Random Sample Tests Research Articles

Perceived Stress and Coping Profile of Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: In the current competitive world, every student’s life is very stressful due to various factors like studies, exams, batch mates, lecturers or pressure by parents. Stress is sometimes called as the wear and tear experienced by everyone’s body because we need to adjust to the ever changing environment. Objective: Aim was to assess the perceived stress and coping profile among undergraduate medical students in Bagalkot. A total of 100 undergraduate students from S. N. Medical College, Bagalkot were included based on systematic random sampling test methods. Each enrolled student was given two self-rating questionnaires-Perceived Stress Scale and Brief Cope Inventory. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact were used for analysis. Result: Majority of study participants had belonged to very high health concern level followed by high health concern level. Most of the participants used self-distraction and active coping strategy. Perceived stress was not associated with sex, religion, place of domicile or type of the family. Conclusion: The effect of stress depends on the way it is perceived. The coping strategies are usually influenced by socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. So they vary from individuals to individuals. Students who are stressed must receive counseling on how to manage and cope up with the stress. We need to enforce early interventions strategies to improve the quality of life of each student by reducing the stress.

Integration of MRI to clinical nomogram for predicting pathological stage before radical prostatectomy.

Debate persists regarding whether MRI should be used routinely for preoperative evaluation of prostate cancer. The aim is to assess the role of prostatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and other preoperative data in extra-prostatic extension (EPE) evaluation. From 2000 to 2013, 1743 patients operated for radical prostatectomy had a preoperative MRI. Age, clinical stage with digital rectal exam (DRE), PSA, prostate weight, biopsy, MRI and pathological findings of the surgical specimen were noticed. A multiparametric score of the variables independently associated with EPE was built with or without MRI on a random sample test population and internally validated. With mean age of 62.9years and mean PSA of 9.6ng/ml, the population was distributed as follows: 1424 DRE T1, 254 T2, 32 T3; on biopsy 990 Gleason score=6 and 717≥7; on MRI 1322 iT2, 290 iT3A and 131 iT3B; on prostatectomy 15 pT0, 998 pT2, 548 pT3A, 181 pT3B and 1 pT4A. In multivariate analysis, DRE, PSA, Gleason score, prostate weight and MRI were independently associated with EPE and integrated in a score with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.74 [95% CI 0.71-0.77] (0.72 without MRI, p<0.01) a positive predictive value of 61% and a negative predictive value of 74%, internally validated. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed good accuracy (p=0.77). Integration of MRI with clinical data for predicting pathological stage before radical prostatectomy permits to exclude accurately EPE in 74% of cases.

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DAN SUMBER INFORMASI DENGAN PENERAPAN PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT (PHBS) PADA KELUARGA DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSTU PAHANDUT SEBERANG KOTA PALANGKA RAYA TAHUN 2016

In 2015, Kemenkes RI, PHBS case of the lowest in West Papua province amounted to 25,50% and then the West Nusa Tenggara by 29,48%. Based on the phenomenon that is found in a study by researchers at the Kelurahan Pahandut Seberang Kota Palangka Raya there are family members who smoke inside the house, around the neighborhood still looks rubbish strewn and piled up, using water from rivers, landfills less and more people use WC cemplung. The Objective Of of this Study is To analyze the Correlation of Knowledge and Resources with Application Behavior Clean and Healthy Lifestyle (PHBs) in the Family in the Work Area Pustu Pahandut Seberang Kota Palangka Raya. This research uses correlation method with cross-sectional study design and uses a sampling technique Simple Random Sampling and statistical test Spearman`S Rho with 71 respondents. Analysis of Correlation of Knowledge and Resources with Application Behavior Clean and Healthy Lifestyle (PHBs) indicates the value (P value = 0,000 &lt; α 0,05), which means a large correlation exists between the variables of knowledge and resources with application behavior clean and healthy (PHBs). The Level of Knowledge and resources to the implementation of clean and healthy living behaviors (PHBs) showed a significant correlation between the level of knowledge and resources to the implementation of clean and healthy living behaviors (PHBs) value (P value = 0,000 &lt; 0,05).

A Novel Improved Probability-Guided RANSAC Algorithm for Robot 3D Map Building

This paper presents a novel improved RANSAC algorithm based on probability and DS evidence theory to deal with the robust pose estimation in robot 3D map building. In this proposed RANSAC algorithm, a parameter model is estimated by using a random sampling test set. Based on this estimated model, all points are tested to evaluate the fitness of current parameter model and their probabilities are updated by using a total probability formula during the iterations. The maximum size of inlier set containing the test point is taken into account to get a more reliable evaluation for test points by using DS evidence theory. Furthermore, the theories of forgetting are utilized to filter out the unstable inliers and improve the stability of the proposed algorithm. In order to boost a high performance, an inverse mapping sampling strategy is adopted based on the updated probabilities of points. Both the simulations and real experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Cross-Generational Valuing Among Peer Academic Librarians

This study investigated the skills, knowledge, abilities or dispositions that are most valued and respected by academic librarians, and determined how these qualities might, or might not, be associated with generational membership. Other variables included institutional classification, career length, years since first professional degree, and broad library job function. The article explains survey design, proportional random sampling method, statistical analyses and tests, and resulting findings that may have implications for recruitment, mentoring, succession planning, and for assisting in the transmission of knowledge among academic librarians, especially from career mature librarians to their younger colleagues.

FRAUD PADA SEKTOR PEMERINTAH BERDASARKAN FAKTOR KEADILAN KOMPENSASI, SISTEM PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL, DAN ETIKA ORGANISASI PEMERINTAH (Studi Empiris Dinas Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta)

This study discusses the fraud in the government sector especially Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta by three factors, there are the fairness of compensation, internal control systems, and organization of government ethics. In addition to discussing the factors that influence the occurrence of fraud in the public sector, this study also discusses appropriate strategies in response to the fraud problem. The population in this study is the Province Government of DKI Jakarta, while the sample is Office of the Province Government of DKI Jakarta. Sampling technique with Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling and hypothesis testing using SPSS. The data used in this study is primary data, through questionnaires distributed to civil servants working in the Office of the Province Government of DKI Jakarta. The results showed that there is an influence of all three factors, namely fairness of compensation, internal control systems, and organization of government ethics to fraud in the public sector when tested simultaneously. Where as if partially tested, only the fairness of compensation and internal control systems that have an impact on fraud, while organization of government ethics not. The research recommends to overcome fraud all problems with develop combined strategy of repressive and preventive for every level of organization, to provide effective compensation, and to implement good governance in the organization.

PAAUGLIŲ MITYBA SVEIKATĄ STIPRINANČIOSE MOKYKLOSE

Tinkama mityba paauglystės laikotarpiu mažina mažakraujystės, vystymosi sutrikimų, antsvorio ir kitų sveikatos problemų riziką. Sveikatą stiprinančios mokyklos padeda paaugliams formuoti sveikatai įtakos turinčią elgseną. Darbo tikslas buvo aptarti paauglių mitybos ypatumus sveikatą stiprinančiose mokyklose. Atlikta apklausa raštu. Buvo tirti paauglių mitybos įpročiai sveikatą stiprinančiose mokyklose ir mokyklose, neįsitraukusiose į sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų tinklą. Tyrimas atliktas keturiose Klaipėdos regiono mokyklose. Dvi iš jų yra sveikatą stiprinančios mokyklos, kitos dvi – atsitiktinai atrinktos mokyklos. Ugdymo įstaigose parenkant tyrimui klases taikyta atsitiktinė lizdinė atranka. Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta naudojantis SPSS 20 programine įranga. Taikytas χ2 kriterijus. Statistinis hipotezių reikšmingumas patvirtintas, kai p0,05. Tyrime dalyvavo 487 ugdymo įstaigų 9-12 klasių mokiniai (15-19 metų): 223 (45,8 proc.) vaikinai ir 264 (54,2 proc.) merginos. Apklausti 242 (49,7 proc.) sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų (SSM) ir 245 (50,3 proc.) neįsitraukusių į SSM tinklą respondentai. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad kasdien mokykloje pietauja du kartus daugiau mokinių iš sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų (SSM), nei mokinių, lankančių mokyklas, nedalyvaujančias sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų tinkle. SSM mokiniai valgo keturis ir daugiau kartų per dieną, o mokiniai mokyklose, neįsitraukusiose į sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų tinklą - tris kartus per dieną. SSM tinkle nedalyvaujančiose mokyklose daugiau mokinių nurodė, kad jų mokyklose prekiaujama nesveiku maistu, nei SSM mokyklose. SSM mokiniai rečiau valgo greito maisto produktų, geria kokakolos bei kitų saldžių gazuotų gėrimų ir dažniau valgo sriubos, tačiau valgo mažiau juodos duonos ir šviežių vaisių, nei sveikatą stiprinančių mokyklų veikloje nedalyvaujančių mokyklų ugdytiniai. Maistą mokykloje pagal naudą sveikatai renkasi tik apie 10 proc. paauglių ir SSM mokyklose, ir įprastinėse mokyklose. Įprastines mokyklas lankantys mokiniai dažniau kalbasi su šeimos nariais apie sveiką mitybą, dažniau laikosi sveikos mitybos principų, turi daugiau žinių apie sveiką mitybą, nei SSM mokiniai, tačiau savo mitybos įpročius labiau linkę keisti SSM ugdytiniai. Sveikos gyvensenos pamokose apie sveiką mitybą norėtų sužinoti apie pusę SSM mokinių ir trečdalis mokinių, lankančių įprastines mokyklas.

Simulation Method For Solving Stochastic Differential Equations With Constant Diffusion Coefficients

In the present paper a simulation method is presented for solving stochastic differential equations (SDEs). It was based on probability and statistics theory, so called random sampling or statistical test method. At the present paper, SDEs with initial conditions are considered. Some Numerical examples also are presented to confirm the efficiency.

Influence of the Structural Performance of Steel Tubular Scaffold Based on Measured Imperfection

In order to study the impact of the measured defects on the structure and properties of steel tubular scaffold, the stochastic finite element theory is used to study the different effects of different defect structure.To accord to the random sampling method, Nine five projects under construction fasteners scaffolding works pipe is measured.In the the live 6m and 3m φ48 × 3.5 specifications 748 pipe wall thickness, diameter, initial bending raw data is random sampling tests. Article establish a structure commonly used rod defects random distribution of pipe wall thickness, diameter and initial bending deviation and the parametric statistical information,through the use of the probability statistical theory and methods,excluding abnormal data. The article explores and studies fasteners scaffolding structure in different fastener tightening torque (30N • m, 40N • m, 50N • m), ideal initial geometric imperfections 3L/1000, and the measured rod defects and defectof the structure carrying capacity and impact analysis, by means of analysis software, the use of the consistent defects modal method and random defects modal method. The results of the analysis show that the pole bending defects affect the carrying capacity of steel scaffolding structure defects . Measured defects affect the steel scaffolding structure, leading to serious security risks. It is necessary to strengthen the control rod defects. The results provide reliable information for the design and construction units.

A century of poultry genetics

The 20th Century saw an astonishing advance in our understanding of genetics and the scientific basis of the genetic improvement of farm animals. The application of genetic principles to chickens in the 1950s and 1960s led to a rapid change in the productivity and efficiency of laying hens and broiler chickens, turkeys and ducks. Subsequently, the application of increasingly powerful computers and sophisticated mathematical algorithms has increased the range of traits that could be successfully incorporated into breeding programs. Random sample tests of the performance of laying hens enjoyed a period of popularity and more recently the few remaining tests included husbandry systems in addition to strain evaluation. Characterisation of avian blood groups has led to the identification of the B21 haplotype that confers resistance to Marek's disease and to selection for this locus in commercial lines. The decade following the millennium saw the publication of the genome sequence of the chicken and the identification of millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms that, coupled with technological advances, made the application of whole genome selection practical in poultry. In parallel, the molecular basis for some Mendelian traits described a century ago is now being deciphered. Similar technologies have been applied to study genetic diversity in chickens and have provided insights into the evolution and domestication of chicken breeds. Finally, in this review, the recent development of the European Poultry Genetics Symposia coordinated by Working Group 3 ‘Genetics and Breeding’ that was based on combining the British Poultry Breeders Round Table and AVIAGEN from West and Eastern Europe, is discussed.

Caries Risk Assessment/Treatment Programs in U.S. Dental Schools: An Eleven‐Year Follow‐Up

The purpose of this survey was to identify the number and characteristics of caries risk assessment/treatment (CRA/ Tx) programs in U.S. dental schools in 2009 and compare the results to those of the 1998 survey. A survey of U.S. dental schools was conducted in 2009 using the same eleven-question survey instrument as in 1998. Results were analyzed using stratified random sampling and chi-square tests for six of the questions. Additionally, data from the other questions were directly compared. Two questions showed a statistically significant difference: an increase in programs supervised by one school department and the number of schools using CRA as a graduation requirement. Positive changes are occurring in the development of CRA/Tx programs in U.S. dental schools. A wide variety of approaches to teaching this subject, including use of terminology and treatment philosophies, is evident. The evolution of this subject has been slow and varied over the past eleven years. Changing from a mainly surgical approach model to a medical model is occurring, but a more integrated method is needed to clarify terminology, diagnosis, treatment, and communications with researchers, clinicians, teachers, patients, and third-party payers.

High natural fusion rates in a botryllid ascidian

Many benthic colonial invertebrates have the ability to fuse and form chimeras with compatible colonies. Botryllid ascidians are model organisms for the study of the evolution of and molecular basis for allorecognition, and fusion rates have been determined for different populations and species by random sampling and fusion testing between individuals. However, natural fusion rates over time have not been documented. Nine settlement panels were deployed in Salem Harbor, Massachusetts, USA and Botrylloides violaceus settlement, growth, and fusion monitored from July to mid-August 2007. Seventy-three percent of the recruits observed fused with at least one other colony, while 4% neither fused nor were overgrown. Multifused colonies were not observed to grow faster than single colonies when growth was calculated as increase in size beyond the summation of fused entities; however, they were significantly larger. These results suggest that larvae settle in clumps of compatible individuals, and that large subtidal colonies may be the result of high numbers of fusions between compatible colonies.

Characterisation and monitoring of poultry genetic resources

Poultry genetic resources encompass all types of populations, from village chickens to commercial and experimental lines. Characterisation includes collection of data on population size and structure, geographical distribution, production systems in which the breed is found, phenotypic attributes (physical features, performance levels and any unique features), historical development of the breed (crossbreeding, selection). Such data can be available for standardised breeds and experimental lines, but are generally confidential for commercial lines and difficult to record for village chickens. In the past, random sample tests provided recurrent data for layer and broiler strains, but these have been discontinued. Available literature on local populations provides information on specific features such as morphological diversity, scavenging behaviour, product quality and disease resistance.Molecular markers provide useful information on genetic variability, either within or between populations, and make it possible to quantify relatedness between populations and to detect introgressions. Molecular markers contribute to define breed identity and may be used to assign individuals to their population of origin. Current results provide a reasonably complete picture of genomic variability and population structure in the domestic chicken. Yet, this does not make it possible to predict performance: phenotypic data are still needed to document molecular data. In the future, the progress of genomics may merge functional data with historical data.Monitoring poultry genetic resources is not always a priority for certain countries. Indicators may be proposed for between- as well as within- population variability.

Establishment, Representative Testing and Research Progress of Soybean Core Collection and Mini Core Collection

China has the most soybean germplasm in the world, but only about 1% of them have been used in soybean breeding program, which results in narrow genetic base for developing varieties. This exiguous use of germplasm is due to lack of reliable information on traits with economic importance, which requires replicated multilocational evaluations to identify useful parents. In order to accelerate evaluation and utilization of germplasm, the projects of "Establishment of soybean core collection" (1998–2003) and "Gene diversity of mini core collection in soybean" (2004–2008) were carried out by the continuous supporting from National Basic Research Program (973 project) so that large germplasm collections has been evaluated properly on the basis of the guideline from core collections. In this paper, the development of core (2–5% of entire collection) and mini-core (10% of core or 1% of entire collection) is introduced. Meanwhile, the complement of the core or mini-core collections is carried out in order to broaden their representative from national wide into international soybean accessions. For testing the representatives of the core collection, four parameters including SSR loci, sample components, sampling ratio and low frequency allele are analyzed, and then confirmed by the random sampling test. The core and mini-core collections have been used in identifying elite traits and developing new lines, in which the approaches have been introduced that based on core and mini-core collections. The further utilization of core and mini-core collections related to genetic diversity and utilization method of collections is discussed, it is pointed that core collections are basic materials for new trait identification, novel gene mining, germplasm enhancement and new variety development. It has been proved that systematic study and use of soybean germplasm will improve the research of thesoybean germplam from conservation into wider use.

Early detection of markers for synaesthesia in childhood populations

We show that the neurological condition of synaesthesia--which causes fundamental differences in perception and cognition throughout a lifetime--is significantly represented within the childhood population, and that it manifests behavioural markers as young as age 6 years. Synaesthesia gives rise to a merging of cognitive and/or sensory functions (e.g. in grapheme-colour synaesthesia, reading letters triggers coloured visual photisms) and adult synaesthesia is characterized by a fixed pattern of paired associations for each synaesthete (e.g. if a is carmine red, it is always carmine red). We demonstrate that the onset of this systematicity can be detected in young grapheme-colour synaesthetes, but is an acquired trait with a protracted development. We show that grapheme-colour synaesthesia develops in a way that supersedes the cognitive growth of non-synaesthetic children (with both average and superior abilities) in a comparable paired association task. With methodology based on random sampling and behavioural tests of genuineness, we reveal the prevalence of grapheme-colour synaesthesia in children (over 170,000 grapheme-colour synaesthetes ages 0-17 in the UK, and over 930,000 in the US), the progression of the condition in longitudinal testing, and the developmental differences between synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes in matched tasks. We tested 615 children age 6-7 years from 21 primary schools in the UK. Each child was individually assessed with a behavioural test for grapheme-colour synaesthesia, which first detects differences between synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes, and then tracks the development of each group across 12 months (from ages 6/7 to 7/8 years). We show that the average UK primary school has 2-3 grapheme-colour synaesthetes at any time (and the average US primary school has five) and that synaesthetic associations (e.g. a = carmine red) develop from chaotic pairings into a system of fixed, consistent cogno-sensory responses over time. Our study represents the first assessment of synaesthesia in a randomly sampled childhood population demonstrating the real-time development of the condition. We discuss the complex profile of benefits and costs associated with synaesthesia, and our research calls for a dialogue between researchers, clinicians and educators to highlight the prevalence and characteristics of this unusual condition.

The Circular Safety Region: a Useful Graphical Tool in Capability Analysis

AbstractWhen measuring the capability of a manufacturing process some form of process capability index is often used. To assess the capability, using a random sample, confidence intervals or hypothesis tests on the index are frequently used. Here, an alternative approach is presented. A process is usually defined to be capable if the capability index exceeds a stated threshold value, e.g. Cpm &gt; $4\over 3$. This inequality can be expressed graphically as a region in the plane defined by the process parameters (μ, σ). This graphical region, or safety region, similar to a confidence region for (μ, σ), can be plotted to test for capability. Under the assumption of normality a circular safety region for the capability index Cpm is constructed that can be used to draw conclusions about the capability at a given significance level. This simple graphical approach is helpful when trying to understand if it is the variability, the deviation from target or both that need to be reduced to improve the capability. Using circular regions several characteristics can be monitored in the same plot. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Cholestasis Familiaris Groenlandica/ Byler-like disease in Greenland — A population study

Objectives. Cholestasis Familiaris Groenlandica (CFG, or progressive familiar intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (PFIC1)) is a very common lethal recessive inherited disease in Greenland. A missense mutation, 1660G>A (asp554asn) in the gene ATP8B1 causes the disease (Klomp et al. 2000). Study design. A family study examining medical files from the period 1951–2003 from East Greenland resulted in 46 cases of PFIC1 and more than 220 relatives showing carrier status. Further, random blood sample testing 953 anonymous persons from 11 major cities or districts all over Greenland have been analysed for carrier status of the mutation. Methods. A sensitive PCR method is developed to distinguish between normal and mutant alleles for ATP8B1 in the Greenland population. Results. The mutation 1660G>A is found in all areas of Greenland, and the frequency of the mutant allele vary all over the country. A shockingly high frequency for the mutant allele is found in East Greenland in Ittoqqortoormiit (0.16) and in Tasiilaq (0.077), whereas in Northwest Greenland lower frequencies are found in Uummannaq and Ilulissat (0.032), and Maniitsoq (0.005). Conclusions. The high frequency of the mutation in East and Northwest Greenland strongly indicates that routine screening of the population for carrier status should be done.

The stochastic precedence ordering with applications in sampling and testing

Stratified and simple random sampling (or testing) are two common methods used to investigate the number or proportion of items in a population with a particular attribute. Although it is known that cost factors and information about the strata in the population are often crucial in deciding whether to use stratified or simple random sampling in a given situation, the stochastic precedence ordering for random variables can also provide the basis for an interesting criteria under which these methods may be compared. It may be particularly relevant when we are trying to find as many special items as possible in a population (for example individuals with a disease in a country). Properties of this total stochastic order on the class of random variables are discussed, and necessary and sufficient conditions are established which allow the comparison of the number of items of interest found in stratified random sampling with the number found in simple random sampling in the stochastic precedence order. These conditions are compared with other results established on stratified and simple random sampling (testing) using different stochastic-order-type criteria, and applications are given for the comparison of sums of Bernoulli random variables and binomial distributions.

The stochastic precedence ordering with applications in sampling and testing

Stratified and simple random sampling (or testing) are two common methods used to investigate the number or proportion of items in a population with a particular attribute. Although it is known that cost factors and information about the strata in the population are often crucial in deciding whether to use stratified or simple random sampling in a given situation, the stochastic precedence ordering for random variables can also provide the basis for an interesting criteria under which these methods may be compared. It may be particularly relevant when we are trying to find as many special items as possible in a population (for example individuals with a disease in a country). Properties of this total stochastic order on the class of random variables are discussed, and necessary and sufficient conditions are established which allow the comparison of the number of items of interest found in stratified random sampling with the number found in simple random sampling in the stochastic precedence order. These conditions are compared with other results established on stratified and simple random sampling (testing) using different stochastic-order-type criteria, and applications are given for the comparison of sums of Bernoulli random variables and binomial distributions.

Stochastic orders in partition and random testing of software

Testing in order to produce software of high reliability is an area of major concern in software engineering. In an effort to find efficient methods of testing, the comparison of partition and random sampling testing methods has received considerable attention in the literature. A standard criterion for comparisons between random and partition testing, based on their expected efficacy in program debugging, is the probability of detecting at least one failure causing input in the program's domain. However, the goal in software testing is usually to find as many faults as possible in a reasonable period of time, and therefore stochastic comparisons of the number of faults obtained in partition and random testing may provide more valuable information on which testing procedures to use. We establish various conditions which guarantee that the number of faults discovered in partition testing is stochastically greater than the number discovered in random testing (using a fixed total sample size) for many of the well-established stochastic orders (including the usual stochastic order, the hazard rate order, the likelihood ratio order, and the variability order). The results established also allow us to obtain both upper and lower bounds with these stochastic orders for the sum of n independent Bernoulli random trials (with varying probability of success) in terms of the binomial distribution with parameters n and p.