Rainwater Flow Research Articles

Comparison of Gumbel Method and Log Pearson Method in Flood Control in Konto River Jombang

This study aims to analyze the potential for flooding in the Konto River, Gudo District, Jombang Regency, this study uses the Gumbel and Log Pearson III statistical methods. Floods in this area often occur due to rainwater flow from the surrounding mountains which causes damage to infrastructure and settlements. Maximum daily rainfall data from 2013 to 2023 are used in this analysis. The Gumbel method is a statistical technique that is often used to analyze extreme rainfall data. The Gumbel and Log Pearson III methods are applied to estimate the design rainfall based on the flood return period, which is useful in infrastructure planning and flood mitigation. The calculation results show that the design rainfall increases with the increase in the return period. Compared to the Log Pearson III method, the Gumbel method provides higher design rainfall results, making it more suitable for estimating extreme rainfall in this area. These results are important in efforts to manage water resources and control flooding in the Konto River. The design rainfall will increase with the longer return period. This means that the higher the design rainfall, the smaller the possibility of it happening again. The results of the calculations show that the three methods can be used to calculate the planned rainfall, because the differences between one method and another are not much different, but the most suitable method to use is the gumbell method because the planned rainfall value is greater.

Application of the heat equation to the study of underground temperature

Modeling underground temperatures provides a practical application of the one-dimensional heat equation. In this work, the one-dimensional heat equation in surface soil is extended to include heat carried by the vertical flow of rainwater through the soil. Analytical solutions, with and without water flow, illustrate the influence of rainwater circulation on the sub-surface propagation of seasonal temperature variations, an important effect that is generally neglected in textbooks. The surface temperature variations are damped by the soil, and this effect was used by the Troglodytae in Egypt or the Petra in South Jordan to insulate against extreme temperatures. For a realistic case of horizontally layered geology, a finite volume Python code was developed for the same purpose. Subsurface temperatures were also measured over a full year at depths up to 1.8 m and used to estimate the thermal skin depth and thermal wavelength. This study provides students with a practical example of how a textbook physics problem can be modified to extract information of contemporary importance in geophysics and global warming.

Adaptasi Masyarakat Terkait Pencemaran Air Di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Sampah Ciangir Kecamatan Tamansari Kota Tasikmalaya

This research discusses community adaptation to water pollution around the Ciangir Waste Final Disposal Site (TPA), Tamansari District, Tasikmalaya City. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a focus on community adaptation to water pollution. The research results show that the community around the Ciangir landfill has shown passive adaptation to the environmental pollution conditions that occur around them. Even though the quality of well water is affected by water pollution from the landfill, residents do not consume water from the landfill because they have access to clean wells. Water from the landfill is used only for agricultural irrigation purposes after going through a certain processing process. Apart from that, the research also found that licit water from the landfill was not significantly affected during heavy rain, but the river water around the landfill became cloudy due to the flow of rainwater which carried polluting particles. Residents around the Ciangir TPA only use water from the TPA for agricultural irrigation purposes, while for daily consumption needs, they prefer to use water from the clean wells they own. The local government does not pay adequate attention to waste management at the Ciangir landfill, which has the potential to increase the negative impact of water pollution around the landfill. The suggestion proposed is that the government immediately take steps to move the piles of rubbish to safer and more suitable empty land to reduce the impact of water pollution caused by the Ciangir landfill. In dealing with water pollution conditions around the Ciangir Waste Landfill, the community has adapted by using water from the landfill for agricultural irrigation.

Climate Smart Tea (Camellia sinensis) Cultivation Practices in Rathnapura District


 Tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivation in Sri Lanka, which plays a key role in the nation's economy, is facing unprecedented challenges due to the impacts of climate change. Climatic changes led to adverse outcomes, including deteriorating soil conditions marked by erosion, hindered tea plant growth, reduced quality, yield and market value of the tea. For many small-scale tea farmers, tea cultivation is their primary source of income. Climate-related challenges make their livelihoods more vulnerable, with poverty, especially extreme rain led to high maintenance costs and some cultivators to abandon tea plucking, hindering maintain efforts due to insufficient facilities and high expenses. Therefore, mitigating climate challenges is important. Objectives of this study is to find out the effects of climate change on tea cultivation, identify awareness levels and explore climate smart mitigation practices employed in Ratnapura District. Primary data was collected using in- depth interviews and field observations. Secondary data was collected from Tea Research Institute (TRI) databases. The region faces challenges from climate change, with high rainfall, occasional temperature fluctuations, droughts, and flood events. Terracing techniques are utilized to create level surfaces, effectively controlling soil erosion by slowing the flow of rainwater down slopes, cover cropping with grasses and legumes being planted between tea rows to shield the soil from the erosive force of raindrops, efficient drainage systems, such as trenches and channels, redirect excess rainwater away from the fields, preventing waterlogging, shade management, through strategic tree planting, and the use of mulch, tea pruning practices, aid in protecting tea bushes from heavy rainfall, planting high rainfall resilience varieties and preserving soil structure. Tea cultivators lack awareness regarding climate-smart practices and have limited knowledge about TRI recommendations. The research findings important to empower local tea farmers with innovative adaptation, thereby enhancing the adaptive capacity of the tea industry.
 
 Keywords: Climate smart, Tea cultivation, Climate changes, High rainfall, Innovative adaptation

Flood management analysis in the Ngasinan River, Trenggalek Regency, Indonesia

Flood event occurs during the rainy season when water volume increases because rainwater flows through the water channel; due to water volume being larger than the water channel capacity, this event can cause flood inundation through residential areas. The Ngasinan catchment at Trenggalek Regency experienced a flood event that affected thousands of lives in October 2022, to reduce the impact of future floods, this study objective carried out recommendation plans for flood management in the Ngasinan River. The Ngasinan catchment hydrology, maximum annual rainfall from 230.0 mm to 585.0 mm, flood discharge design for the Ngasinan river (river length 21.73 km as main river drainage) are Q25 = 318.64 m3/s, Q100 = 394.96 m3/s. Hydraulic simulation using flood discharge design Q25 -Q100 showed that flood occurs in Ngasinan River sections especially those without embankments or at lower river elevations and cross-sections. Recommendation plans for the Ngasinan River flood management are river normalization, river embankment repairs, residential drainage system, and construction of dams/reservoirs/retarding basins, expected to restore the river’s storage capacity due to sedimentation and destructive flood discharge also to reduce flood discharge, protect river channel banks against flood discharge, and prevent overtopping water into nearby land.

DAS with telecommunication fibre-optic cable in urban areas can record storm-induced seismic noise

SUMMARY Extreme weather events threaten life and property in populated areas. Timely and precise weather event monitoring and risk assessment are critical, but can be hampered by limited meteorological stations in cities. Recent studies have shown that seismic stations are sensitive to storm-induced noise. This study aims to investigate the sensitivity of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), a technology capable of turning existing optical fibres into dense seismic sensors, for recording storm-induced seismic noise. We analyse 4-month continuous DAS recordings (June–September 2021) from a 4.2-km-long underground fibre-optic array in State College, PA. We calibrate the DAS data by comparing it to various meteorological data (rainfall and wind speed) from nearby weather stations. We first show DAS-recorded low-frequency wind-induced noise (0.5–8 Hz) probably caused by light poles swaying in the wind, as observed resonant frequencies agree with theoretical natural frequencies of nearby light poles. We find a strong linear correlation between DAS energy and wind speed. We further characterize rain-induced noise. Detailed observations from two rain events: a moderate rain and a heavy rain from Hurricane Ida, suggest that rain-induced noise is not generated by direct raindrops hitting the ground. Instead, the low-frequency noise (2–8 Hz) is attributed to the acoustic noise generated by water flow in stormwater drainage systems. Strong high-frequency noise up to 125 Hz is likely related to the rapid rainwater filling from the surface to the drainage system during heavy rain. We show linear relations between rain-induced DAS energy and rainfall rate, where the slopes of relations are related to the volume of rainwater, suggesting the influence of surface water and rainwater flow in the drainage system on DAS signals. Our results show the possibility of using DAS-equipped pre-existing telecom fibre-optic cables for sensing windstorms and rainstorms in urban areas and their interactions with urban infrastructures.

Influence of green roof plant density and redirecting rainfall via runoff zones on rainfall retention and plant drought stress

Green roofs are a promising engineered ecosystem designed to reduce stormwater runoff and restore vegetation cover in cities. Plants can contribute to rainfall retention by rapidly depleting water in the substrate, however, this increases the risk of plant drought stress. This study determined whether lower plant density or preferentially redirecting rainfall to plants on green roofs could reduce drought stress without reducing rainfall retention. Plant density was manipulated, and metal structures were installed above the substrate surfaces to redirect the flow of rainwater towards plants (runoff zones). Green roof modules were used to test three plant density treatments: unplanted, half-planted (10 plants/m2) and fully-planted (18 plants/m2), and two runoff zone treatments which were installed in unplanted and half-planted modules. It was expected that 1) green roofs with greater plant density would experience more drought stress (i.e., lower leaf water status), and 2) green roofs with runoff zones would show higher ET and hence retention compared with those without runoff zones, as water will be directed to plants (run-on zones), facilitating growth. Contrary to the hypothesis, evapotranspiration (ET) and rainfall retention were similar for half-planted and fully-planted modules, such that ∼82 % of applied rainfall was retained. While both vegetation treatments dried out the substrates before rainfall was applied, the fully-planted modules dried out quicker and showed significantly lower leaf water status than half-planted modules. This indicates that planting at lower density may reduce plant drought stress, without reducing rainfall retention. Installing runoff zones marginally reduced ET and rainfall retention, likely due to shading by the runoff zone structures reducing evaporation from the substrate. However, runoff also occurred earlier where runoff zones were installed as they likely created preferential flow paths that reduced soil moisture and therefore ET and retention. Despite reduced rainfall retention, plants in modules with runoff zones showed significantly higher leaf water status. Reducing plant density therefore represents a simple means of reducing plant stress on green roofs without reducing rainfall retention. Installing runoff zones on green roofs is a novel approach that could reduce plant drought stress, particularly in hot and dry climates, albeit at a small cost of reduced rainfall retention.

APPLICATION OF MORPHOLOGIC ANALYSIS TO QUANTIFY DIVERSION OF FLOOD WATERFLOW AND POTENTIAL ELECTRICAL ENERGY

As significant catchment of flood water, this study examined important morphological structures of Lake Buhi (LB) catchment area which is a part of Bicol River Basin Area (BRBA). The information taken was used to derive a mathematical model which was then used in analysing the hydrologic event in the area. Different scenarios were investigated to provide solutions and avoid major risks and damages in BRBA during extreme precipitation. The method used to gather the data are Geographical Information System (GIS), digital elevation modelling (DEM), hydrologic modelling, site visit, and remote sensing. It was found that the morphology is well structured to collect and impound vast amount of rainwater flow and form huge body of water known as the LB. The area has immense number of streams that directs surface runoff into the impounded body of water having low drainage density. Enormous amount is needed to discharge away and prevent high water level rise and stop flood in the nearby villages. The capacity of the outflow river is sufficient in most cases of the forecasted precipitation while during the time of typhoon event was found insufficient. However, there are three options to divert away the accumulated floodwater and become a potential source of electrical energy.

Study on structural damage evolution of excavated slope subjected to earthquake and rainfall using electrical resistivity measurement

Earthquake and rainfall are two major factors contributing to the slope failures. To examine the evolution of slope structural damage and the failure mechanism during the shaking and rainfall process, a model test of excavated slope subjected to earthquake and rainfall has been performed. The evolution of structural damage within the slope is considered as the changing process of porosity and crack development. The unique relation between of porosity and resistivity of unsaturated soil is utilized to reveal the spatial-temporal variation of slope structural damage by electrical resistivity measurement method. The testing results show that the shaking induced cracks appear on the surface of upper soil layer at the mid-height of slope model, and the structural damage could be both accumulated on the surface and inside the slope under seismic motion. The damaged area provides preference infiltration path for rainwater flow in the following raining process, resulting in the rapid increase of water content of slope interior. The sliding body extends and develops upwards to the slope crest under rainfall condition. The failure patten suggested by the structural damage parameter is verified by the dynamic response of slope model. The structural damage parameter using resistivity is able to show the spatial-temporal evolution of structural damage inside the slope quantitatively, and reflect the porosity change of soil under continuous earthquake and rainfall conditions. The evolution of structural damage reveals that the dynamic failure mode of excavated slope under earthquake and rainfall is the upwards-developed retrogressive sliding of upper soil layer. The evaluating method using resistivity measurement is particularly promising for field test of slope where it can be used to monitor the structural damage change of soil mass subjected to complex environment conditions.

RIVERS OF RAJASTHAN: A CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR CONDITION

Abstract: Based on the interpretation of all the Survey of India topographical sheets of Rajasthan on 1:50,000 scale and Google Earth Images, basin wise a total of 455 rivers are identified and mapped and flow charts are prepared. Basin wise water resources development & planning documents are consulted to find out their characteristics, problems and potentials. Chambal, Mahi and Luni basins have good network of rivers. A large number of small rivers/nallah originating from low hills and uplands, are lost in sandy/alluvial plains. Overall unwarranted human activities are sole responsible for deterioration of river condition. Encroachment over river bed for agriculture and habitation is common where river passes through alluvium or sandy plain. This happened particularly in Sabi, Banganga, Shekhawati and Ruparail basins. Here large stretches of river have lost their existence. Other menace are: river sand mining; discharge of sewage and industrial effluents; dumping mining waste and slurry of marble, sandstone and granite processing units. Large scale mining activities have blocked natural drainage system and reduced free flow of rainwater in rivers. Suggestions are given to improve the river condition and increase water yield.

Aantekeninge: Neighbour law and the interference with the natural flow of rainwater in urban areas: another look at Padca v Redlands Development Projects (Pty) Ltd

Afgesien van die regsbeginsels wat geskille tussen bure beheer wat die generiese vorm van ’n oorlas aanneem, bestaan die Suid-Afrikaanse burereg ook uit ’n stel kasuïstiese beginsels wat bepaalde soorte bureregtelike geskille beheer, elk met sy eie toepassingsveld. Een van hierdie spesifieke soorte geskille is die inmenging met die natuurlike vloei van reënwater. Soos die beskrywende titel aandui, lê hierdie gebied van burereg ’n plig op die eienaar van laerliggende grond om die natuurlike vloei van reënwater vanaf hoërliggende grond te ontvang, ongeag of dit skade vir hom of vir haar aan sy of haar grond meebring. Die regsbeginsels wat hierdie spesifieke soort buurgeskil beheer, gee aanleiding tot ’n aantal komplekse en moeilike vrae. Een hiervan is of dit nie net op landelike grond wat nog in sy ongerepte natuurlike staat verkeer van toepassing is nie, maar ook ongekwalifiseerd van toepassing is op stedelike grond waarvan die topografie in die proses van kultivering ingrypend verander is. In Williams v Harris (1998 3 SA 970 (HHA)), het die hoogste hof van appèl obiter bevind dat die regsbeginsels wel ook op stedelike persele aanwending vind. In die daaropvolgende uitspraak in Pappalardo v Hau (2010 2 SA 451 (HHA)) het dieselfde hof egter, weereens obiter, bevind dat die regsbeginsels tog nie ongekwalifiseerd aanwending in gekultiveerde stedelike erwe vind nie. Ten spyte van die feit dat hierdie teenstrydige benaderings bygedra het tot die verwarring en onsekerheid wat hierdie gedeelte van die burereg kenmerk en dus uitroep vir ’n bevredigende oplossing, het die hoogste hof van appèl in Pietermaritzburg en Distriksraad vir die Bejaardessorg (PADCA) v Redlands Development Projects (Pty) Ltd (2018 4 SA 113 (HHA)) versuim om hierdie kwessie direk aan te spreek. Die hof het bloot die regsbeginsels wat die natuurlike vloei van water beheer, toegepas op grond wat duidelik stedelike grond is. Die doel van die outeur met hierdie nota is om hierdie uitspraak krities te ondersoek deur, ten minste gedeeltelik, ’n regs- en ekonomiese benadering op hierdie gebied van burereg toe te pas.

Use of Drone Technology in Georeferencing Slopes of Landslide Prone Areas

Access to regions that cannot be accessed owing to natural damage and contours that are too extreme present challenges in mapping areas prone to landslides, requiring the use of drones to retrieve data from disaster areas. The goal of this research is to (1) use arcgis to reference landslide-prone locations, (2) analyze the safe level value of landslide-prone areas using slide applications, and (3) use drone photogrammetry to model landslide-prone areas in 3D. At locations 119°40′3.36"E - 119°40′30.58"E and 5°19′32.53"S - 5°20′3.69"S, photogrammetry was employed by taking ortho photographs with mavic 2 pro type drones and secondary data of the soil layer provided by penetration test. The area of S01 with FoS 0.470 on the slope of slope 51°, the area S02 with FoS 0,527 on the slope of slope 47°, the area S03 with FoS 0.379 on the slope of slope 52°, the area S04 with FoS 0.551 on slope 46°, and the area S05 with FoS 0.763 on slope 32° are all known from the referencing map of arcgis-based landslide prone areas. The concluded that of soil in the research area is generally sandy clay soil, and the position of rainwater flow, which can be a trigger factor for landslides, so this data becomes preliminary data in early anticipation of potential landslide disasters and enhances alertness to prospective landslide disasters.

Embung Plumbungan Tourism Empowerment through Environmental Greening in Gondoharum Village, Jekulo Subdistrict

An embankment is a basin used to regulate and accommodate the supply of rainwater flow and to improve the water quality in the associated water body (river, lake). Embungs are used to maintain groundwater quality, prevent flooding, and as a source of irrigation. Embungs collect rainwater in the rainy season and are then used by farmers to irrigate land in the dry season. In Gondoharum Village there is an embung that will be used as a tourist attraction in the future, but there is a case in the embung, namely the existence of a dry soil structure that makes the land there look barren. Therefore, the KKN Team made efforts to greenish activities to improve the soil structure and to make the Embung look more beautiful and cooler to attract tourists to visit the Embung.

A Study on Leaching Properties of End-of-Life Tire for Urban Use Applications

Urban runoff or the flow of rainwater in urban areas, can carry leachate chemicals, released from End-of-Life Tire (ELT), may be a toxicity source to public. These matters can impact on living organisms contact to water which can be harmful. Because ELTs very often utilized in urban open space applications, it was aimed to investigate water leachates comparatively from two different inner side parts which one is punctured and patched with rubber cement adhesive (A) and other is normal non-patched (B). In these regards, leachate dependence between these two different parts were evaluated with using selected physicochemical properties of water. However, except pH, all other measured parameters appear to higher for rubber cement adhesive patched sample (B) rather than sample A. These could be expected, considering the heterogeneous rubber part which patched with rubber cement adhesive could be affects further leachates to water. It is important to note that a positive correlation was observed for parameters and duration for both experimental measurements. The highest EC value of 1425 μs/cm, TDS of 1004 ppm, salinity of 0.73 ppt and Turbidity value of 9.3 NTU were found after maximum (14 days) water leaching duration for sample. The similar trend was also realized for sample B that the highest EC value of 2333 μs/cm, TDS of 1670 ppm, salinity of 1.18 ppt and turbidity value of 19 NTU were found after 14 days of water leaching.

CULVERT DESIGN ANALYSIS USING HY-8 SOFTWARE TO DRAIN SURFACE RUNOFF DISCHARGE AT CV GUNUNG BATUJAJAR, WEST BANDUNG REGENCY, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

CV Gunung Batujajar is a company engaged in the mining of industrial minerals in the form of andesite that applies an open-pit mining system (surface mining). Regarding the mining drainage system that is applied, there are still obstacles in dealing with drainage problems. The flow of rainwater in CV Gunung Batujajar generally flows in two places, to the large opening pit in the south with a percentage of 70% water flow and to the north by 30%. After further review, 30% of the water flow turned out to be flowing towards residents' housing and causing the water to overflow until it was flooded, thus disrupting the productivity of the population. Therefore, the authors conducted research related to the analysis of the drainage system using a culvert. In conducting the research, the authors took several types of data such as rainfall data for 10 years, field data on road geometry conditions, etc. With a planned rainfall value of 157.06 mm/day and a planned rainfall intensity of 54.45 mm/hour obtained the design runoff discharge is 0.35 m3/s. For the culvert design at the first outlet, a trapezoidal shape design is used with a base length of 0.225 m and a height of 0.2 m. As for the design at the second outlet, it is in the form of a trapezoid with a base length of 1.2 m and a height of 1.3 m. The second outlet is concluded to be more technically secure.

How Math Helps us Predict Water Flows in Forests

Water flows through forests in many ways, so it is difficult to understand and predict where and when it will flow. Understanding how water flows through forests is important, as it affects many of the services that forests offer to people, like lumber for houses and cleaner air. Water scientists (called hydrologists) have a way to reduce the complex water flow of a forest into something we can explain with simple math: they turn forests into buckets! In this article, we describe a forest “water park,” where leafy and bark buckets fill and empty into each other or onto the forest floor. These buckets help us describe and predict water flows in forests using simple arithmetic and statistics. We focus on the flow of rainwater as it drains through the canopy to the ground, contributing water needed for tree growth and filling the groundwater that we drink.

A Study on the Determination Methods of Monitoring Point for Inundation Damage in Urban Area Using UAV and Hydrological Modeling

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used in various fields, such as military, logistics, transportation, construction, and agriculture, making it possible to apply the limited activities of humans to various and wide ranges. In addition, UAVs have been utilized to construct topographic data that are more precise than existing satellite images or cadastral maps. In this study, a monitoring point for preventing flood damage in an urban area was selected using a UAV. In addition, the topographic data were constructed using a UAV, and the flow of rainwater was examined using the watershed analysis in an urban area. An orthomosaic, a digital surface model (DSM), and a three-dimensional (3D) model were constructed for the topographic data, and a precision of 0.051 m based on the root mean square error (RMSE) was achieved through the observation of ground control points (GCPs). On the other hand, for the watershed analysis in the urban area, the point in which the flow of rainwater converged was analyzed by adjusting the thresholds. A monitoring point for preventing flood damage was proposed by examining the topographic characteristics of the target area related to the inflow of rainwater.

Inflow Quantification in Urban Sewer Networks

The improper waterflow to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) due to rainwater inflow, and infiltration is a growing concern due to the many problems it brings to the sector, ranging from infrastructure deterioration to environmental problems caused by untreated wastewater and to the eventual financial costs that these issues cause. The study was carried out at the Folhadela WWTP, Vila Real, Portugal, between May 2014 and May 2015, with the total effluent flows recorded every 2 min at the entrance of the WWTP. Rainfall data from the Vila Real Meteorological Station, corresponding to the same period, were used. The study allowed us to conclude that from the wastewater that flowed to the Folhadela WWTP, in the months of study, only 15% is domestic wastewater, and the remaining 85% were undesirable volumes. Of these, 47% were infiltration flows, and 38% were rainwater flows that are not taken into account when dimensioning networks and WWTPs. These flows also have the particularity of representing very high volumes in short periods of time, coinciding with heavy rains, representing a very high risk for drainage and treatment infrastructures. Regarding the infiltration flow rates, as a general rule, they are taken into account when dimensioning the networks as being a percentage of the total flow. However, it is necessary to take into account the magnitude and the evolution of these values according to the network age and state of conservation, as well as have straight regulations about the undue connections into the network.

RANCANGAN SISTEM PEMANENAN AIR HUJAN UNTUK RUMAH TOKO DI KECAMATAN KUTA ALAM KOTA BANDA ACEH

Rainwater harvesting is known as one of solutions for water conservation. Rainwater harvesting decreases stormwater runoff which reduce erosion, conserve water at local level to be used later and so on. Indonesia as tropical country has great water resources, but rainwater harvesting is not common, people only let the rainwater flow to the river without intention to preserve it. This study aims to test the quality of rainwater in the district of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh City, then plan the design of a rainwater harvesting system for shop houses that are often found in this area. The study conducted by testing the physical parameters of rainwater quality, collecting common shop house dimension data, and rainfall data, then calculating the potential rainwater that can be harvested by hydrology analysis, and then determine the volume, design, drawing of the rainwater harvesting system. The result shows that pH ranges from 7.8 to 7.9; temperature 28-31; DHL minimum 4u / cm and maximum 20u / cm; TDS ranges from 3-9 ppm, and all of this numbers meet quality standards of PERMENKES NO 32/2017. The highest daily rainfall level was in December 2014 (77.6 mm), and the average monthly rainfall for the last 10 years is 156,321 mm. With a planned rainfall value of 30.8 mm/hour, 2 hours of rain duration, and a return period of rain of 2 years, rainwater has the potential discharge quantity of 0.8 liters/second. The dimension of the system (regarding to SNI 8153:2015) are: (1) horizon pipe 3 inch long, (2) vertical pipe it is 4 inch, and reservoir volume is 0.5 m3

Physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics in of Tuikual river in Aizawl, Mizoram

The Tuikual river flows through Aizawl, also known as Tuithum Lui, before connecting with the Tlawng river, Mizoram’s primary source of water supply. The study was carried out over a year, from October 2020 to September 2021, with samples collected at monthly intervals. The research area was divided into four sampling locations along the river, from upstream to downstream. Pollutants carried by the river include untreated municipal garbage, sewage discharges, and biomedical effluents. The upstream Site 1 sample, which contained biomedical effluents from Aizawl Civil Hospital (Mizoram’s largest hospital), and the downstream Site 2 sample, which contained biomedical effluents from Aizawl Civil Hospital and Ebenezer Hospital (Mizoram’s most popular state private hospital). The downstream Sites 3 (Khawhpawp) and 4 (Tuithum) are tourist attractions that eventually join the Tlawng river. Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Acidity, Sulphate and total coliform count are important water quality parameters that have been estimated for the study of the monthly variation of Tuikual river water quality. Except for DO, the monsoon (rainy) months had higher values in all of the studied parameters, which could be attributed to the flow of heavy rainwater, which carries a large amount of pollutants from the surroundings into the river body of water. Microsoft Excel was used for the statistical analysis of the correlation coefficient.