Rapid Duplication Research Articles

Economic Reform and Path Dependence in China: A Comparative Study of Reform and Development in Nanjing and Suzhou

Via a comparison of two cities in China, Nanjing and Suzhou, this article finds that pre-reform economic structures have had a significant effect on economic performance. While stagnation and the strengthening of dependence on upper levels of government occurred in Nanjing, developmental dispersion and rapid duplication of growth processes took place in Suzhou. The article asserts that the economic role of local governments and government-enterprise relations are being superseded by a greater focus on existing relations between different levels of government. Still, such relations are developing under the influence of regional differences in China’s transitional economy.

Toward Giga-Scale Silicon Integrated Circuits

Silicon integrated circuits now permeate our daily lives, in ways that seem surprising. Today, a “notepad” computer is small enough to be used on an airplane to perform tasks that, a few years ago, would have required a machine heavier than the combined weights of all the passengers on board. In reality, however, silicon technology has followed unremitting and predictable trends since its inception over 30 years ago. Here, we outline these trends, assess their implications, and examine their potential limits. Beyond the question of limits, however, lies the important role that silicon technology can play in aggressive companies like AT&T. In an essential sense, silicon is the embodiment of intellectual property. Appropriate, concurrent engineering-based use of this technology enables vertically integrated companies to erect barriers against rapid duplication, which will extend the initial, highly profitable stages of the product cycle. As such, silicon technology can be a formidable weapon in rapidly evolving competitive markets.

Rapid duplication and loss of genes coding for the alpha chains of hemoglobin.

Rapid cycles of gene duplication and loss appear to have been going on in the region coding for the alpha chain of adult hemoglobin. This is inferred from restriction endonuclease analysis of the alpha gene region in five species of apes, whose common ancestor lived about 10 million years ago. Because all five species resemble humans in having duplicate alpha genes, the duplicate state of this region is probably at least as old as the common ancestor of all these species. However, the alpha polypeptides within these species are about 10 times more alike than is expected for 10 million years of divergent evolution. Thus, the alpha polypeptides within each species have been evolving in concert. Changes in gene number have also taken place in the apes. Whereas the predominant number of alpha genes per chromosome is two for most species, it is three for chimpanzees. Concerted evolution appears also to have occurred, but far more slowly, in the region coding for the adult beta-like chains of hemoglobin. Consideration of the structural differences between the two regions leads to the hypothesis that the lengths of the noncoding regions are important determinants of the rates at which genes are gained and lost by intergenic recombination.

Food-chain relationships in subtidal silty sand marine sediments and the role of meiofauna in stimulating bacterial productivity.

From bibliographic data the biomass correlations (organic dry weight) are constructed for the subsurface layer of a hypothetical 30 m deep silty sand station: 200 μg/ml macrofauna (including 120 μg/ml subsurface deposit feeders), 50 μg/ml meiofauna, 20 μg/ml Foraminifera, 1 μg/ml Ciliata and Flagellata, and 100 μg/ml bacteria. ATP-biomass is discussed.Meiofauna and Foraminifera contribute with 30 and 12% to the living biomass in the sediment, and it is assumed that their contribution to the food of deposit-feeding macrofauna is of a similar percentage. This is corroborated by productivity estimations.Bacteria are the main food of deposit feeding macrofauna, meiofauna, and microfauna. From different calculations it becomes evident that the productivity of bacteria in the sediment is far below figures achieved in experimental cultures: the conclusion is that sediment bacteria, in general, do not live under good environmental conditions.A rather large part of the bacterial population in the sediment seems to be in the stationary phase of life, and only a fraction of the total population exhibits high metabolic rates and rapid duplications. Only these active bacteria are of importance for the breakdown of relatively refractive organic matter in the sediment.In soft bottom marine sediments where the input of organic matter is higher than the remineralization rate, benthic animals stimulate by their activities and by nutrient cycling the decomposition of detritus via bacteria. Though meiofauna, in principle, feeds upon the same food resource as macrofauna, there is no real competition for food, because meiofaunal animals by their activities and by excreting metabolic end products induce a bacterial productivity which would not be there without them, and feed on it. There are a few examples where more specialized interactions exist between benthic animals and bacteria; these interactions have been termed "gardening". They could be highly important in the benthic ecosystem.

Developments in rapid printing and duplication

Developments in rapid printing and duplication

Developments in rapid printing and duplication

Developments in rapid printing and duplication

Rapid Duplication of Electrocardiographic Tracings

Rapid Duplication of Electrocardiographic Tracings

Exhibition of History of Handwriting

AN exhibition now open at the London County Council's Horniman Museum, Forest Hill, London, S.E., illustrates the development of handwriting and its different systems. It begins with pictographic and hieroglyphic forms, and shows how the conventionalized breaking down of the picture produced the alphabetic systems, tracing the development through early Phoenician to Greek and Latin. The development of Babylonian cuneiform is also shown, demonstrating how its character was determined by the nature of the material used for record, the clay tablet, which necessitated the use of a stylus in the form of a stamp lending itself to ready and relatively rapid duplication. Among later developments shown are the Lombardic, Merovingian, Visigothic, Anglo-Saxon and Irish 'hands', as well as the still later and contrasting forms 6f Italian and English Secretary— Shakespeare's signature is an example of the latter— between which rivalry lasted in England until well into the seventeenth century. The exhibits include illuminated manuscripts, samplers and tally sticks, facsimiles of important historical documents, such as Magna Charta, and of the signatures of prominent personages, ancient and modern. The exhibition will remain open until August 31.