Samples Of Rapeseed Meal Research Articles

The effect of formaldehyde treatment of soya-bean meal and rapeseed meal on the amino acid profiles and acid-pepsin solubility of rumen undegraded protein

SUMMARYSoya-bean meal and rapeseed meal treated with 0, 0·4 or 0·8 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein (N × 6·25) was incubated in the rumen in nylon bags with 10 and 40 μm aperture.Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds was reduced with increasing formaldehyde treatment.The proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues of untreated and treated soya-bean meal was similar to the original samples. For rapeseed meal the proportion of acid-pepsin soluble nitrogen in the undegraded residues decreased with increasing rumen incubation time. This reduction decreased with increasing formaldehyde treatment.Concentration of amino acids in the undegraded residues did not generally deviate from those in the original samples. However, a distinguishable decrease in the methionine concentration was observed in all the rapeseed meal samples and in glutamic acid concentration in rapeseed meal treated with 0 and 0·4 g formaldehyde/100g- crude protein.Most of the changes due to rumen incubation were smaller using the 10 μm bags than using the 40 μm bags. However, the bag pore size did not play a decisive role in the conclusions of the results given.

Studies on the digestibility of soya bean products, cereals, cereal and plant by‐products in diets of dogs

AbstractThe apparent digestibility of 21 plant materials was evaluated in dog diets using adult beagles. In most cases the digestibility by difference method was used. Apparent crude protein (N × 6.25) digestibility coefficients for textured soya protein, extracted soya meal, full‐fat soya flours and micronised whole soya beans ranged from 0.71 to 0.87. Digestible energy (DE) contents ranged from 14.3 to 20.8 MJ kg DM−1. Samples of wholeground wheat, barley meal and flaked maize were well digested by dogs, as were samples of refined flour, vital gluten, feeding‐oat meal and wheat‐germ meal; apparent energy digestibility coefficients ranged from 0.72 to 0.96. Wheatfeed and two distillers by‐products had lower energy digestibility coefficients (0.39 to 0.59). Other materials with low apparent digestibility in dog diets (probably because of high fibre levels) were walnut meal, almond meal, dried molassed sugar beet pulp and locust bean meal. Gross energy and dry matter digestibility coefficients of below 0.52 were obtained. Data are also presented on the digestibility of samples of rapeseed meal, cassava and dried potato. When comparison was possible, DE values measured for dogs agreed closely with those for pigs for most materials.

Biological Availability of Minerals in Rapeseed Meal

The variation in the mineral composition and availability of minerals to the chick from seven samples of rapeseed meal were studied. Results showed limited variation in the Ca, P, and Mg content with an average of .65%, 1.22%, and .50%, respectivley. However, the range of variation in Mn was from 49 to 67 mg/kg, Fe was 110 to 180 mg/kg, Cu was 10 to 33 mg/kg, and Zn was 49 to 64 mg/kg in the meals tested.Mineral availability results showed significant differences for each element (Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn) between the seven rapeseed meals tested. Availability for Ca was 59.7 to 75.6%, P was 65.0 to 81.0%, Mg was 52.5 to 66.5%, Mn was 45.5 to 60.0%, Cu was 62.2 to 85.0%, and Zn was 23.0 to 57.6%. Span A rapeseed meal showed the lowest availability of all minerals tested except Cu, which was lowest in the commercial sample.

Factors Affecting the Metabolizable Energy Content of Rapeseed Meals

Seven samples of rapeseed meal were utilized to study the factors associated with variation in metabolizable energy content. Nutritional factors related to metabolizable energy were determined in each sample (crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, sugar, starch, and available carbohydrates). Gross energy was determined and measurements for metabolizable energy were carried out using the chick procedure. Correlation coefficients were calculated between metabolizable energy and energy factors in rapeseed meal.Results showed a high degree of variation in protein, ether extract, sugar, and available carbohydrate content in the rapeseed meal samples. Metabolizable energy showed a range between 1492 and 1957 kcal/kg. Calculated analysis using two regression equations are shown for metabolizable energy. These regression equations may be utilized to predict metabolizable energy level in rapeseed meal or similar samples. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between metabolizable energy and ether extract plus sugar plus starch or ether extract or available carbohydrates or crude fiber (negative).

Variation in the Solubility of Nitrogen in Prepress-Solvent Processed Rapeseed Meal

A study was undertaken to determine whether variation occurred in the solubility in saline and acid solutions of the nitrogen in rapeseed meals produced at hourly intervals in a prepress-solvent oil seed processing plant. Results showed that there were highly significant differences in the saline and the acid soluble nitrogen contents of the rapeseed meal samples. Positive correlations were found between saline and acid soluble nitrogen values and the time of collection of the samples of rapeseed meal.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUE OF RAPESEED MEAL: LEVEL IN DIET, EFFECTS OF STEAM-PELLETING, AGE OF CHICK, LENGTH OF TIME ON DIET, VARIETY OF RAPESEED AND OIL EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

Three experiments were carried out with young chicks which showed that steam-pelleting and regrinding a sample of rapeseed meal prior to its incorporation into an assay diet increased its metabolizable energy value, possibly due to improved digestion of the fibrous material in the rapeseed meal. Level of inclusion of the rapeseed meal in the assay diet did not influence the contribution of the rapeseed meal to the overall metabolizable energy of the diet. Neither the age of the chick nor the length of time that the chicks had received the rapeseed meal containing assay diets had sufficient influence on determined metabolizable energy value to account for the wide discrepancies found between published reports of the metabolizable energy value of rapeseed meal. Ten samples of rapeseed meal which had been prepared from either B. napus or B. campestris cultivars by the all solvent, the pre-press solvent or the expeller process were examined. All 10 samples were fed to young chicks and 5 of these samples were fed to mature roosters. The metabolizable energy values of the B. napus meals were very similar for both types of birds, but for the B. campestris the values tended to be higher for the roosters. In these experiments, nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy values of from 1.34 to 2.00 kcal/g were found; half of this variation could be attributed to variation in fat content of the meals.

Mineral Content and Biological Activity of Selenium in Rapeseed Meal

The content of eight minerals was determined in fifteen rapeseed meal samples, also the biological activity of selenium in eleven rapeseed meal samples was determined for the chick.Average mineral content of rapeseed meal samples was: calcium, 0.61%; phosphorus, 1.88%; copper, 9.2 p.p.m.; iron, 218 p.p.m.; magnesium, 0.51%; manganese, 0.56 p.p.m.; selenium, 0.95 p.p.m.; and zinc, 52 p.p.m. Average selenium activity (availability) in rapeseed meal was 61.3%. The variation in activity was from 27.4% to 89% with only one sample in which selenium activity was lower than 50%.Analyzed mineral content in the 15 rapeseed meal samples used in this study showed a wide range within each mineral except magnesium. The variation in each mineral is as follows: Ca (0.39–0.79%); P (1.49–2.41%); Cu (6.2–14.2 p.p.m.); Fe (161–290 p.p.m.); Mg (0.45–0.56%); Mn (39–79 p.p.m.); Se (0.37–1.76 p.p.m.); Zn (34–73 p.p.m.).

DIGESTIBLE AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR RAPESEED MEALS AND FOR SOYBEAN MEAL FED TO GROWING PIGS

Twelve samples of rapeseed meal (RM) and one sample of soybean meal (50% protein) (SM) were evaluated for digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) and digestible nitrogen (DN). RM samples were of Brassica campestris and B. napus origin and contained meals processed by solvent, prepress-solvent or expeller processes. Two of the meals were from rapeseeds not in commercial production, one a Bronowski (low glucosinolate) napus meal and one a meal from zero-erucic acid rapeseed of napus type. Energy studies were conducted with 64 pigs at 16, 33 and 65 kg liveweight, adding 25% by weight of the test ingredient to the total diet. The overall means and standard errors for all weight groups for gross energy (GE), DE, ME and MEn, in kcal/g of dry matter, for 10 RM (excluding Bronowski and zero-erucic acid RM) were 4.74 ± 0.12, 3.21 ± 0.18, 2.89 ± 0.19 and 2.64 ± 0.19, respectively, while the values obtained for SM were 4.81 ± 0.08, 4.21 ± 0.16, 3.92 ± 0.17 and 3.64 ± 0.16. There were no significant differences in DE, ME or MEn among the 12 RM samples, or between weight periods. The values for the basal diet were uniform throughout. The overall mean coefficient for DN was 75.9% for RM and 89.2% for SM. The DE, ME and MEn values for RM should be considered as being species specific.

EFFECT OF METHOD OF DETERMINATION ON DIGESTIBLE ENERGY AND NITROGEN AND ON METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES OF RAPESEED MEAL AND SOYBEAN MEALS FED TO GROWING PIGS

Commercial samples of solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (RM), 44% crude protein soybean meal (SM) and 50% crude protein SM were evaluated for digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) and digestible nitrogen (DN), using two methods of evaluation. A comparison of results from feeding the test meals for two different lengths of time prior to conducting the determinations was also made. Sixteen castrate male pigs were allotted to each of the two evaluation methods, with four pigs assigned to each of three treatment groups, and four pigs assigned to the basal control group for each method. The two SM samples had higher DE, ME, MEn and DN than the RM sample. The DE, ME and MEn values in kcal/g dry matter for RM were 3.37, 3.13 and 2.76, and for SM they we’re 4.42, 4.21 and 3.71, respectively. The overall mean coefficient for DN was 79.2% for RM and 92.8% for SM. There were no significant differences observed between methods or between the two time periods. The values for the basal diets were uniform throughout the trial, as indicated by low standard errors.

Nitrogen Solubility as a Means of Estimating the Gross Protein Value of Rapeseed Meal

INTRODUCTIONSTUDIES on the nutritive value of rapeseed meal have shown that different samples vary in quality according to variety of seed from which the meal is produced and the amount of heat used during expeller processing of the seed (Clandinin et at., 1959). Samples of high quality had amino acid patterns similar to that of soybean meal but those of lower quality were lower in lysine content (Clandinin, 1967).Since rapeseed meals may vary greatly in quality, the present study was undertaken to assess the validity of some laboratory tests of protein evaluation as compared to biological assay, in the hope that a simple physical technique could be used to correlate nitrogen solubility with protein quality in rapeseed meal.EXPERIMENTALTen samples of rapeseed meal (R.S.M.) were obtained from solvent, prepress-solvent and expeller processing plants. Some of the meals were prepared from B. campestris type rapeseed, while others were…

Pentosans in Prepress-Solvent and Solvent Processed Rapeseed Meal

In studies of factors which cause rapeseed meal to have a lower metabolizable energy value than soybean meal Lodhi et al. (1969) reported that the “available carbohydrate” in rapeseed meal, whether measured chemically or by chick bioassay was less than in soybean meal. During the course of further studies in our laboratories the pentosan content of fifteen samples of rapeseed meal was determined by the A.O.A.C. (1965) method.The results, presented in Table 1, show that eight samples of prepress-solvent meal had an average pentosan content of 8.4% and seven samples of solvent meal had an average pentosan content of 8.3% with an overall average for all meals analyzed of 8.3%.Bolton (1957) reported that the pentosan content of soybean meal was 5.6%. Since the digestibility of pentosans by young chick is negligible (Bolton, 1955), the higher content of this fraction in rapeseed than in soybean meal would appear to…

Effect of Method of Determination on the Metabolizable Energy Value of Rapeseed Meal

ALTHOUGH the use of rapeseed meal (RSM) in poultry rations has been extensively studied (reviewed by Clandinin and Robblee, 1966), reports on the metabolizable energy (ME) value of RSM are few in number. Sibbald and Slinger (1963b) reported a value of 1670 kcal./kg. for one sample of RSM with chickens and Sell (1966) obtained a value of 2290 kcal./kg. for one sample of RSM with hens. Recently, Lodhi et al. (1969b), employing the ME method of Hill and Anderson (1958), obtained average ME values for nine samples of RSM of 1203, 1313, and 1782 kcal./kg. with 4 week old chicks, 6 week old chicks and laying hens, respectively. The lack of agreement between ME values obtained with chickens of similar age causes one to wonder whether or not the differences in values reported were due to variations in samples of RSM studied or to the ME method employed.The object…

Factors Affecting the Metabolizable Energy Value of Rapeseed Meal: 2. Nitrogen Absorbability

INFORMATION on the absorbability of nitrogen from rapeseed meal is limited. Drouliscos and Bowland (1969) reported that the average true digestibility of nitrogen from two samples of rapeseed meal by rats was 78.4%. Using colostomized hens, Kubota and Morimoto (1965) found that the absorption of nitrogen from one sample of rapeseed meal was 72.6%.Determination of the absorbability of nitrogen by avian species is difficult because urine and feces are voided together. In the present studies two techniques were used to overcome this difficulty. These were (1) use of colostomized hens to permit separation of feces and urine so that unabsorbed nitrogen in the feces could be measured and (2) use of the nitrogen remaining in the terminal fifth of the small intestine as a measure of unabsorbed nitrogen. The latter was based on the observation of Imondi and Bird (1965), and Bird (1968) that by the time feed passed…

Available Carbohydrate in Rapeseed Meal and Soybean Meal as Determined by a Chemical Method and a Chick Bioassay

Available carbohydrate was determined using a chemical method and a chick bioassay. Results of the chemical assay showed that the total soluble sugars and starch in two samples of rapeseed meal and one sample of soybean meal were 15.0% and 23.6%, respectively. Results of the bioassay showed that the available carbohydrate in the same samples of rapeseed meal and soybean meal was 6.9% and 14.1%, respectively. The values obtained by bioassay are lower than those obtained by chemical analysis, which may be due to the fact that the bioassay reflects not only the amount of available carbohydrate but also its absorbability. Calculations indicate that the difference in amount of available carbohydrate in rapeseed meal and soybean meal accounts for 19% of the difference in metabolizable energy of these two feedstuffs.