Rapid Chloride Permeability Test Research Articles

Single and synergistic enhancement on durability of geopolymer mortar by polyvinyl alcohol fiber and nano-SiO2

To determine the optimal dosage of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber and Nano-SiO2 (NS) in metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) based geopolymer mortar from the perspective of enhancement on durability of geopolymer mortar, the single and binary effects of PVA fiber and NS was explored. The compressive strength tests, rapid chloride permeability (RCP) tests, freezing-thawing cycle tests, sulfate wet–dry cycle tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation were conducted to evaluate the enhancement of PVA fiber and NS on compressive strength and durability of MK-FA based geopolymer mortar. The results showed that the application of PVA fiber and NS in appropriate dosage had significant improvement on compressive strength and durability of MK and FA based geopolymer mortar no matter they were used in single or blended addition. The best modification effect can be achieved when PVA fiber and NS were used together. The optimal mixing contents of PVA fiber and NS were 0.6–0.8 v% and 1.0–2.0 wt%, respectively. The results obtained in this study will enrich the knowledge system on properties of PVA fiber and NS modified geopolymer composites, which can provide guidance for the further promotion application of MK-FA based geopolymer mortar.

Comparison of data mining methods to predict mechanical properties of concrete with fly ash and alccofine

In order to predict the influence of fly ash (FA) and Alccofine (AL) on the compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), split tensile strength (STS), and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) of concrete in a different age of samples, an experimental-based dataset was selected. This research was carried out by investigating the forecasting accuracy of different data mining (DM) models. To gain this, a score-based system is proposed to compare the applied method's productivity based on R, RMSE, and MAE results. As shown in the results, CS, FS, STS, and RCPT's predicted values are very close to the experimental values in both training and testing samples. By considering the highest R among the developed models, the MLP model was the most efficient algorithm, at 0.9983, 0.9981, and 0.985 to predict CS, FS, and STS, respectively. Regarding RCPT results, Additive regression algorithm has the highest accuracy with TRS at 53. According to the ranking score, for prediction all four mechanical properties of concrete modified with FA and AL, among the applied models, SMOreg has the lowest rank, and GPR could be recognized as the second-best method.

Mechanical and Durability Characteristics Assessment of Geopolymer Composite (GPC) at Varying Silica Fume Content

The present study aimed at assessing mechanical and durability characteristics of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)-based geopolymer composites at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% replacement proportion of silica fume at 12 molarity of NaOH. Mechanical properties were assessed using compression and tension tests, whereas durability characteristics were evaluated using ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV), acid test, and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), and water absorption (WA) test. Additionally, reduction in mass and strength were also determined due to the acid action on the developed composites. A correlation of compressive strength was also established with the splitting tensile strength, UPV, RCPT, and WA. The presence of silica fume and high NaOH concentration in GPC tends to improve the mechanical strength up toa certain level. UPV values obtained were falling in the range of medium to good category. Chloride ion penetration and water absorption values were reduced by around 23% and 26%, respectively, at 10% silica fume replacement. Mass loss and strength loss were reduced as the % of silica fume increased. A good correlation of compressive strength was obtained with tensile strength, UPV, and RCPT with a coefficient of determination of 0.9681, 0.9665, and 0.9208, respectively. Poor correlation was obtained between compressive strength and water absorption.

Physical and durability properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibre reinforced concrete

Utilisation of recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste in construction materials contributes towards the environmental sustainability by reducing the accumulation of non-degradable waste into the nature. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge about the material behaviour of recycled PET fibre reinforced concrete (RPFRC). The present work investigates the influence of recycled PET fibres on the physical properties of concrete, with a focus on the durability, acoustic properties, and the mechanical response to heat exposure. Mixtures with varying fibre dimensions and fibre volumes were prepared. Fibre addition reduced the bulk density, increased the permeable void volume, and decreased the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) of concrete, suggesting possible porosity formations within. Water permeability of RPFRC samples was substantially higher than the concrete without fibres and the findings were in agreement with rapid chloride permeability test results. Sound permeability was slightly reduced by fibre addition. RPFRC samples were heated at three different temperatures and tested for compressive and flexural strengths. At room temperature, fibre addition caused negligible variations in compressive strength but notable increase in flexural strength. Strength values were reduced slightly with fibre addition when samples were exposed to 100 °C and 200 °C, indicating possible response of PET fibres to high-temperature exposure.

Development and characterisation of bacteria as a potential application in enduring the mechanical and durability characteristic of cement composite

ABSTRACT The current research focuses on the biomineralization in cement composite by Bacillus sphaericus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) was isolated from the soil beneath the leaked sewage pipe. Harvesting the E. coli bacteria required isolation, growth, cultivation and characterisation. Furthermore, the potential of micro-organisms was checked on the mechanical properties of the cement composite and durability properties such as water absorption, rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), and ultrasonic pulse velocity on 7- and 28-day curing period respectively. The bacterial cell concentration of 106, 107 and 108 cells/ml were chosen and mixed during concrete manufacturing. The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the concrete prepared from micro-cultures exhibiting improvements over strength. CNT-EC8 was showing 18.73% (39.3 N/mm2) and 13.08% higher compressive and split tensile strength during 28 days respectively. Despite this, they also show 33.07% and 45.14% lesser charge passage rate in RCPT test respectively. The bacterium was shown to be capable of producing calcite precipitation, filling the micro pores and improving the cement composite’s durability. As a result, using microbially generated crystal in concrete can be a useful strategy for lowering permeability and developing long-lasting concrete.

Physical and mechanical characterization of sand replaced stone dust concrete

In this research work, physical, chemical, morphological, and mechanical behavior as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. Stone dust was acquired from three different sources i.e. Nowshera, Dara, and Besai, while concrete was kept at a ratio of 1:2:4 and water to cement ratio at 0.5 as per ASTM standards for considerable workability. The compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), its correlation, density, durability test, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, and Scanning electron microscopy was carried out. Compressive strength at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days with 20%, 30%, and 40% replacement of sand was incorporated in concrete. The results indicated a slight increase in compressive strength at 20% replacement level for the Besai Concrete (BC), Nowshera Concrete (NC), and Dara Concrete (DC). For durability analysis; Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) carried out on hardened stone dust-based concrete shows that with the addition of stone dust the voids between fine and coarse aggregates are filled up, less charge will pass, and ultimately durability is increased as per ASTM C 1202. The chemical composition of the stone dust samples, through XRF analysis, indicated that Silica dioxide (SiO2) compounds present in (NC), (DC), and (BC) were 13.34%, 12.339% & 11.593% respectively. The maximum compressive strength development in NC was possibly due to the presence of SiO2 compound in excess quantity in Nowshera stone dust as compared to other samples tested. Hence it can be recommended that locally available stone dust in Peshawar and its surrounding are suitable for a maximum of 40% replacement level.

Properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete made with rice husk ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) is an agricultural by-product obtained from incineration of abundantly available rice husk (RH) which can be used as a substitute for cement. In this study, RHA up to 30% has been utilized as partial replacement of cement by weight along with fly ash as one of the components in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Experimental programs were conducted to evaluate the fresh properties of SCC. Strength properties i.e. compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and durability properties such as sorptivity, water absorption & porosity, rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), sulphate resistance were also evaluated up to the age of 365 days. It was found that the inclusion of RHA up to 15% had a positive effect on strength properties while durability properties improved significantly at all replacement levels of RHA. The compressive strength results were verified with microstructure analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, it was observed that material cost savings of up to 18% can be achieved by using up to 30% of RHA along with reduction in the carbon footprint and embodied energy. Multi linear regression models were established to predict the strength and durability properties at different curing ages and replacement levels of RHA.

Experimental study of the mechanical and durability properties of Slag and Calcined Clay based geopolymer composite

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the mechanical strength and durability properties of the geopolymer composites developed at different ground granulated blast furnace slag and calcined clay proportions. The compressive and split tensile strengths of the developed composites were investigated at 7, 28 and 56 days of ambient air curing after 24 h of heat curing at 60°C. The durability properties were investigated using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test, acid and sulphate attack test using 5% H2SO4 and 5% MgSO4, respectively, and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) at 28 and 56 days. The compressive strength and the split tensile strength test results of the geopolymer composite showed improvements over the conventional concrete. RCPT test result shows higher resistance to the chloride ion penetration as compared to conventional concrete both at 28 and 56 days. Acid attack test showed better resistance of geopolymer composite. Water absorption and sorptivity values showed lower water permeability of the geopolymer composite as compared to conventional concrete. The UPV values also improved as the proportion of calcined clay in the mix is increased. A good correlation of compressive strength with UPV and RCPT was obtained.

Assessing the influence of fly ash and polypropylene fiber on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of concrete

This paper focuses on the investigation of fresh, mechanical, and durability properties of concrete with the influence of fly ash and polypropylene fiber. In this study, cement was partially replaced by 15 % and 30 % fly ash content in weight, whereas polypropylene fiber was incorporated in concrete mixes at 0.06 %, 0.12 %, and 0.18 % by volume. Twelve concrete mix proportions were developed, and slump, density, ball penetration, and compacting factor tests were conducted to examine the fresh concrete properties. Besides, mechanical characteristics, including the uniaxial compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete, were evaluated at 7, 28, and 90 days. Further tests of concrete durability, including rapid chloride permeability test, sorptivity, and water penetration, were performed at 90 days. The results exhibited that the incorporation of fly ash developed fresh concrete properties, while polypropylene fiber decreased the fresh characteristics of concrete. Furthermore, the combination of fly ash and polypropylene fiber in concrete was substantially attained to improve the mechanical and durability characteristics compared to the control mix. Mix proportion of 15 % fly ash and 0.12 % polypropylene fiber exhibited a pronounced influence on compressive strength, chloride permeability, sorptivity, and water penetration compared to other concrete mixtures.

Sustainable use of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and the treated industrial wastewater in self-compacting concrete

The vast amount of solid waste landfilling and discharging of wastewater in surface water or groundwater increases water pollution. Therefore, reusing solid waste and wastewater is vital. We studied the feasibility of using different percentages of simultaneous municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWIBA) and the treated industrial wastewater in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Also, producing concrete using MSWIBA and tap water was performed. The workability (Slump flow, J-ring, T50, V-funnel, sieve segregation, and Visual Stability Index tests), mechanical property (compressive strength), durability (water adsorption and rapid chloride penetration tests), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image, and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) of SCCs were carried out. The workability of different SCCs mixtures, including different percent of MSWIBA (replacing instead of natural aggregates) with tap water or the treated industrial wastewater, was reached the suitable level and satisfied European guidelines for SCCs and ASTM C1585 by adopting the rate of superplasticizer. The results indicated that the compressive strength decreased with increasing the MSWIBA content in concrete samples using tap water. However, using MSWIBA and the treated industrial wastewater led to increasing compressive strength compared to SCC using both MSWIBA and tap water. When it was used MSWIBA and the treated industrial wastewater simultaneously in SCCs, the water adsorption and rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) results decreased compared to the concrete samples using MSWIBA and tap water. The SEM images present fewer pores and cracks while using the treated industrial wastewater in SCCs. The TCLP results of SCCs include concurrent MSWIBA, and the treated wastewater is below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1311.

Feasibility study of using wash water from ready mixed concrete plant and synthetic wastewater based on tap water with different total dissolved solid to produce self-compacting concrete

Lack of freshwater, especially in arid climates, persuades many countries to work on optimized water consumption. One of the industries, which uses a vast amount of tap water for producing concrete is construction. In this regard, researchers encourage to study the feasibility of using wash water from ready-mixed concrete plants or different types of wastewater instead of tap water in the concrete. In the present work, the workability, mechanical, and durability properties of the self-compacting concrete (SCC) with 0.5 water to cement (W/C) ratio, 400 kg/m3 cement, and 175 kg/m3 limestone powder was studied. The Visual Stability Index (VSI) and the slump flow time(T50) results indicate that the use of wash water from the ready-mixed concrete plant or synthetic wastewater negatively affects the workability of SCC compared with the control sample(C). Besides, the results of the J-ring and column segregation index of different SCC specimens increased in comparison with the control sample. However, all mentioned workability is in the range of Integrated Command Accounting and Reporting(ICAR) System recommendations. It means that using wash water and synthetic wastewater in SCC may be applicable in practice regarding workability. The 28 days compressive strength of all SCC specimens using wash water or synthetic wastewater instead of tap water was reduced, excluding concrete using synthetic wastewater containing 1000 mg/L Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) that increases the compressive strength by 13.35%. The compressive strength of concrete using the wash water from the ready-mixed concrete plant decreased by 2.87% compared to control specimens. The 28 days of flexural strength of SCC specimens using wash water or synthetic wastewater were increased, except using synthetic wastewater with TDS of 5000 and 10,000 mg/L, which flexural strength decreased. The use of synthetic wastewater or wash water instead of tap increased 30- minute water adsorption compared to control samples, except for synthetic wastewater with a TDS of 1000 mg/L. The Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) results of the SCC sample are in the low permeability range, except for applying synthetic wastewater with a TDS of 10,000 mg/L. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images also confirmed a decrease in durability and compressive strength when using wash water or synthetic wastewater with TDS of 3000,5000 and 10,000 mg/L. As a general, wash water from ready-mixed concrete plants and synthetic wastewater with different TDS using in SCC need further research for using them in practice.

An experimental study on influence of graphene oxide in silica fume blended concrete

Micro cracks in concrete is a prevalent problem which contributes to the deterioration of concrete over the course of time. Considering the micro scale of size that these cracks possess, many developments were made in recent days where nano particles like nano-silica and other carbon nano materials like graphene which is a wonder material used to make a stronger,greener concrete are being employed in the manufacture of concrete to build resistance against these cracks and their further propagation. This paper reports the influence of graphene oxide incorporated in silica fume blended concrete at different doses the dosage of graphene oxide was 0.03% and 0.05%. Two types of mixes are developed by the inclusion of graphene oxide (GO) and silica fume (SF) which are named as SF concrete, GO in SF blended concrete; these results were compared with the conventional concrete. The current study focuses on the influence of GO Mechanical properties, XRD analysis, and Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) is performed to measure the chloride resistance of silica fume-based graphene oxide concrete. The mechanical properties and chloride ion permeability with inclusion of 0.03% GO have shown better results compared to the other mixes. From the XRD analysis it has been noticed that the peak intensity at 26° for 0.03% GO concrete mix is higher than silica fume induced concrete mix.

Mechanical properties on light weight aggregate concrete using high density polyethylene granules

This present research and explores the properties of concrete's structural and durability High-density polyethylene granules (HDPE) are partly replaced by the coarse aggregate. Five separate concrete mixtures of grade M30 have been built to partially replace the coarse aggregate from 1% to 5%. The properties of strength and durability such as compressive strength, split tensile test, flexural test and durability test such as rapid chloride permeability test, acid test, alkaline test, sulphate test assault. In the acids, the samples will equate with control concrete after 190 days for durability test cubes. The experiment is conducted to evaluate how much the acid attacks on the concrete. The loads are determined by an average of 3 for the compressive strength, split tensile, flexural test.

Comprehensive study on performance of glass fibers-based concrete

Concrete is a typical brittle material; it has poor ductility, low tensile strength, and prone to micro-cracks. To overcome this behavior, alkali-resistant glass fibers (AGF) are added to concrete in present study, and this is the principal route for usage of glass fibers in structural concrete from laboratory investigation to industrial usage. Here, alkali-resistant glass fibers are used as an additive to concrete with 1–3% of cement weight. Moreover, detailed investigations were conducted on workability (slump cone test), mechanical strength (split tensile, compressive, and flexural strength tests), durability studies [Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) and Accelerated corrosion test (ACT)] and microstructure analysis [Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS)]. Glass fibers additive mixes have shown a negative effect on fresh properties and positive impact on durability and mechanical properties with increased addition of it. Meanwhile, the microstructure analysis reported that bonding between cementitious matrix and glass fiber is adequate up to 2%. The addition of glass fibers enriched dense surface formation of concrete.

An Experimental Investigation on Geopolymer Concrete Utilising Micronized Biomass Silica and GGBS

In the atmosphere greenhouse gases concentration has rapidly increased due to anthropogenic activities which cause global warming. Portland cement manufacturing process requires enormous amount of energy and also consumes huge quantity of natural resources. To overcome this issue, Portland cement free geopolymer concrete is produced with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as main binder and micronized biomass silica (MBS) is substituted in place of GGBS at different quantities. Experimental investigation highlighting mechanical properties and durability performance of geopolymer concrete mixes produced with GGBS and MBS are presented here. Rice husk is used in the manufacture of MBS. Compressive, flexural, split tensile strength, elastic modulus and durability parameters like water absorption, sorptivity, rapid chloride permeability test were conducted. Geopolymer concrete mix with 20 percent MBS and remaining GGBS as binder was found to have optimal strength and durability performance. However, the compressive strength was above the target design strength for all the geopolymer concrete mixes. This experimental investigation vindicates the feasibility of utilizing MBS as a binder raw material in geopolymer concrete production.

Investigation of different permeability properties of self‐healing cementitious composites under colloidal nano silica curing conditions

AbstractIn this study, the self‐healing behavior of engineered cemetitious composites (ECC) containing different types and quantities of fly ash (FA) under colloidal nano silica (CNS) curing conditions was investigated through the examination of their different permeability properties. FA in two different characters, Class F and Class C, were used in the preparation of the mixtures in high volumes (FA/portland cement = 1.2 and 2.2). Self‐healing capacities developed under CNS curing conditions were evaluated by changes in different permeability properties such as rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) and electrical impedance measurement methods. In addition to these, the self‐healing effects of the cracked composites were supported by microstructure analysis with the help of SEM–EDX and XRD tests on the sections taken from the crack interface of the sample. The results have showed that the CNS curing condition helps improve the permeability properties of composites by quickly and effectively covering their micro pores and cracks. In addition, the results of the experiment have revealed the effects of the use of different types and quantities of FA on the self‐healing behavior of the ECC material. Finally, correlation analysis of ECC samples was applied according to the results obtained from EI and RCPT test methods and it was revealed that there was a negative significant relationship between test methods.

Permeation-durability properties of metakaolin blended concrete containing rubber

Numerous works investigating the use of rubber waste as aggregate in concrete have been well documented. Most of the works covered the enhancement method in improving the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete. However, limited works on permeation-durability related characteristics of rubberized concrete have been reported. In this study, further understanding on metakaolin blended concrete containing 10% treated crumb rubber with respect to its permeation-durability behaviour is discovered. The effectiveness of rubberized concrete with the two-stage approach where sodium hydroxide solution treated crumb rubber combined with 15% metakaolin was evaluated on workability, compressive strength, permeation, and durability properties at a different level of superplasticizer (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0%). The permeation tests included absorption and permeability whereas rapid chloride permeability and carbonation tests were for durability assessment. The results showed that the reduction in permeation properties and better durability resistance were achieved at a superplasticizer level of 0.75%. Thus, it can be concluded that the good workability of concrete mixture able to discontinued pore connectivity and resulted in high permeation and durability resistance of metakaolin blended-rubberized concrete.

Modeling compressive, split tensile strength and chloride ion penetration of concrete incorporating marble powder

The use of recycle materials as concrete ingredients has gained popularity because of increasingly stringent environmental legislation. This research paper check the possibility of replacement of sand (Fine aggregate) by marble powder recovered from marble slurry waste of marble processing units from 0% to 20 %, in production of concrete. This Research paper explore the mathematical modeling of compression strength of concrete cube specimens cured at 7 & 28 days, Split Tensile Strength at 28 days and Chloride penetration resistance of cylindrical concrete specimens cured at 28 days incorporating Marble Powder. Experimental investigation done on various concrete specimens to acknowledge compressive, split tensile strength and chloride penetration. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has been substituted with 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% by Marble Powder than after Concrete Cubes & cylindrical specimens prepared accordingly. Compressive strength test, Split Tensile Strength Test has been done concrete specimens and Rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) has been done on cylindrical specimens. Three predictive regression models has been developed, one for compression strength (CS) of concrete cubes at 7, 28 days and second one for split tensile strength (STS) of concrete samples at 28 days age and last model for RCPT value i.e. charge passed Q@28days in cylindrical concrete specimens. Chloride penetration predictive Model Q @ 28 Days has value of 0.93, 0.69, 200.11 and 0.022 for R Square, Adjusted R Square, Standard Error, and P value. All predictive math models has been confirmed by data in complete range and has superior precision, correlation with experimental data and results.

Improving thermal and mechanical properties of light weight aggregate concrete using inorganic phase changing material, expanded clay aggregate, alccofine1203 and manufacturing sand

The present work focuses on enhancing the thermal properties of Light Weight Aggregate Concrete (ECAC) using Expanded Clay Aggregate (ECA) as a carrier for inorganic Phase Change Material (PCM) (Hydrated salt-24 (HS24) with melting point 24 °C) for M30 grade concrete. As PCM incorporation in concrete reduces mechanical properties which can be improve by addition of alccofine1203 which is ultrafine slag developed by Ambuja cement Pvt. Ltd and manufactured in India. Alccofine1203 was used as a partial replacement (10% and 20%) of cement, and Manufacturing sand (M-sand) was completely replaced with fine aggregate. ECA was immersed in liquid PCM at 3 different temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C) for 24 h, to determine the maximum absorption capacity of ECA, and these arregates were patially replaced (10% and 20%) with coarse aggregate. After immersion process now, these aggregates are again immersed in cement slurry for next 2hrs to avoid leakage of PCM from ECA. Leakage of PCM-ECA aggregates was carried using diffusion oozoning circle test. When coating of cement slury was applied on PCM-ECA material, leakage was reduced by 40% for all the mixes.Total 7 mixes were prepared with 175 specimens including reference mix. Different tests were conducted to evaluate its mechanical, thermal, durability and leakage properties of ECAC. As the percentage of PCM-ECA was increased from 10 to 20% its compressive and flexural strength decreased but when the same amount of PCM-ECA was incorporated with combination of alccofine1203 (10% and 20%), strength was increased by 11%. Thermal conductivity for 20% PCM-ECA gave the lowest value of all the mixes, and the percentage decrease was 28.31%. All the mix had low or moderate value for its rapid chloride permeability test (Durability test) which is a good sign of indication. In the leakage test, when 20% PCM-ECA was incorporated, 4% Leakage was observed when without coating PCM-ECA was incorporated, but it was reduced to 1.5% when cement slurry coating was applied on it.

Replacement of OPC by Zirconium Nano Particle in Concrete

It has been shown nanoparticles can act as heterogeneous nuclei for cement pastes, further accelerating cement hydration because of their high reactivity. As a nano-filler, it densifying the microstructure, thereby, leading to a reduced porosity. Because of ultrafine size, nanoparticles show unique physical and chemical properties different from those of the conventional materials. Because of their unique properties, nanoparticles have gained good attention in construction fields. In this study, 1% cement was placed with ZrO2 nanoparticle of 33 nm to improve the mechanical (compression strength and split tensile strength), durability (Rapid chloride permeability and carbonation test) and microstructural (FESEM) properties in concrete structures and results are compared with normal concrete.