Rapid Dissolution Research Articles

Enhanced weathering for CO2 removal using carbonate-rich crushed returned concrete; a pilot study from SE Ireland

A 1.21-ha pilot study in SE Ireland investigated crushed returned concrete (CRC), applied at a rate of 7.5 tonnes/ha as a soil amendment for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) by enhanced weathering (EW) over a 10-month period. Most, but not all amended sites showed enhanced concentrations of calcium and bicarbonate in shallow soil waters compared with adjacent controls. Soil pH increased rapidly by 0.3 to >1 pH units (5.75 ± 0.25 (n = 8) in controls to 6.5 ± 0.7 (n = 24) at amended sites), with greatest increases in soils that had lowest initial pH (<6.0). Aside from one site where concentrations continued to increase, calcium (1.76–0.39 mM Ca) and bicarbonate (4.06–0.64 mM) values in soil waters declined gradually over the course of the study, consistent with rapid initial dissolution and progressive exhaustion of the fine-grained fraction, as indicated by a shrinking-core model. Most sites exhibited high bicarbonate to cation ratios (1.2–2.2) consistent with CRC dissolution by soil carbonic acid, although two sites adjacent to the field-boundary river that floods periodically showed evidence for strong acid (nitric) dissolution. Enhanced bicarbonate levels in soil waters at amended sites compared with controls, coupled with a downward-flush hydrological model driven by annual effective rainfall to calculate bicarbonate export and a simple stoichiometric correction for nitric acid weathering, indicate gross CDR rates in the range zero to 0.52 tonnes CO2/ha (69 kg CO2/tonne), limited by bicarbonate export rather than weathering rates. Further optimisation of the CDR efficiency of this material should be possible using strategies to avoid or pre-neutralise non-carbonic soil acids and by taking account of sub-aerial carbonation at the post-crushing, pre-amendment stage that arises when the material is crushed in preparation for EW applications. A simplified life-cycle analysis indicates that a discount of about 11% should be applied to account for CO2 emissions from crushing, transport and spreading operations.

Optimizing Seaweed Capsule Shell Formula with Multiple Disintegrants to Accelerate Disintegration Time

Abstract Seaweed-based capsule shells are gaining popularity due to their animal-free sourcing and guaranteed quality. However, these shells often suffer from prolonged disintegration. Various studies have explored formulations with additional disintegrants like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30, yet results have fallen short of pharmacopeia standards. In this research, multiple disintegrants and formulations were tested to develop seaweed capsule shells with rapid disintegration times. The variation in composition of disintegrants was determined using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) in Design Expert® 13.0.12. By altering the variables in the form of concentrations of PVP K-30, Avicel PH 101, Primogel, Amylum Manihot, Carrageenan, Tween 80, and Aquadest. Primary targets were to identify disintegrants that can significantly reduce disintegration time while maintaining adherence to pharmacopeia standards. Using primogel can fully produce a capsule shell with a promising disintegration time of around 17 minutes, thereby achieving the objective of expediting the disintegration process. Primogel also reduces the critical gel point to 48.23°C when completely replacing PVP K-30. However, balancing desirability proved challenging, as reducing PVP K-30 led to increased disintegration time. Other disintegrants, like Avicel PH 101 or amylum manihot, had no significant impact on disintegration time or gel point. These findings contribute to understanding the complex relationship between disintegrants and their effects on seaweed capsule shell properties, advancing the objectives in optimizing formulation for improved pharmaceutical applications.

Evaluation of the responsiveness pattern to caffeine through a smart data-driven ECG non-linear multi-band analysis

This study aimed to explore more efficient ways of administering caffeine to the body by investigating the impact of caffeine on the modulation of the nervous system's activity through the analysis of electrocardiographic signals (ECG). An ECG non-linear multi-band analysis using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) was employed to extract various features from healthy individuals exposed to different caffeine consumption methods: expresso coffee (EC), decaffeinated coffee (ED), Caffeine Oral Films (OF_caffeine), and placebo OF (OF_placebo). Non-linear feature distributions representing every ECG minute time series have been selected by PCA with different variance percentages to serve as inputs for 23 machine learning models in a leave-one-out cross-validation process for analyzing the behavior differences between ED/EC and OF_placebo/OF_caffeine groups, respectively, over time. The study generated 50-point accuracy curves per model, representing the discrimination power between groups throughout the 50 min. The best model accuracies for ED/EC varied between 30 and 70 %, (using the decision tree classifier) and OF_placebo/OF_caffeine ranged from 62 to 84 % (using Fine Gaussian). Notably, caffeine delivery through OFs demonstrated effective capacity compared to its placebo counterpart, as evidenced by significant differences in accuracy curves between OF_placebo/OF_caffeine. Caffeine delivery via OFs also exhibited rapid dissolution efficiency and controlled release rate over time, distinguishing it from EC. The study supports the potential of caffeine delivery through Caffeine OFs as a superior technology compared to traditional methods by means of ECG analysis. It highlights the efficiency of OFs in controlling the release of caffeine and underscores their promise for future caffeine delivery systems.

Formulation of Saxagliptin Oral Films: Optimization, Physicochemical Characterization, In-Vivo Assessment, and In-Vitro Real-Time Release Monitoring via a Novel Polyaniline Nanoparticles-Based Solid-Contact Screen Printed Ion-Selective Electrode

Oral dispersible films have received broad interest due to fast drug absorption and no first-path metabolism, leading to high bioavailability and better patient compliance. Saxagliptin (SXG) is an antidiabetic drug that undergoes first-path metabolism, resulting in a less active metabolite, so the development of SXG oral dispersible films (SXG-ODFs) improves SXG bioavailability. The formula optimisation included a response surface experimental design and the impact of three formulation factors, the type and concentration of polymer and plasticiser concentration on in-vitro disintegration time and folding endurance. Two optimised SXG-ODFs prepared using either polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose were investigated. SXG-ODFs prepared with PVA demonstrated a superior rapid disintegration time, ranging from 17 to 890 s, with the fastest disintegration time recorded at 17 s. These short durations can be attributed to the hydrophilic nature of PVA, facilitating rapid hydration and disintegration upon contact with saliva. Additionally, PVA-based films displayed remarkable folding endurance, surpassing 200 folds without rupture, indicating flexibility and stability. The high tensile strength of PVA-based films further underscores their robust mechanical properties, with tensile strength values reaching up to 4.53 MPa. SXG exhibits a UV absorption wavelength of around 212 nm, posing challenges for traditional quantitative spectrophotometric analysis, so a polyaniline nanoparticles-based solid-contact screen-printed ion-selective electrode (SP-ISE) was employed for the determination of SXG release profile effectively in comparison to HPLC. SP-ISE showed a better real-time release profile of SXG-ODFs, and the optimised formula showed lower blood glucose levels than commercial tablets.Graphical

Insight into the crevice corrosion mechanism of AA7075‐T651 high‐strength aluminum alloys in neutral nitrate solution: The effect of Cl−

AbstractThe crevice corrosion behavior and mechanism of AA7075‐T651 aluminum alloy was investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface analysis technologies in a neutral nitrate solution with different contents of NaCl. The Cl− was identified as crucial for the initiation and development of the crevice corrosion, with the phenomenon absent in the 0.05 M NaCl solution but initiated in the 0.5 and 1 M NaCl solutions. However, the crevice corrosion was more pronounced in the 0.5 M NaCl solution due to the establishment of a larger galvanic corrosion effect. The rapid dissolution of the anodic phase resulted in the increased Cl− inside the crevice, while the cathodic phase enhanced the localized dissolution through micro‐galvanic corrosion. This synergistic effect significantly facilitated the development of crevice corrosion.

Exploiting lemon peel extract in orodispersible granule formulation using green banana flours as natural superdisintegrant

Amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to bolster immunity. This study endeavors to address this necessity by formulating orodispersible herbal granules enriched with lemon peel extract, recognized for its immune-boosting attributes. The extraction of lemon peel was facilitated through ultrasound, followed by meticulous evaluations encompassing color, solubility, and yield. Disintegrants, ranging from 2% to 6% concentrations of banana flour, were incorporated into granule formulations. The compatibility of lemon peel extract with other constituents was scrutinized via FTIR and DSC analyses. Utilizing a design-of-experiment (DoE) strategy employing a 32 full factorial design, formulations were synthesized and assessed for various parameters, including flow properties, density, disintegration time, and release attributes.Analysis revealed lemon peel extract's significant phenolic content (185 mg Gallic acid equivalent/gm) and flavonoid content (170 gm Quercetin equivalent/gm of extract). The orodispersible granules exhibited favorable flow properties, demonstrating rapid dissolution within 45 to 59 seconds. In vivo assessments showcased heightened immune-boosting efficacy. Moreover, the optimized batch displayed superior in-vivo bioavailability, attaining a peak plasma concentration at 1 hour (88.47 ng/ml).The successful development of herbal granules amalgamating lemon peel extract and banana flour underscores their potential to enhance immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic. These formulations exhibit commendable attributes of quality, consistency, and stability, promising substantial benefits in augmenting immune response.

Direct electrospinning for producing multiple activity nanofibers consisting of aggregated luteolin/hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

Hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HPγCD) inclusion complex nanofibers (Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF) containing Luteolin (Lut) were prepared by electrospinning technology. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the formation of Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the morphology of Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF was uniform and bead-free, suggesting that self-assembled aggregates, macromolecules with higher molecular weights, were formed by strong hydrogen bonding interactions between the cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images showed that Lut was distributed in Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy revealed the change in chemical shift of the proton peak between Lut and HPγCD, confirming the formation of inclusion complex. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF had good thermal stability. The phase solubility test confirmed that HPγCD had a solubilizing effect on Lut. When the solubility of HPγCD reached 10 mM, the solubility of Lut increased by 15-fold. The drug loading test showed that the content of Lut in fibers reached 8.57 ± 0.02 %. The rapid dissolution experiment showed that Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF dissolved within 3 s. The molecular simulation provides three-dimensional evidence for the formation of inclusion complexes between Lut and HPγCD. Antibacterial experiments showed that Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF had enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF exhibited excellent antioxidant properties with a free radical scavenging ability of 89.5 ± 1.1 %. In vitro release experiments showed Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF had a higher release amount of Lut. In conclusion, Lut/HPγCD-IC-NF improved the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of Lut, providing potential applications of Lut in the pharmaceutical field.

Fabrication of controlled porous and ultrafast dissolution porous microneedles by organic-solvent-free ice templating method

Porous Microneedles (PMNs) have been widely used in drug delivery and medical diagnosis owing to their abundant interconnected pores. However, the mechanical strength, the use of organic solvent, and drug loading capacity have long been challenging. Herein, a novel strategy of PMNs fabrication based on the Ice Templating Method is proposed that is suitable for insoluble, soluble, and nanosystem drug loading. The preparation process simplifies the traditional microneedle preparation process with a shorter preparation time. It endows the highly tunable porous morphology, enhanced mechanical strength, and rapid dissolution performance. Micro-CT three-dimensional reconstruction was used to better quantify the internal structures of PMNs, and we further established the equivalent pore network model to statistically analyze the internal pore structure parameters of PMNs. In particular, the mechanical strength is mainly negatively correlated with the surface porosity, while the dissolution velocity is mainly positively correlated with the permeability coefficient by the correlation heatmap. The poorly water-soluble Asiatic acid was encapsulated in PMNs in nanostructured lipid carriers, showing prominent hypertrophic scar healing trends. This work offers a quick and easy way of preparation that may be used to expand PMNs function and be introduced in industrial manufacturing development.

Integrated Janus nanofibers enabled by a co-shell solvent for enhancing icariin delivery efficiency

During the past several decades, nanostructures have played their increasing influences on the developments of novel nano drug delivery systems, among which, double-chamber Janus nanostructure is a popular one. In this study, a new tri-channel spinneret was developed, in which two parallel metal capillaries were nested into another metal capillary in a core–shell manner. A tri-fluid electrospinning was conducted with a solvent mixture as the shell working fluid for ensuring the formation of an integrated Janus nanostructure. The scanning electronic microscopic results demonstrated that the resultant nanofibers had a linear morphology and two distinct compartments within them, as indicated by the image of a cross-section. Fourier Transformation Infra-Red spectra and X-Ray Diffraction patterns verified that the loaded poorly water-soluble drug, i.e. icariin, presented in the Janus medicated nanofibers in an amorphous state, which should be attributed to the favorable secondary interactions between icariin and the two soluble polymeric matrices, i.e. hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The in vitro dissolution tests revealed that icariin, when encapsulated within the Janus nanofibers, exhibited complete release within a duration of 5 min, which was over 11 times faster compared to the raw drug particles. Furthermore, the ex vivo permeation tests demonstrated that the permeation rate of icariin was 16.2 times higher than that of the drug powders. This improvement was attributed to both the rapid dissolution of the drug and the pre-release of the trans-membrane enhancer sodium lauryl sulfate from the PVP side of the nanofibers. Mechanisms for microformation, drug release, and permeation were proposed. Based on the methodologies outlined in this study, numerous novel Janus nanostructure-based nano drug delivery systems can be developed for poorly water-soluble drugs in the future.

Plant polysaccharide-derived edible film packaging for instant food: Rapid dissolution in hot water coupled with exceptional mechanical and barrier characteristics

A comprehensive multiscale analysis was conducted to explore the effects of different ratios of these materials on its properties. The results show that KC played a crucial role in controlling solution viscosity and gel and sol temperatures. The dissolution time at high water temperatures primarily decreased with an increase in SA content. Higher KC and CS content increased tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (ε), while also exhibiting better thermal stability. Water vapor transmission (WVT) and permeability (PV) initially decreased, then increased with the increase of SA and CS contents. Finally, an SA:KC:CS ratio of 1:3:2 showed optimal comprehensive properties, with a dissolution time of about 60.0 ± 3.8 s, TS of 23.80 ± 0.29 MPa, ε of 18.61 ± 0.34 %, WVT of 21.74 ± 0.62 g/m2·24h, and PV of 5.39 ± 0.17 meq/kg. Meanwhile, the SA:KC:CS edible food packaging only introduced minimal effects on food after dissolution, and the total bacterial count met regulatory standards.

Study on Mudcake disintegration in clayey strata during shield tunneling: Effects of dispersants and bentonite slurry

While tunnel boring machines (TBMs) tunneling in clayey strata, the adhered excavated soil on the cutterhead and cutting tools tends to form mudcake after compaction and consolidation. Mudcake can obstruct the cutterhead openings and rendering the cutting tools ineffective, leads to a substantial reduction in advance rate. Dispersants are recognized as an effective method for the disintegration of mudcakes. A novel set of equipment, comprising a mudcake compression device and a mudcake disintegration apparatus, is developed for assessing mudcake disintegration properties. The results showed that mudcakes underwent a tripartite disintegration process in water, including an initial stage, a rapid disintegration stage, and a stable stage. In the initial stage, the mudcakes absorbed water before disintegration, resulting in marginal changes in the weight of the disintegrated mudcakes. In the rapid disintegration stage, the weight of the disintegrated mudcakes increased quickly. During the stable stage, the weight of the disintegrated mudcakes remained relatively constant. The submersion of mudcakes in a dispersant solution substantially increased the rate of disintegration. Greater dispersant concentration corresponded to an increase in the disintegration rate. No weight gain was observed in mudcakes during the initial disintegration stage. When mudcakes disintegrated in a bentonite slurry, the weight of the disintegrated mudcakes initially decreased and then stabilized. The weight of the disintegrated mudcakes turned negative, indicating an increase in the weight of mudcakes. This suggested that bentonite significantly hindered mudcake disintegration.

RAPID DISSOLUTION: DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A NOVEL DRUG FORMULATION

This study focuses on the development and assessment of a novel fast-dissolving drug formulation aimed at improving drug delivery efficiency and patient compliance. The formulation was designed to dissolve rapidly in the oral cavity, facilitating quick absorption and onset of action. Through a systematic approach, the formulation's composition, including excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredients, was optimized to achieve rapid dissolution while maintaining stability and bioavailability. Various techniques, such as direct compression, freeze-drying, and spray drying, were explored to produce the fast-dissolving drug formulation. Evaluation of the formulation involved assessments of dissolution kinetics, drug release profile, physical characteristics, and pharmacokinetic parameters. The results demonstrate the potential of the fast-dissolving drug formulation to offer enhanced drug delivery and improved patient experience, making it a promising option for pharmaceutical development.

Sulfur Encapsulation into Carbon Nanospheres as an Effective Technique to Limit Sulfide Dissolution and Extend the Cycle Life of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Sulfur Encapsulation into Carbon Nanospheres as an Effective Technique to Limit Sulfide Dissolution and Extend the Cycle Life of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Fast dissolving tablet

Fast dissolving tablets have emerged as a popular dosage form, particularly beneficial for pediatric and geriatric patients facing challenges such as dysphagia or hand tremors. These tablets dissolve quickly in saliva without needing water, enhancing compliance and effectiveness of therapy. They offer advantages like easy portability, accurate dosing, and improved bioavailability. Various technologies, including spray drying and melt granulation, have been developed for their manufacturing. This review provides comprehensive information on fast dissolving tablets, covering their definition, advantages, limitations, challenges, and available formulations. The design of an oral drug delivery system prioritizes convenience in administration and improved patient compliance, making it the preferred route of drug delivery despite certain drawbacks. Over the last decade, there has been a growing demand for Fast Disintegrating Tablets (FDTS), turning this field into a rapidly expanding area within the pharmaceutical industry. The formulation’s popularity and effectiveness have led to the development of various FDT technologies. These technologies aim to achieve rapid tablet disintegration and mouth dissolution within five seconds, eliminating the need for chewing or water intake. This characteristic is particularly advantageous for populations such as pediatrics, geriatrics, and patients facing difficulties in swallowing conventional tablets and capsules. The formulation of an easily administrable dosage form, considering challenges like swallowing difficulties and low patient compliance, has driven the creation of orally disintegrating tablets. Traditional preparation methods include spray drying, freeze drying, direct compression, molding, and sublimation. In addition, new technologies have been devised to enhance the production of orodispersible tablets.

Factors influencing the hydration kinetics of ye'elimite; effect of free lime

This study investigates factors influencing the hydration of ye'elimite, comparing stoichiometric ye'elimite-rich clinkers with and without free lime (Y-C and Y, respectively). Although the hydration sequences and products were similar, there were notable differences in their kinetics. Y-C exhibited rapid hydration upon contact with water, followed by a significant slowdown within minutes. Contrary, Y demonstrates a slower early hydration, but reached the main hydration period earlier and proceeded more rapidly thereafter. Solution analyses revealed higher initial calcium and aluminium concentrations for Y-C, while the sulfur concentration was reduced. This was attributed to the rapid dissolution of free lime, along with some ye'elimite, resulting in the instantaneous formation of ettringite and aluminium hydroxide. Consequently, the solution composition was altered, causing delayed onset of monosulfate formation and main hydration period. These findings contribute to understanding the hydraulic reactivity of ye'elimite and its potential implications for cement production processes.

Study of Cellulose Dissolution in ZnO/NaOH/Water Solvent Solution and Its Temperature-Dependent Effect Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

Cellulose is a biopolymer with numerous advantages that make it an ecological, economical, and high-performing choice for various applications. To fully exploit the potential of cellulose, it is often necessary to dissolve it, which poses a current challenge. The aqueous zinc oxide/sodium hydroxide (ZnO/NaOH/Water) system is a preferred solvent for its rapid dissolution, non-toxicity, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature. In this context, the behavior of cellulose chains in the aqueous solution of ZnO/NaOH and the impact of temperature on the solubility of this polymer were examined through a molecular dynamics simulation. The analysis of the root means square deviation (RMSD), interaction energy, hydrogen bond curves, and radial distribution function revealed that cellulose is insoluble in the ZnO/NaOH solvent at room temperature (T = 298 K). Decreasing the temperature in the range of 273 K to 268 K led to a geometric deformation of cellulose chains, accompanied by a decrease in the number of interchain hydrogen bonds over the simulation time, thus confirming the solubility of cellulose in this system between T = 273 K and T = 268 K.

Tumor lysis syndrome following letrozole for locally advanced breast cancer: a case report

BackgroundLetrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, is used to treat breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a complication that can trigger multiple organ failure caused by the release of intracellular nucleic acids, phosphate, and potassium into the blood due to rapid tumor cell disintegration induced by drug therapy. TLS is uncommon in solid tumors and occurs primarily in patients receiving chemotherapy. Herein, we report a rare occurrence of TLS that developed in a patient with locally advanced breast cancer following treatment with letrozole.Case presentationAn 80-year-old woman with increased bleeding from a fist-sized left-sided breast mass presented to our hospital. Histological examination led to a diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma of the luminal type. The patient refused chemotherapy and was administered hormonal therapy with letrozole. Seven days after letrozole initiation, she complained of anorexia and diarrhea. Blood test results revealed elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels, and she was admitted to our hospital for intravenous infusions. On the second day after admission, marked elevations of LDH, BUN, Cr, potassium, calcium, and uric acid levels were observed. Furthermore, metabolic acidosis and prolonged coagulation capacity were observed. We suspected TLS and discontinued letrozole, and the patient was treated with hydration, febuxostat, and maintenance hemodialysis. On the third day after admission, her respiratory status worsened because of acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with hypercytokinemia, and she was intubated. On the fourth day after admission, her general condition did not improve, and she died.ConclusionsAlthough TLS typically occurs after chemotherapy initiation, the findings from the present case confirm that this syndrome can also occur after hormonal therapy initiation and should be treated with caution.

Cellulose nanocrystals as an innovative superdisintegrant for oral dispersible tablets

Oral Dispersible Tablets (ODTs), designed for rapid disintegration in the oral cavity, offer advantages such as easy administration for diverse populations and faster drug absorption. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has been a traditional choice as a disintegrant, but its limitations have led to increased interest in cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This study focuses on obtaining and characterizing CNCs derived from MCC by sulfuric acid hydrolysis, exploring different times and drying methods (lyophilization or spray drying). At a 50 % v/v acid concentration for 60 min at 45 °C it was possible to extract CNC with a 76 % yield. When lyophilized, CNC micrographs showed large aggregates with few isolated particles, while the spray-dried samples were seen as free, elongated particles. The resulting CNCs, with enhanced properties like high hydrophilicity and surface area, are investigated for their impact on ODT formulations. All of them disintegrated faster than 10 s. A comprehensive analysis of ODTs' disintegration mechanism was also undertaken. The drying method dictates the predominant disintegration mechanism, even though this is also influenced by the nanoparticle size. Therefore, the study contributes insights into the potential of CNCs as innovative superdisintegrants, offering a promising path for improving oral drug delivery systems.

Review Article A Detailed Study on Disintegrating Agents and an Overview on Oral Disintegration Tablet

Nowadays, the administration of drugs through the oral route is becoming less common, accounting for only about 75% of all drug administrations compared to other routes. A new type of dosage form called oral disintegrating tablets has gained popularity in recent decades due to their rapid disintegration and dissolution. These tablets disintegrate in the mouth within seconds (25-40 seconds) without the need for water, as the oral mucosa alone is sufficient for the tablet to dissolve. The selection of a suitable disintegrating agent is crucial to achieve optimal bioavailability. A preparation may contain one or multiple disintegrating agents to ensure maximum disintegration and bioavailability. These tablets are also known as Oro disintegration tablets. Disintegrating agents are rarely used in solid unit dosage forms, typically comprising only 1-10% of the total dosage unit. The use of super disintegrates in these tablets enhances the drug's efficacy by promoting rapid dissolution. Various disintegrating agents, super disintegrates, and excipients are employed in the formulation of oral disintegrating tablets. This review article provides an overview of different types of disintegrates, including natural, polymer, and synthetic ones, as well as formulation methods, applications, and various parameters of oral disintegrating tablets. These tablets are particularly well-liked by pediatric patients and those who prefer generic medications. Oral disintegrating tablets are highly preferred in the treatment of dysphagia and oral disorders among patients. Keywords: - Oral disintegrating tablets, Oro disintegrating tablets, Disintegrates, Super disintegrates and Fast dissolution tablet.

Budesonide Attains Its Wide Clinical Profile by Alternative Kinetics.

The introduction of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) changed over a few decades the treatment focus of mild-to-moderate asthma from bronchodilation to reduction in inflammation. This was achieved by inhaling a suitable corticosteroid (CS), giving a high, protracted airway concentration at a low total dose, thereby better combining efficacy and tolerance than oral therapy. Successful trials with the potent, lipophilic "skin" CS beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) paved the way, suggesting that ICSs require a very low water solubility, prolonging their intraluminal dissolution within airways. The subsequent ICS development, with resulting clinical landmarks, is exemplified here with budesonide (BUD), showing that a similar efficacy/safety relationship is achievable by partly alternative mechanisms. BUD is much less lipophilic, giving it a 100-fold higher water solubility than BDP and later developed ICSs, leading to its more rapid intraluminal dissolution and faster airway and systemic uptake rates. In airway tissue, a BUD fraction is reversibly esterified to intracellular fatty acids, a lipophilic conjugate, which prolongs airway efficacy. Another mechanism is that the rapidly absorbed bulk fraction, via short plasma peaks, adds anti-inflammatory activity at the blood and bone marrow levels. Importantly, these plasma peaks are too short to provoke systemic adverse actions. Controlled clinical trials with BUD changed the use of ICS from a last resort to first-line treatment. Starting ICS treatment immediately after diagnosis ("early intervention") became a landmark for BUD. An established dose response made BUD suitable for the treatment of patients with all degrees of asthma severity. With the development of the budesonide/formoterol combination inhaler (BUD/FORM), BUD contributed to the widely used BUD/FORM maintenance and reliever therapy (MART). Recent studies demonstrated the value of BUD/FORM as a generally recommended as-needed therapy for asthma ("anti-inflammatory reliever", AIR). These abovementioned qualities have all influenced international asthma management and treatment guidelines.