Radish Research Articles

Toxicity Assessment of Tannery Sludge Extract During Early Seedling Growth in Brassica nigra, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Raphanus sativus and Capsicum frutescens

Tannery sludge (TS) contains a number of useful components like Organic carbon, Organic Matter, PO43-, Ca2+, Mg2+, and other nutrients essential for plant growth. However, presence of water-soluble toxic metals in TS may cause phytotoxicity. Primary objective of this work was to adopt a bio-chemical strategy for assessing the potential consequences of agricultural application of tannery sludge, via sludge characterization and subsequent bioassay investigations. Heavy metal concentration in the TS was found to be in the order of: Cr (19576±2065.52) > Pb (16.98±2.54) > Cu (1.76±0.20) > Ni (0.98±0.00) > Cd (0.19±0.00) mg kg-1. Further, bioassay tests were performed in terms of germination index (GI), relative seed germination (RSG) and relative root growth (RRG) on Brassica nigra, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, Raphanus sativus, and Capsicum frutescens. RSG and RRG were found to be more than 80% whereas, GI was > 66% in all the tested crops exposed to TS extract at 1:5 and 1:10 (w/v) dilutions. Results revealed that the toxicants present in the TS were failed to cause toxicity at early seedling growth and may be used as a soil conditioner after appropriate dilution. However, long term field trails are essential before agricultural utilization.

Study of ilmenite and zero valent iron nanoparticles for persulfate activation in disinfection of wastewater

This study examines the activation of persulfate (PS) using two different iron sources, namely ilmenite (ILM) and zero valent iron nanoparticles (ZVI), under UV-A radiation, to eliminate Enterococcus sp. in simulated wastewater in a recirculating batch reactor. The best combination of PS/ILM/UV-A was found with a PS concentration of 5 mM and an ILM concentration of 5 g/L, resulting in a 2.76- log reduction of Enterococcus sp. after 120 min. Lower dosages of oxidant and catalyst were required in the PS/ZVI/UV-A system (3 mM PS and 0.1 g/L ZVI), achieving the complete inactivation of Enterococcus sp. in 60 min. ZVI was more effective at inactivating Enterococcus sp. colonies than ILM. Additionally, the treatment performed better at neutral pH than in acidic or basic conditions, which could facilitate applications on a larger scale. Furthermore, ZVI could be recovered with minimal loss of efficacy thanks to its magnetic properties. The mechanistic study indicated that SO4•- radicals are the primary radicals involved in the elimination of Enterococcus sp. through PS activation. Phytotoxicity studies showed that the process is not phytotoxic to Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) germination but is to Raphanus sativus (radish).

Introduction pages, Notulae Scientia Biologicae 16(3), 2024

Notulae Scientia Biologicae (http://www.notulaebiologicae.ro), Issue 3, Volume 16, 2024: The papers published in this issue represent interesting novelties in different topics of life science. Among the exciting research or reviews, we invite readers to find news about: Exogenous nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide as biotechnological tools for enhancing plant adaptation to cold; Optimization of the production of a new milk clotting enzyme by Aspergillus flavus thermophile on agro-industrial residues medium and characterization of the enzyme; Chemical composition and potential pharmacological applications of Centaurea acaulis L.; Evaluation of antimalarial compounds in Prosopis africana stem bark fractions against Plasmodium berghei; Bioactive potential of Algerian Citrullus colocynthis resin: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; Analysis of chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruit thick and green tea leaf extracts; In silico analysis of Cucumis pubescens Willd. fruit extract phytocompounds and its activity against anti-diabetic targets; In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of different bacterial isolates against Botrytis gray mold of tomato; Integrated characterization and in vitro biocontrol of Fusarium sp. using Trichoderma asperellum; Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under cadmium stress; Delineating drought-induced antioxidative traits as potential mechanisms for climate resilience in Argania spinosa.

Phosphorus-loaded coconut biochar: A novel strategy for cadmium remediation and soil fertility enhancement

The management of cadmium (Cd) contamination in soils poses a significant environmental challenge. This study investigates the effectiveness of phosphorus (P)-loaded coconut biochar, synthesized at various pyrolysis temperatures (450°C, 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C), in immobilizing Cd and enhancing P availability in soil environments. The biochar underwent a series of treatments including activation and P enrichment, followed by incubation trials to evaluate its performance in Cd immobilization and P bioavailability enhancement across varying soil concentrations (0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 2.0 %) over time periods of 15, 30, and 45 days. Remediation progress was monitored using phytotoxicity assessments with radish (Raphanus sativus) root length as a bioindicator, supplemented by urease activity analyses. Notably, the activation process increased the P loading capacity of biochar produced at 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C by 54.6 %, 72.4 %, and 51.8 %, respectively, while reducing the P retention capacity of biochar prepared at 600°C by 31.0 %. The biochar activated at 550°C presented the highest efficiency in remediating Cd-contaminated soils. Key findings indicate that the enhanced specific surface area and oxygenated functional group content of the activated biochar facilitated Cd adsorption and P uptake. The P-loaded biochar exhibited a substantial adsorption capacity for Cd, particularly effective at lower concentrations, rendering it highly suitable for soil remediation purposes. Additionally, the study revealed that the application of biochar led to an increase in soil pH, resulting in precipitation of Cd as hydroxide species and formation of insoluble complexes with phosphate ions, thereby reducing its bioavailability. In summary, incorporating P-loaded biochar into soil significantly improved soil quality and enhanced Cd passivation in contaminated soils. The utilization of biochar produced at 550°C, which exhibited optimal performance, suggests a practical and sustainable approach for soil remediation. Future research endeavors should prioritize the refinement of the biochar production process to enhance cost-effectiveness while maintaining high P loading efficiency.

Swine wastewater co-exposed with veterinary antibiotics enhanced the antibiotic resistance of endophytes in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

The widespread utilization of antibiotics in livestock has promoted the accumulation and diffusion of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils and crops. Here we investigated the mechanisms of antibiotic uptake and accumulation in swine wastewater (SW)-treated radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and subsequent impacts on endophyte antibiotic resistance. Under SW treatments, exposure to 500 μg/L sulfamethazine (SMZ) and enrofloxacin (EFX) significantly affected radish biomass, with SMZ causing 63.0% increases and EFX causing 36.3% decreases relative to the untreated control. EFX uptake by radish were from 5 to 100-folds over SMZ. Passive diffusion through anion channel proteins on cell membranes was an important route for SMZ uptake, while both passive diffusion and energy-dependent processes contributed to the uptake of EFX. Bacterial community was time-dependent as a function of both antibiotics and SW, the bacterial alpha diversity in liquid solution co-treated with antibiotics and SW increased over time. The abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the roots was positively correlated with ARGs in the Hoagland's solution under antibiotic-alone treatments. EFX co-exposure with SW enhanced the dissemination of ARGs from swine wastewater into plant roots, and significant correlations existed between ARGs and integrons in both Hoagland's solution and roots. These findings increased our understanding of the fate of antibiotics in crops and their subsequent impacts on antibiotic resistance of endophytic bacteria.

Identification and variation of a new restorer of fertility gene that induces cleavage in orf138 mRNA of Ogura male sterility in radish

Key messageA new restorer of fertility gene, Rfs, of Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in radish encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein that binds to 15 nucleotides in mRNA of the CMS gene, orf138. Nucleotide substitutions in both Rfs and orf138 determine effectiveness and specificity of restoration.Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in plants caused by the expression of abnormal mitochondrial genes results from impaired pollen production. The manifestation of CMS is suppressed by the restorer of fertility (Rf) genes in the nuclear genome. Thus, the CMS-Rf system is a suitable model for studying the direct interactions of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. At least nine haplotypes, of which Type B is ancestry, have been reported for the Ogura CMS gene, orf138, in radish (Raphanus sativus). We previously observed that Rfo encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein, ORF687, which inhibits the translation of orf138 is ineffective in one haplotype (i.e., Type H). Here, we carried out map-based cloning of another Rf gene (Rfs) that cleaves the orf138 mRNA of Type H. Rfs produces a PPR protein consisting of 15 PPR motifs that binds to the mRNA, cleaving the mRNA at about 50nt downstream of the binding site. However, Rfs was ineffective for Type A because of a single nucleotide substitution in the binding site. Both Rfo and Rfs suppress orf138 expression in ancestral Type B, but they are rendered ineffective in Type H and Type A, respectively, by a single nucleotide substitution in orf138.

Eco(geno)toxicity of an acaricidal formulation containing chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, and fenthion on different plant models and Artemia salina L.

The mixture of pesticides is widely employed in cattle farming to combat ectoparasite resistance, such as ticks. The commercial formulation COLOSSO FC30, which contains three active ingredients (Cypermethrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Fenthion), stands out due to its efficiency. However, animals exposed to this product may become vectors of potentially toxic molecules, possibly causing contamination in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In light of this, this study evaluated the eco(geno)toxic potential of the commercial formulation COLOSSO FC30, using plants (Allium cepa L., Lactuca sativa L., Raphanus sativus L., Pennisetum glaucum L., and Triticum aestivum L.) and Artemia salina L. as model organisms. In the phytotoxicity test, the species were ranked in order of sensitivity to the commercial formulation as follows: P. glaucum > L. sativa > T. aestivum > R. sativus. The most sensitive parameters were root length (RL) and shoot length (SL) of seedlings. In the cytogenotoxicity test with A. cepa, cell division was decreased at concentrations from 0.351mL L-1 in the meristematic region and root F1. Chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus were observed at all concentrations. In the test with A. salina, the IC50 after 24h of exposure was 0.01207mL L-1 of the commercial formulation. The results highlight the need for further research and regulations to understand and minimize the potential environmental impacts of COLOSSO FC30.

Wound Restoration Efficacy of the Extracts of Lagenaria siceraria and Raphanus sativus.

The process of healing a wound is intricate and dynamic, including several phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Natural extracts have gained attention in the management of healed wounds because of their bioactive compounds. These extraction derivatives from honey, turmeric, etcetera possess various properties like inflammationreducing, antimicrobial and antioxidant potencies, which expedite the curing of wounds. The topical application of these natural remedies can enhance skin regeneration, reduce infection, and minimize scarring. Incorporating natural extracts into the treatment of wounds facilitates faster, safer alternatives to synthetic medications. This investigation reported the comparative ability of the extracts of Lagenaria siceraria leaves and Raphanus sativus seeds in the restoration of wounds.

Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) under cadmium stress

The accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in plants poses a major risk to consumer health, in addition to affecting plant growth, development and quality. The study aimed to examine the effects of cadmium on the plants' ability for photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity. In this study, radishes were planted in Petri dishes and pots containing soil supplemented with different concentrations of cadmium sulphate (25, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). The results showed that the percentage of germination, seedlings length, and fresh and dry matter significantly declined its increasing cadmium concentrations. In addition, cadmium hindered plant growth, as evidenced by the fresh and dried weight of radish roots and leaves after a 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil treatment. There was also a notable decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total leaf area per plant. The leaves of radish plant exhibited a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage contents under Cd stress, while, the relative water content (RWC) decreased. However, leaves and roots of radish plant showed a considerable increase in antioxidant enzymes (catalase; CAT, peroxidase; POD, and superoxide dismutase; SOD). Furthermore, radish showed a significant increase in Cd accumulation in all applications, however, there were no obvious symptoms of Cd toxicity following the 25 and 50 mg Cd kg-1 soil applications. In conclusion, the radish plants accumulated cadmium at higher concentrations (100 mg Cd kg-1 soil). So, we recommended cultivating the radish plants in soil that has low concentrations of cadmium.

Toxicity potential of a pyraclostrobin-based fungicide in plant and green microalgae models

ABSTRACT Pyraclostrobin-based fungicides play an effective role in controlling fungal diseases and are extensively used in agriculture. However, there is concern regarding the potential adverse effects attributed to exposure to these fungicides on non-target organisms and consequent influence exerted on ecosystem functioning. Thus, it is essential to conduct studies with model organisms to determine the impacts of these fungicides on different groups of living organisms. The aim of this study was to examine the ecotoxicity associated with exposure to commercial fungicides containing pyraclostrobin. The focus of the analysis involved germination and initial development of seedlings of 4 plant models (Lactuca sativa, Raphanus sativus, Pennisetum glaucum and Triticum aestivum), in addition to determining the population growth rate and total carbohydrate content in microalga Raphidocelis subcapitata. The fungicide pyraclostrobin adversely influenced growth and development of the tested plants, indicating a toxic effect. The fungicide exerted a significant impact on the initial development of seedlings of all model species examined with T. aestivum plants displaying the greatest susceptibility to pyraclostrobin. Plants of this species exhibited inhibitory effects on both aerial parts and roots when treated with a concentration of 4.75 mg/L pyraclostrobin. In addition, the green microalga R. subcapitata was also significantly affected by the fungicide, especially at relatively high concentrations as evidenced by a reduction in total carbohydrate content. This commercial fungicide demonstrated potential phytotoxicity for the tested plant models and was also considered toxic to the selected microalgae, indicating an ecotoxic effect that might affect other organisms in aquatic environments.

Effect of diode laser rays in stimulating anthocyanin pigment levels in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plant tissues

Effect of diode laser rays in stimulating anthocyanin pigment levels in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plant tissues

Soil, water and p losses by water erosion in soil treated with pig slurry

Pig slurry (PS) can modify the soil fertility and influence the water erosion. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of PS doses on the content phosphorus (P) in the soil and on water (WL) and P losses due to water erosion, in a Alfisol in southern Brazil. The treatments, totaling 0, 250, 500, and 1000 m3 ha-1 of PS applied in oats (Avena strigosa), corn (Zea mays), turnip (Raphanus sativus L.) and soybean (Glycine max), and in oat residues. Simulated rainfall (65 mm h-1 and 75 minutes) was applied three times (test -T) on corn and four T on turnip, soybean, and residues, with a simulator rotating-boom. T1 occurred one day after the application of the PS and the interval between the other T ranged from 14 to 70 days. The P in the soil was determined before and after the survey. During runoff, runoff samples were collected to determine WL and P in the water. The PS did not influence the P in the soil. The P in runoff water was 78% higher in the D1000 treatment than in D0, while the difference in total P loss was 90%. Soil P at the end of the research increased at the beginning of the research, and the content in the soil at the end of the research decreased with increasing layer depth. P loss increased with increasing water loss, while P in water increased with increasing P in the soil.

Effect of a Directional Electromagnetic Field on the Early Stages of Plant (Raphanus sativus and Saccharum officinarum) Growth

Effect of a Directional Electromagnetic Field on the Early Stages of Plant (Raphanus sativus and Saccharum officinarum) Growth

Foraging of Honeybees from Different Ecological Areas Determined through Melissopalynological Analysis and DNA Metabarcoding.

The environment significantly impacts the lives of bees and their feeding. This study aimed to investigate bee foraging using melissopalynological analysis and DNA metabarcoding in intensive farming, reserved, and urbanized areas. The highest alpha diversity was observed in the reserved and intensive farming areas. The urbanized area had less diversity. In the intensive farming area, Sinapis, Helianthus, and Fagopyrum predominated; in the reserved area, Melilotus, Helianthus, and Brassica predominated. In the urbanized area, garden plants, namely radish (Raphanus sativus) and cucumber (Cucumis hystrix), and agricultural plants, namely soybean (Glycine max) and melon (Cucumis melo), were often found. The most significant agreement was between the rbcL and the melissopalynological analysis. The ITS2 revealed equal matches with both rbcL and melissopalynology, but this marker missed or underestimated some genera. Trifolium pretense and Brassica nigra were identified simultaneously by the melissopalinology method and two genetic markers in DNA metabarcoding. The species Convolvulus arvensis, Melilotus officinalis, Echium vulgare, Brassica rapa, Helianthus divaricatus, and Onobrychis viciifolia were found in all ecological areas. Imperfect databases impose some limits in the identification of some taxa using metabarcoding. The further research and expansion of plant databases is needed. Studying the food preferences of bees in different environmental conditions and landscapes is necessary to develop measures to preserve their populations.

Improving dual cover crop mixtures to increase shoot biomass production and weed suppression potential

IntroductionCover crop services depend on biomass production and species composition of the cover crop stand. In this study, we investigated the interactions in shoot biomass of dual cover crop mixtures and their competitiveness to suppress weeds before winter under different growing conditions.MethodsA field experiment was performed on sandy loam soil in Triesdorf, Germany, for two consecutive years. The cover crop species white mustard (Sinapis alba L.), oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis L.), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia J.), Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and field bean (Vicia faba L.) were grown in pure stands or dual mixtures. Cover crops were sown in August, and shoot biomass was harvested at the end of the vegetation period. Cover crop shoot biomass was dried, and the share of each species and the sown test weed (Brassica napus L.) were determined.ResultsThe share of shoot biomass of a cover crop species in dual-species mixtures was closely related to its shoot biomass in its pure stand. In both years, mustard and phacelia showed similar interactions in shoot biomass production when growing with a second species. Regarding competitiveness against weeds, cruciferous species outperformed other cover crop species and could suppress weeds even if they were mixed with a less competitive partner. Weed suppression of mixtures with phacelia depended on the second component in the mixture and was more effective in a dry season. Legume species, especially Egyptian clover and common vetch could not suppress weeds in a pure stand.DiscussionOur results show that species with high weed suppression potential as single stands retain this ability in dual cover crop mixtures, regardless of the suppression potential of the second species that completes the mixture.

How Do Off-Season Cover Crops Affect Soybean Weed Communities?

Weeds compete for environmental resources, leading to reduced soybean yield. In this context, integrated weed management strategies related to cultural control with the use of cover crops are necessary. Our aim was to evaluate weed occurrence in soybean systems with different cover crops. Field studies were conducted at Júlio de Castilhos, Santa Maria, Capão do Leão, Barra do Ribeiro, and Santo Ângelo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Treatments consisted of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.), white oats (Avena sativa L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia sativa L.), forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in pure stands or in mixtures. The analyzed variables were relative frequency, density, abundance, and importance value index, similarity index of weeds, dry shoot mass of cover crop, and soybean yield. Cover crops containing white or black oats reduced the relative importance value index of weeds, such as Lollium multiforum, Conyza spp., and Bidens pilosa. Forage turnip, hairy vetch, and white clover showed distinct responses. Black oats and forage turnip did not differ from cover crop mixtures in terms of dry shoot mass and grain yield, being superior to fallow, white clover, and hairy vetch.

Effect of black soldier fly larval frass on the soil microbial communities, nutrient uptake and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Effect of black soldier fly larval frass on the soil microbial communities, nutrient uptake and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Field assessment of Lake Erie dredged sediment for specialty crops cultivation

AbstractAnnually, approximately 1.5 million tonnes of sediment are dredged from federal navigational channels in Lake Erie. Recognizing the potential influence of Lake sediments on soil compaction, structure, water retention capacity, and aeration, this research assessed the agronomic performance of selected specialty crops under varying sediment ratios in an open‐field production system. The experimental design involved three sediment application rates: 0 tonne (100% farm soil), 0.7 tonne (90% farm soil and 10% sediment), and 7 tonnes per bed (100% sediment). Lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) were harvested 35 days after planting, with assessments including fresh and dry weights of leaves root biomass and root length measurements. Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) were evaluated for root length, leaf fresh weight, root fresh weight, and diameter. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were monitored for plant height and stem diameter. Fruit harvest occurred at days 70 and 75 post‐transplant. Metrics such as total number of marketable fruits, total fruit weight, number of US grade‐1 fruits, and polar and equatorial diameters were recorded. The results revealed significant positive effects of the 7‐tonne sediment treatment on lettuce, including increased dry leaf and root biomass, root lengths, and fresh weight. Similarly, radishes exhibited enhanced weight and length when grown in beds with 7 tonnes of sediment. Tomatoes from the 7‐tonne sediment treatment displayed higher values in plant measurements and harvested fruits. Overall, the findings indicate that soils treated with Lake Erie sediment positively influence the development and production of lettuce, radishes, and tomatoes compared to untreated soils.

Effect of biodynamic package with azotobacter on growth, yield, quality and economics of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Effect of biodynamic package with azotobacter on growth, yield, quality and economics of radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Soil pollution identification and human health risk assessment of soil heavy metals in an abandoned mine area in the Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT In this study, the Geo-accumulation index (Igeo), Human Health Risk Assessment (HRA), and Ecological Risk Index (ERI) were utilized to examine the risks associated with the soils at the DaeyangYeongseong mine. Brassica juncea and Raphanus sativus were employed in the ecological toxicity test. In all soil samples, the mean Igeo value of arsenic measured 3.15, and cadmium measured 6.63, indicating a very high level of heavy metal contamination. The carcinogenic risk of cadmium and arsenic for adults was 4.30×10−3 and 1.43×10−5, respectively. For children, these values were 3.92 × 10−2 and 1.33 ×10−4, exceeding the acceptable level (1×10−6). In all soils, cadmium showed extremely high ecological risk levels, and arsenic had extremely high risk levels in 34.8% of the total area. This was also confirmed in toxicity assessments using plants. Therefore, arsenic and cadmium were found to be the main causes of soil contamination and ecological risk.