Power Density Range Research Articles

Исследование характеристик сверхрешетки InGaAs/InAlGaAs для вертикально-излучающих лазеров спектрального диапазона 1300 nm

X-ray structural analysis and photoluminescence spectroscopy techniques were used to study heterostructures based on InGaAs/InAlGaAs superlattice for active regions of 1300 nm range lasers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. It is shown that the grown heterostructures have a high crystal quality. The perpendicular lattice mismatch of the average crystal lattice constant of the InGaAs/InAlGaAs superlattice with respect to the crystal lattice constant of the InP substrate is estimated at ~ +0.01%. An analysis of the photoluminescence spectra made it possible to conclude that the contribution of Auger recombination is insignificant in the studied range of excitation power density. Studies of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with an active region based on the InGaAs/InAlGaAs superlattice made it possible to estimate the gain coefficient at a level of 650 cm-1 for the standard logarithmic approximation of the dependence of the gain on the current density. The transparency current density of the laser was ~150 А/cm2, which is comparable to the record low values for the case of highly strained InGaAs-GaAs and InGaAsN-GaAs quantum wells in the spectral ranges of 1200 nm and 1300 nm, respectively.

Influence of Salient Effect on Air-Gap Flux Density Distribution of Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines

Interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) are widely used in electric vehicles due to their high power density, high efficiency, and wide speed range. Compared with surface-mounted PMSMs, the salient effect of IPMSMs causes a significant difference between quadrature-axis and direct-axis flux paths, which can increase the harmonic components of the air-gap field and affect the operation of the machine. Herein, taking a 6-poles 36-slots PMSM as an example, this paper analyzes the influence of salient effect on the air-gap flux density. Based on salient effect function, the analytical model of air-gap flux density considering the salient effect is established, and the influence of the salient effect on the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of air-gap flux density excited by permanent magnets and armature reaction are derived, which are verified by the finite element method (FEM). Both simulation and experiment results of the prototype show good agreement, and the sources of salient effect are found with finite element model and equivalent magnetic circuit. Further, different current excitations are applied to analyze the influence of the salient effect on different magnetic fields. The results show that the salient effect has a more significant influence on the direct-axis armature reaction magnetic field, which increases the harmonics components with the temporal orders of $3k_{a}$ ( $k_{a}=1,2,3\ldots $ ).

Scalable, High-Sensitivity X-Band Rectenna Array for the Demonstration of Space-to-Earth Power Beaming

This paper presents a large, modular X-band rectenna array developed for the planned demonstration of a space-to-Earth power beaming link operating at 10 GHz. The array is composed of 16 tiles assembled into a panel greater than 1 m x 1 m in size. To accommodate tests during the early development and construction of the space-based transmitter, the rectenna cells are designed to maximize performance at low power densities using commercial-off-the-shelf Schottky diodes. To increase efficiency at the expense of some field-of-view, each rectenna cell employs a 4-antenna subarray to feed a single diode. Array performance is validated over a 30-dB range of power densities from 1 mW/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> to 1 W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , reaching a total rectenna efficiency in excess of 39% at 1 W/m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The rectenna array's field of view, defined by the 3-dB beamwidth of its antenna subarray, is 36° ×36°. The DC power collected by each tile is combined in a reconfigurable manner to control the output voltage level for the protection of electrical loads. These results are expected to directly influence the first demonstrations of space-to-Earth power transfer.

Structure and Residual Stresses in the AMg6 Alloy after Laser Shock Processing

The microstructure and distribution of residual stresses in the AMg6 alloy after laser shock treatment in the power density range of 1.3–6 GW/cm2 have been studied. Using X-ray structural analysis, it has been found that, after laser exposure, the size of the coherent scattering regions (CSR) decreases to 60 nm, the value of microstrains increases to 0.0018, and the average dislocation density increases from 6.6 × 1013 to 3.7 × 1014 m–2. Laser shock treatment forms residual compressive stresses to a depth of 1 mm, reaching –128 MPa on the surface of the material.

Preliminary wind resource assessment in South Sudan using reanalysis data and statistical methods

The purpose of this study is to make a preliminary assessment of the wind resource in South Sudan. This is mainly to get data on the quality of the wind resource at different locations in the country and investigate its suitability for the development of wind power generation projects of all sizes. Wind data for 33 locations, covering the period from 1981 to 2019, were requested from Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 or MERRA-2. The data were then analysed to produce a variety of statistics that describe the quality of the wind resource in each location. Long-term monthly and annual averages together with wind direction were computed for each location at a height of 10 m above ground level. Wind speeds were extrapolated to hub heights of 30 and 50 m above ground level and fitted to five different distribution functions to get the parameters for estimating wind power density. Results show that at 10 m above ground level, the long-term annual average wind speeds range between 5.08 m/s and 2.36 m/s while wind power density range between 128.36 W/m2and 14.39 W/m2. Development of utility-scale wind power plants is marginal in two locations while small-wind turbines development may be possible in the north-north eastern locations. Further research is proposed to explore the possibility of deployment of large-scale wind turbines at locations north-north east. Investigating the wind resource in other locations using alternative methods as well as possibility of development of small wind turbines is suggested.

All-in-One ENERGISER design: Smart liquid metal-air battery

Self-powered integration is an effective way of promoting efficiency and miniaturizing in portable intelligent electronic systems. Conventional battery design focuses on the improvement of charge–discharge property, and energy storage units usually design independently from energy consumption units including sensing or transmitting device. Here, an unusual battery design in which the batteries possess the function of energy storage, sensing, and signal transducer, called all-in-one ENERGISER, is integrated for the first time, which is realized by fabricating a gallium-based liquid metal-air battery (LMAB) without any other extra electronic components. Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) wetted on the coppered-coated carbon fibers act as anode and air electrode acts as the cathode, the chemical activity of LMs and the sensitivity of gallium oxide layer are utilized for sensing function. For the discharge performance of LMABs, the energy density of LMABs changes from 1.52 to 0.79 mWh/cm2 while the corresponding power densities range from 0.36 to 2.05 mW/cm2. Additionally, the function of sensing environmental parameters achieves selectively detecting main components of air and distinguishing liquid type. Remarkably, the physical signals, such as humidity, is converted into low and high-potential signals, and further encoded into digital signals. Eventually, the all-in-one battery strategy is validated and shows excellent energy storage capacity, marvelous sensing function, and superb signal transmitting activity. The all-in-one battery design concept may open up a new direction for the exploitation of state-of-the-art functional and highly integrated battery.

Prototype energy models for data centers

Data centers in the United States consume about twopercent of the nation’s electricity. Because heat gains from IT equipment drive cooling demand, data centers offer unique opportunities for energy savings. However, no prototype energy model for data centers is available in the suite of existing U.S. Department of Energy’s Commercial Prototype Building Models. This study presented the development of two new data center prototype models and their implementation in OpenStudio and EnergyPlus. The small-size data center model represents a computer room in a building served by computer room air conditioners (CRACs); while the large-sized model represents stand-alone data centers served by computer room air handlers (CRAHs) with a central chiller plant. For each data center model, two levels of IT equipment (ITE) load density were considered, to cover the wide range of IT power density of data centers: 40 and 100 W/ft2 (430 and 1076 W/m2) for the computer room, and 100 and 500 W/ft2 (1076 and 5382 W/m2) for the stand-alone data center. All other assumptions, such as building envelope, lighting, HVAC efficiencies and schedules, were based on the minimal requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 at various vintages. We introduced a novel concept of supply and return air approach temperatures to capture the essential effects of non-uniform airflow and temperature distribution in data centers. The approach temperatures were pre-computed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for various configurations of ITE loads and airflow containment management in data centers. A new feature was developed in EnergyPlus to implement the approach temperature method. A case study was conducted to demonstrate the use of the data center models. The two data center models cover all U.S. climate zones and can be used to evaluate energy saving measures for data centers, as well as to support development of data center energy efficiency codes and standards.

Lithiation‐Induced Vacancy Engineering of Co3O4 with Improved Faradic Reactivity for High‐Performance Supercapacitor

AbstractTransition metal oxides are promising electrode candidates for supercapacitor because of their low cost, high theoretical capacity, and good reversibility. However, intrinsically poor electrical conductivity and sluggish reaction kinetics of these oxides normally lead to low specific capacity and slow rate capability of the devices. Herein, a commonly used cobalt oxide is used as an example to demonstrate that lithiation process as a new strategy to enhance its electrochemical performance for supercapacitor application. Detailed characterization reveals that electrochemical lithiation of Co3O4 crystal reduces the coordination of the CoO band, leading to substantially increased oxygen vacancies (octahedral Co2+ sites). These vacancies further trigger the formation of a new electronic state in the bandgap, resulting in remarkably improved electrical conductivity and accelerated faradic reactions. The lithiated Co3O4 exhibits a noticeably enhanced specific capacity of 260 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, approximately fourfold enhancement compared to that of pristine Co3O4 (66 mAh g−1). The hybrid supercapacitor assembled with lithiated Co3O4//N‐doped activated carbon achieves high energy densities in a broad range of power densities, e.g., 76.7 Wh kg−1 at 0.29 kW kg−1, 46.9 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 18.7 kW kg−1, outperforming most of the reported hybrid supercapacitors.

Effect of Li+/Mg2+ co-doping and optical temperature sensing behavior in Y2Ti2O7: Er3+/Yb3+ upconverting phosphors

Abstract The Y2Ti2O7: Er3+/Yb3+ phosphors co-doped with Li+ and Li+/Mg2+ ions were prepared via solid state reaction method. The effects of Li+ and Mg2+ co-doping on the structure and morphology of Y2Ti2O7: Er3+/Yb3+ phosphors were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observations. The 980 nm excitation assisted UC luminescence intensity for green and red band was enhanced by 8.7 and 14.3 times respectively after co-doping with Li+/Mg2+ ions in Y2Ti2O7: Er3+/Yb3+, which could be explained based on the variations in crystal structure and particle size. Using the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique, the impact of 980 nm pump power on the thermometric behaviors was studied based on the thermally coupled levels of 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 of Er3+ ions. Due to the unique thermal properties of the Y2Ti2O7 host, the temperature increment caused by laser thermal effect was minimized, benefiting the consistency of FIR data over a wide range of pump power density. Besides, a high relative sensor sensitivity of 1.17%K−1 was obtained for Y2Ti2O7: Er3+/Yb3+/Li+/Mg2+ phosphors. These characteristics may make the studied system applicable for optical temperature sensor with high accuracy.

Photoluminescence of extended defects in heterostructures with InAlAs metamorphic buffer at different excitation wavelengths

We report the observation of photoluminescence (PL) of energy levels presumably associated with extended defects in metamorphic buffer InxAl1–xAs with x = 0.05 → 0.65 at photon energy range of 0.8–1.2 eV, while the quantum well PL was observed at 0.6–0.8 eV. The metamorphic HEMT heterostructures with In0.65Al0.35As/In0.70Ga0.30As/In0.65Al0.35As quantum well (QW) and with different defectiveness degree were studied. Interband excitation by lasers with a wavelength of 409, 450, 532 nm, and subband excitation by infrared (IR) laser with 1064 nm wavelength (with photons energy less than the bandgap of metamorphic buffer layer) both result in the appearance of “defect” PL. Compared to the visible excitation, the IR illumination with the same power density increases “defect” PL intensity in samples with high twins density by an order of magnitude, whereas in more perfect samples with stacking faults and threading dislocations it causes an increase in “defect-to-QW” PL intensities ratio. The study of PL intensity as a function of the pump power in the range of power density 10–3600 W/cm2 reveals that the non-radiative recombination plays an important role during the recombination of photoexcited charge carriers from “defect” levels because the “defect” PL intensity dependence on the pump power density is mainly sublinear while for the QW PL the power law with exponent 1.2–1.4 is observed.

Heat transfer analysis in an uncoiled model of the cochlea during magnetic cochlear implant surgery

Magnetic cochlear implant surgery requires removal of a magnet via a heating process after implant insertion, which may cause thermal trauma within the ear. Intra-cochlear heat transfer analysis is required to ensure that the magnet removal phase is thermally safe. The objective of this work is to determine the safe range of input power density to detach the magnet without causing thermal trauma in the ear, and to analyze the effectiveness of natural convection with respect to conduction for removing the excess heat. A finite element model of an uncoiled cochlea, which is verified and validated, is applied to determine the range of maximum safe input power density to detach a 1-mm-long, 0.5-mm-diameter cylindrical magnet from the cochlear implant electrode array tip. It is shown that heat dissipation in the cochlea is primarily mediated by conduction through the electrode array. The electrode array simultaneously reduces natural convection due to the no-slip boundary condition on its surface and increases axial conduction in the cochlea. It is concluded that natural convection heat transfer in a cochlea during robotic cochlear implant surgery can be neglected. It is found that thermal trauma is avoided by applying a power density from 2.265 × 107 W/m3 for 114 s to 6.6 × 107 W/m3 for 9 s resulting in a maximum temperature increase of 6∘C on the magnet boundary.

Electrospun polyacrylonitrile/cyclodextrin-derived hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber/MnO2 composites for supercapacitor applications

The aim of this study is to develop the templateless fabrication of hierarchical porous carbon nanofiber (CNF)/MnO2 composites (PMnCD) derived from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/cyclodextrin (CD) and investigate their morphological and electrochemical properties to determine the different capabilities of inclusion complexes (ICs) formed by α-CD, β-CD and γ-CD. Among the three CD phases, the PMnCD(β) composite using β-CD exhibits a hierarchical porous structure with large specific surface area of 499 m2g-1, and total pore volume of 0.32 cm3g-1, which helps with adsorption efficiency and accumulation of hydrated molecules for double-layer formation. In addition, the numerous mesopores and nitrogen functionalities of the PMnCD(β) composite provide fast diffusion channels for electrolyte ions and higher attractive interactions with electrolyte ions through the pseudocapacitive character. As a result, the PMnCD(β) electrode has a high specific capacitance of 228 Fg-1 at 1 mAcm−2, maximum energy density of 25.3–16.0 Whkg−1 in the power density range of 400-10,000 Wkg-1, and excellent cycling stability of more than 94% after 10000 cycles in aqueous solution, thereby offering potential applications for supercapacitors.

Optimization of laser-target parameters for the production of stable lithium beam.

A laser ion source coupled with a radio frequency quadrupole linac accelerator is being proposed as a suitable system for the production of a low energy, high-current stable lithium beam. In order to maximize the lithium yield, plasmas generated by laser ablation of different materials based on lithium (Li, LiOH, and LiNbO3) have been characterized by using a Faraday cup and an electrostatic ion analyzer in the time of flight configuration. A wide range of laser power density has been investigated (109-1012 W/cm2) using two Nd:YAG lasers operating at different wavelengths (1064 nm and 532 nm), pulse durations (6 ns and 17 ns), and maximum energies (1400 mJ and 210 mJ). This paper outlines the pros and cons of the investigated materials by studying how the ion energy, yields, and charge state distributions are modified when the laser power density is changed. Considerable attention has been paid to the higher charge states of oxygen, which may occur with the same mass-to-charge ratio of Li3+. The analysis has evidenced that LiNbO3 represents a valid target since it allows minimizing the O6+/7Li3+ ratio down to 2.5% by using a laser power density of 1.8 × 1010 W/cm2. For such a condition, a Li3+ current of 1.4 mA/cm2 has been measured.

Direct detection of charge and discharge process in supercapacitor by fiber-optic LSPR sensors

Abstract Supercapacitors with high power density, ultralong lifespan and wide range operating temperature have drawn significant attention in recent years. However, monitoring the state of charge in supercapacitors in a cost-effective and flexible way is still challenging. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction can analyze the characteristics of supercapacitor well. But with large size and high price, they are not suitable for daily monitoring of the supercapacitors’ operation. In this paper, a low cost and easily fabricated fiber-optic localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) probe is proposed to monitor the state of charge of the electrode in a supercapacitor. The Au nanoparticles were loading on the fiber core as LSPR sensing region. In order to implant the fiber in the supercapacitor, a reflective type of fiber sensor was used. The results show that this tiny fiber-optic LSPR sensor can provide online monitoring of the state of charge during the charging and discharging process in situ. The intensity shift in LSPR sensor has a good linear relationship with the state of charge calculated by standard galvanostatic charging and discharging test. In addition, this LSPR sensor is insensitive to the temperature change, presenting a great potential in practical applications.

Self-Powered Visible-Invisible Multiband Detection and Imaging Achieved Using High-Performance 2D MoTe2/MoS2 Semivertical Heterojunction Photodiodes.

Two-dimensional(2D) van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures herald new opportunities for conducting fundamental studies of new physical/chemical phenomena and developing diverse nanodevice applications. In particular, vdW heterojunction p-n diodes exhibit great potential as high-performance photodetectors, which play a key role in many optoelectronic applications. Here, we report on 2D MoTe2/MoS2 multilayer semivertical vdW heterojunction p-n diodes and their optoelectronic application in self-powered visible-invisible multiband detection and imaging. Our MoTe2/MoS2 p-n diode exhibits an excellent electrical performance with an ideality factor of less than 1.5 and a high rectification (ON/OFF) ratio of more than 104. In addition, the photodiode exhibits broad spectral photodetection capability over the range from violet (405 nm) to near-infrared (1310 nm) wavelengths and a remarkable linear dynamic range of 130 dB within an optical power density range of 10-5 to 1 W/cm2 in the photovoltaic mode. Together with these favorable static photoresponses and electrical behaviors, very fast photo- and electrical switching behaviors are clearly observed with negligible changes at modulation frequencies greater than 100 kHz. In particular, inspired by the photoswitching results for periodic red (638 nm) and near-infrared (1310 nm) illumination at 100 kHz, we successfully demonstrate a prototype self-powered visible-invisible multiband image sensor based on the MoTe2/MoS2 p-n photodiode as a pixel. Our findings can pave the way for more advanced developments in optoelectronic systems based on 2D vdW heterostructures.

Study of the transition from self-organised to homogeneous plasma distribution in chromium HiPIMS discharge

The self-organised plasma patterns, known as spokes or ionisation zones in magnetron sputtering discharges, were observed in a wide range of power densities, from low power direct current magnetron sputtering (dcMS) discharge to high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge. For some target materials and non-reactive gases, it was observed that at very high power densities (>) the plasma exhibits a transition from a regime where spokes are observed to a homogeneous plasma regime. In this contribution, we present a comparison of plasma properties: plasma emission (optical emission spectroscopy) and flux of argon and chromium ions (mass spectrometry), measured both in the spoke regime and in the homogeneous plasma regime, aimed to expand the understanding of the plasma transition between the two modes. A simple biased flat probe was used to distinguish between the spoke regime and the homogeneous plasma regime. It was found that the flux of multiply charged ions (Ar2+ , Cr2+ , Cr3+ , Cr4+) increases abruptly at the transition between the spoke regime and the homogeneous plasma regime. Similarly, the emission from Cr+ ions exhibits a strong increase of about 50% when the plasma torus becomes homogeneous. These observations are interpreted as an increase in electron temperature and a change in the electron heating mode, from a combination of secondary electron heating and Ohmic heating towards pure Ohmic heating. The transition to the homogeneous plasma regime and pure Ohmic heating is only observed in non-reactive HiPIMS discharges for target atoms with the second ionisation potential higher than the first ionisation potential of Ar (15.76 eV), and a self-sputter yield larger than 1.

Структура и остаточные напряжения в сплаве АМг6 после лазерного ударного воздействия

The microstructure and distribution of residual stresses in AMr6 alloy after the laser shock processing in the range of power density 1—6 GW / cm2 have been studied. By the X-ray diffraction method it was found that domain size decreased up to 60 nm, microstrains increased up to 0,0018 and average dislocation density increased by a factor of 5,5 in comparing with untreated material (3,7×1014 м–2 vs. 6,6×1013 м–2). The laser shock processing generates residual compressive stresses in depth up to 1 mm, with a maximum of –128 MPa on the surface of the material.

Investigation on Surface Smoothing of Mold Material by Pulsed Laser Irradiation of 532 nm

Manual polishing has been commonly applied as finishing process for metal molds with complicated-shape, but it takes a long time to achieve required surface roughness. Thus, high-efficient polishing method and surface smoothing in micro-areas are required for precise molds. Therefore, the reduction method of surface roughness for metal mold was experimentally investigated by controlling the pulse duration and the waveform in microsecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser irradiation of 532 nm wavelength, which can achieve stable absorption of laser energy even for difficult-to-weld materials with high reflectance. The maximum height roughness can be reduced from 4.0 μm to 1.0 μm by setting an appropriate pulse duration. Excessive heat input generates the edge at the circumference of laser irradiated area due to the movement of molten material. However, control of pulse duration enables the reduction of edge formation. Shorter pulse duration from 2.0 μs to 4.5 μs can perform a wider range of power density without edge formation, compared with longer pulse duration. The range of power density without edge formation can be increased by controlling the temporal input power, which can improve the process controllability of surface smoothing of mold material.

Спонтанное и стимулированное излучение в тонких пленках твердых растворов Cu(In-=SUB=-1-x-=/SUB=-Ga-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-)(S-=SUB=-y-=/SUB=-Se-=SUB=-1-y-=/SUB=-)-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- в составе солнечных элементов

The results of a study of the emission spectra of thin nanocrystalline films of Cu(In1-xGax)(SySe1-y)2 (CIGSSe) direct-band-gap solid solutions in the structure of solar cells at ~ 0.5 W/cm2 continuous wave and nanosecond pulsed laser excitation in the range of excitation power density 0.1 - 53 kW/cm2 and temperatures of 10-300 K are presented. It was found that stimulated emission (SE) occurs in thin CIGSSe films in the temperature range from 10 K to 90 K in the spectral region h = 1.062 - 1.081 eV with a minimum threshold pump level of about 1 kW/cm2. It was shown, that, with increasing intensity of the exciting emission, the spontaneous emission bands shift toward higher energies. It was found that the photoluminescence bands at low excitation levels and the SE bands shift with increasing temperature toward higher energies, and the PL bands at high excitation levels shift toward low energies. Possible causes and mechanisms of the influence of temperature and excitation intensity on the spectral positions of spontaneous and SE of the films of solid solutions are discussed.

P2866Automated ultrasound ablation parameters predict lesion depth in a perfused thigh model

Abstract Background The accuracy and safety of lesions created during catheter ablation of cardiac tissue rely on the user's ability to predict the size of lesions that form under variable conditions during treatment. A user-directed robotic system was developed that uses Low-Intensity Collimated Ultrasound (LICU) for cardiac imaging and to produce linear lesions without tissue contact. Molecular absorption of mechanical energy induced in the tissue by LICU causes a temperature rise resulting in thermal tissue necrosis. Purpose By varying the speed of the LICU beam as it traces the desired lesion path, while considering the beam intensity, distance from catheter tip to tissue, and relative motion of the target tissue, we demonstrate the capability to deposit lesions of known depth according to a predictive model. Methods The LICU catheter was mounted in a servo-controlled, 3 axis stage suspended above a perfused porcine thigh that simulates the thermodynamic properties of the myocardium such as acoustic attenuation, thermal conduction, and specific heat capacity. Therapy was delivered along a linear path while varying the distance to tissue, speed of the beam, and motion of the catheter relative to the tissue in 3 dimensions. Programmed relative motion was representative of typical and extreme motion in humans. Pathological analysis after necropsy was used to quantify lesion depth which was then compared to lesion depth as predicted by a mathematical model from approx. 4–12 mm. Results Data from 66 samples were categorized according to typical and extreme motion at 4 different distances (3, 8, 9 and 13 mm). Measured vs predicted lesion depth was well correlated (R = 0.898) with 98.5% of the samples within ±2 mm. Assessment of LICU lesion depth Conclusion Lesion depth using LICU is well controlled in an animal model for the range of distances and relative motion typically encountered in a human subject. The range of acoustic beam speeds and acoustic power density with LICU predictably produces lesions up to 12 mm deep. The LICU thermal model may be useful to create lesions of known depth thus ensuring transmurality of lesions while potentially avoiding unintended extra-cardiac injury.