripheral districts such as Yubei suffer from significant mismatches in resource availability and service quality. The theoretical framework contributes to the field of medical care research, and the corresponding empirical findings provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers to optimize the allocation of medical resources, improve healthcare accessibility, and enhance service quality across different urban areas.

Efficient wastewater management for smart cities using Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technology

Access to clean and sufficient water is considered a basic right for humans and other living organisms sharing the environment. However, factors like rapid urban growth, climate change, population increase, and the overproduction of industrial and agricultural goods have contributed to water shortages and quality problems in many communities worldwide. Digital technologies, such as blockchain, machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT), offer opportunities to develop new solutions for creating smart and sustainable environments. In this paper, we introduce a unified water management system (IB-WMS) using IoT and blockchain technologies to monitor water quality, level, temperature, pressure, and consumption. This system is designed to be reliable, scalable, and transparent due to the integration of blockchain and IoT. Simulations indicate that the IB-WMS system achieves 89% efficiency, a 90% wastewater reuse rate, and a 95% water recycling rate.

Eco-friendly urban design: An analysis of sustainable building practices and their community impact

Eco-friendly urban design is essential in tackling the challenges arising from rapid urban growth and the increasing pressure on natural resources. This paper offers a thorough examination of sustainable building practices and their effects on communities within the framework of urban design. The initial section discusses various sustainable building methods that contribute to eco-friendly urban design, including renewable energy utilization, green materials, and energy-efficient technologies. Implementing these practices not only minimizes the environmental impact of urban developments but also strengthens the resilience of the constructed environment. The second part of the paper investigates the impact of sustainable urban design on communities. It highlights how these practices can enhance community spirit, elevate residents' quality of life, and support social equity. Sustainable urban design extends beyond environmental concerns to adopt a comprehensive approach that prioritizes inhabitants' well-being. The paper also includes case studies and examples of effective sustainable urban design projects worldwide, demonstrating the benefits of eco-friendly practices such as improved air and water quality, reduced energy use, and the development of vibrant, walkable neighborhoods. In summary, this paper underscores the significance of sustainable urban design in addressing the environmental and social issues linked to urbanization. By embracing eco-friendly building practices, communities can lessen their environmental footprint and foster healthier, more resilient, and inclusive urban spaces. This review is a valuable resource for urban planners, architects, and policymakers dedicated to advancing sustainable development and improving urban community well-being.

Industrial Pollution in Patna City : Physico-Chemical Analysis of Effluents and Their Effects on Water and Soil

Industrial pollution is a significant concern in Patna City, with rapid urbanization and industrial growth contributing to the degradation of natural resources. This study focuses on the physico-chemical analysis of industrial effluents and their effects on the water and soil quality in and around Patna. Effluents from various industries, including textile, sugar, rice mills, and small-scale manufacturing units, are released into nearby water bodies and soils, posing serious environmental risks. The research aims to assess the levels of pollutants by analysing key physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals (lead, chromium, cadmium), and organic contaminants in industrial effluents. Samples were collected from various locations near industrial zones and water bodies. The study also evaluated the impact of these pollutants on soil and groundwater quality. It was found that prolonged exposure to industrial effluents led to the accumulation of toxic metals in soil, reducing its fertility and altering its structure. Additionally, groundwater sources were contaminated with hazardous chemicals, making them unfit for drinking and irrigation purposes. The implementation of advanced treatment technologies and sustainable industrial practices is crucial for safeguarding the environment and public health in Patna City.

Impact of Urbanization on Air Quality in Largest Сities of Kazakhstan

In the context of the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization of Kazakhstan, the air pollution problem in large cities is becoming increasingly urgent. It is essential to assess the impact of economic growth on the environmental situation, as this allows us to develop strategies to improve air quality and ensure sustainable development. Thus, this study examines the impact of urbanization and economic growth on air pollution across four major cities in Kazakhstan from 2016 to 2022. Statistical methods were used to analyze the relationship between pollution levels and economic indicators, including gross regional product (GRP) and industrialization. The study covers the period from 2016 to 2022 and is based on data on concentrations of critical pollutants collected from the National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan. National monitoring sources collected air quality data, including PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO concentrations. Statistical analyses, as correlation and regression models, were applied to establish relationships between pollution levels and economic growth indicators. The study found significant correlations between economic activities and air pollution levels. In Almaty, a 10% increase in GRP corresponds to a 5% increase in pollutant concentrations. Almaty experienced the highest average PM2.5 concentration at 42 µg/m³, exceeding permissible norms by 20%. Other cities showed varied levels of pollution influenced by specific economic and industrial profiles. The results underscore the pressing need for effective urban management and strategic policy-making to mitigate the adverse effects of economic development on air quality.

Deep learning for automated encrustation detection in sewer inspection

Rapid urbanization and population growth in recent decades have placed significant pressure on urban cities to rely heavily on underground infrastructure, such as sewers and tunnels, to maintain the provision of essential services. These sewers, typically having a limited lifespan of 50 to 100 years, are prone to various forms of defects. While prior research has primarily addressed common sewer defect like crack, root intrusion, and infiltration among others, the challenge of encrustation—the formation of hard deposits within sewer systems—has received less attention. This study presents a pioneering deep-learning approach to detect encrustation in sewers by leveraging survey videos from 14 different sewers in the United Kingdom. Our work marks the first effort to develop models specifically for detecting encrustation using deep learning techniques, as previous studies have focused on other types of deposits such as settled and attached deposits. By converting the videos into sequential image frames, we subjected them to thorough analysis and several image pre-processing techniques. Our contributions include the development and comparison of different classification models using backbone CNN networks such as AlexNet, VGG16, EfficientNet, and VGG19 to classify encrustation. Notably, this study provides the first metric-based comparison of these backbone networks to identify the most effective model for encrustation detection. The results demonstrate an impressive 96 % accuracy using the deep architecture of VGG19. Beyond accuracy, this research explores the impact of data augmentation and network dropout on reducing overfitting and enhancing model performance. Additionally, we analyze the time complexities associated with training models with and without data augmentation, providing valuable insights into the efficiency of our approach.

Evaluation of cement-treated recycled concrete aggregates for sustainable pavement base/subbase construction

Rapid urbanization and population growth have caused a substantial rise in the generation of all kinds of waste globally. The use of recycled waste not only can replace the enormous volume of virgin materials used in construction but also alleviate environmental concerns by lowering landfilling loads. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using non-treated and cement-treated recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in pavement base and subbase layers. A detailed study focused on the strength, durability and microstructural aspects of treated RCA. To fulfill this, experimental test program and analysis covered particle-size distribution, Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact value, modified Proctor compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), weight loss under wet-dry cycles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The recycled aggregates are found to show excellent physical and mechanical characteristics in terms of abrasion and aggregate impact values. Cement treatment has shown to significantly enhance the strength and durability characteristics of RCA, rendering it suitable for pavement base/subbase layer application. RCA samples treated with a cement content of 3 % and above (by weight) are found to satisfy the minimum specified unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 2 MPa at 7 days of curing, according to the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) and Austroads guidelines for pavement base and subbase layer applications. However, a relatively higher cement contents (5 % and 7 %) is required to meet the minimum 7-days UCS criterion of 3 and 4.5 MPa for base layer applications of low- and high- volume roads, respectively, according to Indian road standards (IRC SP 72 (2015) and IRC 37(2018)). Cement-treated samples with 2 % cement or above showed minimal weight loss after 12 alternate wet-dry cycles, which was well within the maximum permissible limit (14 %) specified in various standards for stabilized materials. Additionally, microstructural investigations have clearly showed formation of hydration products corroborating the mechanism behind strength gain with time. Findings from this study provide references to promote the use of RCA in construction of pavement base and subbase layer, contributing towards the goal of net zero set by the United Nations.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Land Surface Temperature, Urban Heat Island, and Potential Heat Stress Risk Areas Assessment for Tropical Inland City and Coastal City in Thailand

Global warming and rapid urban growth, compounded by the urban heat island (UHI) effect, are posing substantial challenges for urban populations and ecological well-being due to increased heat stress risks. This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of land surface temperature (LST), UHI, and potential heat stress risk areas (PHSRA) in two distinct cities, an inland city, Nakhon Ratchasima, and a coastal city, Si Racha, during the summer. Geoinformatics techniques and Crichton’s Risk Triangle method were employed, using updated demographic data and Sentinel-3 data from 2017 to 2022. The findings indicate that the inland city daytime average LST values were higher than in the coastal city, while the opposite was true at nighttime. Additionally, high daytime UHI patterns in the inland city were observed on the outskirts, and nighttime UHI concentrated in the urban center. The coastal city exhibited a strong daytime and nighttime UHI compared to the inland city, with daytime UHI peaking in the inner area and nighttime UHI near the coastline. The PHSRA was categorized into five risk levels (very high: > 0.8, high: 0.8–0.6, moderate: 0.6–0.4, low: 0.4–0.2 and very low: ≤ 0.2). During the daytime the highest risk areas, the high and very high levels of PHSRA in the inland city (23.84%) were greater than those in the coastal city (16.46%). Conversely, at nighttime, the coastal city (16.46%) exhibited higher levels than the inland city (5.26%). In nighttime conditions, all levels of PHSRA occurred more significantly than during the daytime in these cities. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations in PHSRA is vital for pinpointing places at risk of heat stress accidents in summer. This data is a goldmine for city planners and healthcare authorities, helping them plan interventions and effective measures for the future.

Study on Urban Growth of Pakse City

This research has considered the growth and important changes of Pakse city in Lao PDR from 2005 to 2020. The city is strategically located as a commercial and tourism center in the Mekong sub-region. In addition, Pakse's rapid urban growth is fueled by economic development, infrastructure improvements, demographic changes and strategic geographic location, all of which contribute to making it an important urban center in the south. The research aims to study the growth of the city of Pakse to create an understanding of the phenomenon, the driving force as well as the factors that lead to the growth of the city as a way to plan and control the development of the city for sustainable growth using the integrated research method of spatial analysis, quantitative analysis and document survey which analyzes the growth of the population and households, economic growth and the growth of the urban area. The analysis results show a population increase of 32.30 percent (from 78,669 people in 2005 to 116,200 people in 2020). Economic growth is also clear GDP per capita increased by 56.86 percent (from 1,097 dollars in 2005 to 2,543 dollars in 2020). The growth of the construction area of the city increased by 47.03 percent (from 285 hectares in 2005 to 538 hectares in 2020) and in Pakse city municipality, there is a growth of 46.35 percent (from 279 hectares to 520 hectares in 2020). Most of the built-up area is concentrated in the city center, covering 96.65 percent, and the number of buildings has increased by 45.18 percent (from 17,262 to 30,870 in 2020). These findings indicate the growth of Pakse city during the study period.

ASSESSING URBAN HEAT ISLAND IMPACT AND IDENTIFYING VULNERABILITY ZONES THROUGH GEOSPATIAL AND GEO-STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

An urban heat island emerged due to micro urban temperature variations are also referred to as urban heat islands or urban hot spots. The high-rise buildings along the roads form "Urban Canyons" that inhibit reflected radiation from the built-up surface. Urban heat island develops over the cities due to man-made activity and the landscape. An understanding of the urban heat island and its formation is not only helpful in understanding urban thermal characteristics but also helps in understanding human comfort. A geospatial technique has the ability to acquire updated and cost-effective data over large regions. For urban climatology studies, remote sensing and geographic information systems are an important source of information and an effective methodology. Since 1971, the city of Krishnanagar and its vicinity have been witnessing rapid urban growth. Due to its dense population, urban climate and rapid urban expansion, they cause environmental degradation. Appraisal and Impact of urbanization on micro-climate in the Krishnanagar city complex based on satellite derived parameters. For the years 1995, 2007 and 2018, several satellite image analysis approaches such as NDVI, NDWI and NDVI were computed. Significant differences in land surface temperature were observed between 1995 and 2007, as compared to 2007 and 2018.

Going with the food flow: The contribution of urban agriculture to a growing African city

ABSTRACT Sub-Saharan Africa's rapid urban growth is causing a decline in urban agricultural land, reducing access to healthy local food for citizens. This paper quantitatively and spatially describes the contribution of urban and peri-urban producers to the availability and accessibility of fresh leafy vegetables in the growing city of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Based on over 700 surveys with food vendors and consumers, as well as ethnographic research with farmers, we show how a total of 70 per cent of all amaranth consumed in Dar es Salaam was found to be produced within the city. With an average distance travelled from farm to fork of 11 km, leafy vegetables have a strongly localised foodshed. The results show the ongoing significance of urban areas in meeting their own food demands, emphasising the necessity to explicitly integrate food provisioning in the planning of growing African cities.

A Novel Integrated Approach to Assess Groundwater Appropriateness for Agricultural Uses in the Eastern Coastal Region of India

Due to the increase in demand for water, the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization is the main threat to the source and quality of groundwater. The present study aimed to assess the suitability of groundwater for agricultural purposes in coastal regions using integrated approaches such as the saltwater mixing index (SWMI), the mineral saturation index (MSI), the agriculture suitability index (ASI), and unsupervised machine learning (USML) techniques. The result of the SWMI revealed that 20 and 17 sample locations were highly affected by saltwater intrusion in the study region’s northern and southeastern parts during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The detailed analysis of electrical conductivity in groundwater revealed that 19.64% and 14.29% of the samples were unfit for irrigation purposes, especially five sample locations, during both seasons. Regarding the overall suitability of groundwater for irrigation uses, the ASI values divulged that 8.9% of the samples were unsuitable for irrigation purposes. The spatial analysis of the ASI value indicated that 43.19 and 85.33 sq. km of area were unsuitable for irrigation practices. Additionally, the USML techniques identified the most influenced parameters such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, and SO42− during both seasons. The present study results help maintain proper, sustainable water management in the study region.

Equity in Public Facilities Provision in an Urban Area: A Spatial Analysis of Rajshahi City Corporation

In the Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC)area, spatial sizeis not proportionate to the placement of public facilities due to rapid urbanization and population growth. This raises the question ofwhat is the level of equity present inthe provision of public facilities in the city corporation area. For this research, primary schools, high schools, colleges, health facilities, and markets were selected from the available types of public facilities.Location Quotient (LQ) method and Gini Coefficientwere used to analyze locational concentration and spatial disparity in the provision of public facilities in 30 wards of Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC). Service area analysiswas done to show how much of the city corporation area falls under afavorable distance from the public facilities.The number of the wards having LQ value > 1 range from 9 – 15 based on different public facilities; showing locational concentration is present for all public facilities. The Gini coefficient (GC) values range from 0.41 to 0.67, showing a high level of spatial inequity. The service area analysis also shows the service area of the public facilities fail to cover all of the wards.In the future, inequity in provision of public facilities can compound with the increase in population and urban sprawl if not met with regulatory and inclusive planning policies.

Analyzing the Intricate Nexus of Ecological Footprint, Urbanization & Economic Growth in South Asia: A Panel 2SLS Analysis

The depletion of natural resources, environmental degradation, and climate change are critical global concerns. In South Asia, rapid urbanization and economic growth have improved living standards, but they have also exerted significant pressure on the environment. It is crucial to determine interconnectedness and common determinants of these factors to address the environmental challenges effectively and promote sustainable development. This study explores the relationship between environmental degradation, urbanization, and economic growth in five South Asian countries—Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and India, over the period 1994 to 2022. To analyze these connections, this study develops indices for infrastructure and governance using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Several tests, including the Im, Pesaran, and Shin test and the Fisher and Pesaran Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, are applied to ensure the stationarity of the variables. The Variance Inflation Factor is used to check for multicollinearity, and the Wald coefficient restriction test confirms the presence of simultaneity. Findings from the Panel Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) regression indicate a significant one-way positive relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint, suggesting that economic growth leads to an increased environmental impact. Additionally, urbanization shows a direct positive link to both ecological footprint and economic growth, although the reverse effects are not statistically significant. The study also finds that industrialization and infrastructure development significantly contribute to urbanization and environmental degradation. Infrastructure, however, negatively impacts economic growth, while globalization encourages urbanization and reduces environmental harm. Education is found to have a strong negative relationship with urbanization. The study concludes that achieving environmentally conscious economic growth in South Asia requires focusing on sustainable development goals, investing in green infrastructure, adopting eco-friendly industrial practices, and improving the education system in the region.

Modernizing Land Survey Techniques in East Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

As East Africa undergoes rapid urbanization and economic growth, the need for modernized land survey techniques has become critical. Traditional methods are insufficient for keeping up with the evolving landscape. This article explores the adoption of advanced technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and drone technology in land surveying. These innovations promise enhanced accuracy, efficiency, and comprehensive data collection, benefiting urban planning, infrastructure development, and environmental management. However, the transition is challenged by infrastructural deficits, high costs, limited technical expertise, and outdated regulatory frameworks. This article discusses the current technological advancements, challenges, and opportunities for improvement, emphasizing the need for investments in infrastructure, public-private partnerships, capacity building, and regulatory reforms. Vital information were sorted from recent related published database and utilised in writing this paper. Modernizing land survey techniques in East Africa holds significant potential to support sustainable development and effective land management practices. Keywords: Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing, Drone Technology, Land Survey Modernization, East Africa Development

Feeding African cities: Hinterland suitability and urban growth in twentieth-century sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT Historically, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)’s cities largely relied on their immediate hinterlands for food provisioning. However, rapid urban growth in the past century has posed unique challenges for how food is provisioned. This paper explores the relationship between the food production suitability of urban hinterlands, and their population growth over the twentieth century. Using a newly constructed urban population dataset, I empirically identify that hinterland suitability was important for urban growth until the 1960s. However, since then, the suitability–growth relationship has weakened. I explore this weakening relationship to understand whether it was a regional phenomenon, and whether it was driven by newly formed cities or a change in urbanization incentives. The suitability–growth relationship weakens even after controlling for various employment-, income- and mortality-related drivers of twentieth-century urban growth in SSA. My results indicate that the means of urban food provisioning in SSA changed. Since the 1960s, hinterland food provisioning in cities was increasingly replaced by a growing reliance on intercontinental food imports. Low global food prices, reduced shipping costs, rural unemployment, and a shift from pro-rural to pro-urban policies incentivized cities to rely on intercontinental food imports and grow past their historical constraints.

Geochemical Insights into Heavy Metal Contamination and Health Hazards in Palar River Basin: A Pathway to Sustainable Solutions

The pollution of groundwater by heavy metals is becoming an increasingly urgent problem due to the rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization. A detailed geochemical investigation of physicochemical properties and heavy metal contamination was conducted on 140 groundwater samples in the Vellore district around the Palar River, Tamil Nadu, India, to assess the metal index risk in groundwater. The water quality is significantly contaminated with Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, and Fe, and moderately contaminated with Mn, Ni, and Zn, according to the groundwater assessment using the heavy metal index, contamination factor, and Igeo index. This contamination is associated with various health problems, including mental illness, stomach and skin cancer, liver failure, and kidney damage. Based on contour maps created with GIS, most of the region is heavily contaminated with heavy metals, rendering the groundwater unfit for human consumption. The Health Risk Assessment Index (HRAI) rose to 9028.6, indicating an extremely high health risk. In addition to identifying the extent of contamination, the study also proposes sustainable solutions to mitigate these risks. These include the adoption of advanced water treatment technologies, the promotion of green chemistry practices in local industries, the establishment of stricter regulatory frameworks, and the implementation of community-based water management strategies. These measures are essential to ensuring safe drinking water and achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive monitoring and proactive remediation strategies in industrially contaminated regions.

Planners as Gatekeepers: Spatial Justice Through the lens of Planning Theory in Helsinki

Abstract Planning practice is a device of controlling land use and ideally corresponds to societal demands. It can contribute to spatial justice through its two roles, substantive and procedural. Planning theory, on the other hand, studies both roles of planning practice focusing on the interplay of power. Helsinki witnesses a rapid and dynamic urban growth with the Finnish capital city plan adopting bold ideas aiming to create pedestrian friendly urban centers further from the inner city. Among other objectives, the city plan employs anti-segregation policy in certain areas. Ethnic retail has been emerging in Helsinki at several locations not only fulfilling socio-economic needs of immigrants but also enhancing public street life and creating urban hubs. In particular, ethnic retail is clustered at two strip malls located in two neighborhoods under urban renewal. Two competitions were organized to guide the land-use based on the objectives of the city plan. This article studies how urban planning policy and planners have steered the urban renewal outcome. The findings show that the planners can serve as gatekeepers allowing specific outcomes in favor of certain actors. The article contributes to literature analyzing planning practice through the theory lens.

CHARACTERIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: ASSESSING HEAVY METAL ENRICHMENT, THERMAL DECOMPOSITION, AND PYROLYSIS BEHAVIOR

Rapid urbanisation and population growth have led to a surge in sewage sludge (SS) generation, posing environmental challenges due to its complex composition, particularly heavy metal content. This study investigates heavy metal analysis, thermal decomposition behaviour, and slow pyrolysis of SS to address these concerns. SS samples were collected from a sewage treatment plant and analysed for heavy metals using ICP-OES. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) clarified thermal decomposition behaviour, while slow pyrolysis experiments at varying temperatures provided insights into product yields. Results revealed significant concentrations of heavy metals and other elements in SS, with pyrolysis temperatures between 450°C and 600°C ensuring complete conversion of volatile matter. Slow pyrolysis predominantly yielded biochar, indicating limited suitability for bio-oil production. Additionally, pyrolysis enriched biochar with heavy metals while decreasing cobalt concentration, highlighting complex mechanisms in heavy metal redistribution. This research contributes to understanding heavy metal behaviour and thermal conversion dynamics in sewage sludge, informing sustainable waste management strategies for mitigating environmental impacts.

Internet of Things (IoT) Driven Water Management System for Efficient Level Control

Water is an essential and valuable resource in daily life, making its conservation crucial to prevent adverse effects. Storing water for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and other purposes is particularly important. Safe drinking water is increasingly becoming polluted due to the growing population and their demands for urbanization and industrialization. At the household level, some people leave electric water pumps running and either go to work or sleep, forgetting to turn off the pumps when the water container is full. This highlights the need for a reliable and continuous water supply. IoT plays a significant role in environmental monitoring, particularly in disaster management, early warning systems, and environmental data analytics. One major challenge in urban cities is water management, especially with the rapid growth of urbanization, necessitating sustainable urban development plans. To address these issues, we propose a "Water Level Monitoring System" solution. This paper presents an IoT-based water monitoring system for real-time applications. The system's sensors measure the water level in the tank, and the data is sent to a cloud server, allowing users to view it on a remote dashboard. This system can be used efficiently by both homeowners and industrial users, as well as other water utilities.