Rainfall Maps Research Articles

Assessment of groundwater potential zones using multi-criteria evaluation technique of Paisuni River Basin from the combined state of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, India

The Paisuni River Basin forms the combined state of Uttar Pradesh (UP), and Madhya Pradesh (MP), India. It is an agricultural-dominated area in the flood plains where groundwater plays a crucial role for agricultural purpose. In the present study, an assessment of groundwater potential (GWP) zones is carried out using multi-criteria evaluation techniques. Different thematic maps such as landuse/landcover, geomorphology, lithology, soil, slope, lineament, drainage and rainfall maps were considered for the delineation of potential zones. The present work was carried out to delineate the GWP for the two different states as well as for the various villages of UP and MP. Approximately, 44% and 13% for good potential, 32% and 18% for moderate potential and 6% and 14% for the low potential of groundwater are delineated from the states of UP and MP. The village wise shows that 1% good potential is in the state of MP; however, 99% shows good potential for the villages of UP. Rainfall data also indicates that UP receives more annual rainfall than MP. The majority of the area in UP suggests good groundwater potential zones. Thus, the results will be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources in the Paisuni River Basin as well as rainwater harvesting in different villages where there is a poor potential of groundwater to meet the future need of water in these villages.

Assessment of Native Radar Reflectivity and Radar Rainfall Estimates for Discharge Forecasting in Mountain Catchments with a Random Forest Model

Discharge forecasting is a key component for early warning systems and extremely useful for decision makers. Forecasting models require accurate rainfall estimations of high spatial resolution and other geomorphological characteristics of the catchment, which are rarely available in remote mountain regions such as the Andean highlands. While radar data is available in some mountain areas, the absence of a well distributed rain gauge network makes it hard to obtain accurate rainfall maps. Thus, this study explored a Random Forest model and its ability to leverage native radar data (i.e., reflectivity) by providing a simplified but efficient discharge forecasting model for a representative mountain catchment in the southern Andes of Ecuador. This model was compared with another that used as input derived radar rainfall (i.e., rainfall depth), obtained after the transformation from reflectivity to rainfall rate by using a local Z-R relation and a rain gauge-based bias adjustment. In addition, the influence of a soil moisture proxy was evaluated. Radar and runoff data from April 2015 to June 2017 were used. Results showed that (i) model performance was similar by using either native or derived radar data as inputs (0.66 < NSE < 0.75; 0.72 < KGE < 0.78). Thus, exhaustive pre-processing for obtaining radar rainfall estimates can be avoided for discharge forecasting. (ii) Soil moisture representation as input of the model did not significantly improve model performance (i.e., NSE increased from 0.66 to 0.68). Finally, this native radar data-based model constitutes a promising alternative for discharge forecasting in remote mountain regions where ground monitoring is scarce and hardly available.

Rainfall estimation from a German-wide commercial microwave link network: optimized processing and validation for 1 year of data

Abstract. Rainfall is one of the most important environmental variables. However, it is a challenge to measure it accurately over space and time. During the last decade, commercial microwave links (CMLs), operated by mobile network providers, have proven to be an additional source of rainfall information to complement traditional rainfall measurements. In this study, we present the processing and evaluation of a German-wide data set of CMLs. This data set was acquired from around 4000 CMLs distributed across Germany with a temporal resolution of 1 min. The analysis period of 1 year spans from September 2017 to August 2018. We compare and adjust existing processing schemes on this large CML data set. For the crucial step of detecting rain events in the raw attenuation time series, we are able to reduce the amount of misclassification. This was achieved by using a new approach to determine the threshold, which separates a rolling window standard deviation of the CMLs' signal into wet and dry periods. For the compensation for wet antenna attenuation, we compare a time-dependent model with a rain-rate-dependent model and show that the rain-rate-dependent model performs better for our data set. We use RADOLAN-RW, a gridded gauge-adjusted hourly radar product from the German Meteorological Service (DWD) as a precipitation reference, from which we derive the path-averaged rain rates along each CML path. Our data processing is able to handle CML data across different landscapes and seasons very well. For hourly, monthly, and seasonal rainfall sums, we found good agreement between CML-derived rainfall and the reference, except for the winter season due to non-liquid precipitation. We discuss performance measures for different subset criteria, and we show that CML-derived rainfall maps are comparable to the reference. This analysis shows that opportunistic sensing with CMLs yields rainfall information with good agreement with gauge-adjusted radar data during periods without non-liquid precipitation.

Comparison of geostatistical interpolation methods to map annual rainfall in the Chéliff watershed, Algeria

The Cheliff watershed has one of the most spatially diverse pluviometric regimes in northwestern Algeria. Understanding these regimes is essential for managing water resources and identifying the most vulnerable regions to climate change. Mean annual rainfall data (1972–2012) for 58 meteorological stations and their corresponding elevation were used. Maps were produced using three geostatistical interpolation algorithms: ordinary kriging (OK), regression-kriging (RK), and kriging with external drift (KED); the first algorithm uses only rainfall while the other two use also elevation. Interpolation methods were compared using statistical indicators of cross-validation. Results indicate that KED is the least biased interpolator with limited number of strong underestimates or overestimates and limited relative importance of this strong underestimation or overestimation, followed by RK and finally OK. The best match between measured and predicted values was for KED (correlation coefficient of 0.82), followed by RK (0.79), while OK is far from them (0.70). KED can be considered the best model because it gives the lowest values of mean error, mean absolute error, and root mean square error (− 1.9, 35.4, and 49.5 mm, respectively) and the highest values of Willmott agreement index, Lin concordance coefficient, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (0.89, 0.80, and 0.67, respectively), results of RK are intermediate, while those of OK are the worst. There is clearly significant improvement in the prediction performance taking into account the elevation, in particular by KED. Results show that KED is the most appropriate to produce map of mean annual rainfall in the Cheliff watershed, Algeria.

USO DA GEOTECNOLOGIA PARA A ANÁLISE DA PRECIPITAÇÃO EM CUBATÃO (SP) – CORRELAÇÃO COM A OCORRÊNCIA DE MOVIMENTOS DE MASSA

A distribuição espacial e temporal das chuvas é de fundamental importância para gerenciamento dos recursos naturais. A presença de água relaciona-se com a grande maioria dos casos de instabilização de encostas (vertentes), tendo grande influência na deflagração de processos de movimentos de massa. A pesquisa tem como principal objetivo analisar, em ambiente SIG, a variação temporal e espacial da precipitação na região de Cubatão, por meio da interpolação de dados históricos de precipitação intensa na região. Os dados de pluviometria foram coletados por meio do Banco de Dados Hidrológicos do Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica (DAEE) do Estado de São Paulo, de forma gratuita. Foram feitos gráficos de média total mensal de precipitação, assim como mapas de distribuição espacial da média da chuva anual. Tais resultados foram comparados com o evento de 1976 ocorrido e registrado em bibliografias. Como resultado, pôde-se observar que o ano de 1975 foi o ano com maiores valores de médias mensais, chegando a quase 650 mm em janeiro, o que indica que no ano que antecedeu o evento de movimento de massa houve uma chuva acima da média na região, podendo ser um fator considerado deflagrador ou potencializador da ocorrência desses processos geológicos.

ANALYSIS OF FLOOD PRONE AREAS IN NAGAN RAYA REGENCY ACEH PROVINCE

Maps or remote sensing can be interpreted as the process of reading using various sensors where data collected remotely can be analyzed to obtain information about the object, area or phenomenon. In this study, the author develops a flood disaster mapping information system applying overlays with scoring between the parameters. The determinant factors to provide flood hazard levels includes rainfall factors in the dasarian unit, land-use factors and land-use arbitrary factors. Of all these parameters, a scoring process will be carried out by assigning weights and values according to their respective classifications, then an overlay process will be performed using ArcGIS software. The author conducted this study in Nagan Raya Regency since this area experiences flooding annually. Framing a thematic map of flood-prone areas in Nagan Raya Regency was designed using the flood hazard method. Spatial data that has been presented in the form of thematic maps as parameters are land use maps, landform maps, and dasarian rainfall maps (per 10 daily). The design of thematic maps that are prone to flooding is done by overlapping (overlay process). In contrast, the determination of the classification is done by adding scores to each parameter, with low, medium and high hazard levels. Parameter analysis shows the level of flood vulnerability in Nagan Raya Regency of each district, namely Beutong: high 0.21%, medium 13.68%, low 86.12%. Seunagan District: high 51.17%, medium 48.83%, low 0%. Seunagan Timur District: high 10.07%, medium 46.18%, low 43.75%. Kuala Subdistrict: high 29.66%, medium 68.99%, low 1.35%. Darul Makmur District: high 8.57%, medium 63.37%, low 28.06%. From the overall results of the study, it can be concluded that the danger of flooding in Nagan Raya Regency with a level of vulnerability: high 9.92%, moderate 42.65% and low 47.43%.

Determination of long-term changes in the rainfall penetration domain of Sudan low in Iran during the period 1976–2017

Sudan low pressure is considered as one of the most effective systems during the rainy season in Iran. Various dry and wet periods are closely associated with the activity of this system during the rainy season as well. The present study evaluated the changes in Sudan low area during four decades, which were classified based on solar cycles. The data, obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Iran, included daily precipitation, daily rainfall from the ECMWF dataset with 1°*1° spatial resolution, sea level pressure (SLP) and geopotential height at 1000-hPa pressure level from NCEP/NCAR dataset with 2.5°*2.5° spatial resolution, starting and ending in March 1976 and December 2017, respectively. In addition, Sudan low-pressure systems were selected by navigating the route and the location trajectory of low-pressure systems in SLP and the 1000-hPa pressure level maps of the rainfall days. Accordingly, 160 Sudan systems were selected using the internal self-assessment method. Further, the impact of the rainfall system in Iran was studied utilizing the rainfall maps of ECMWF dataset. The results revealed that the sphere of the influence of the Sudan low increased during the rainy season, over time. Within this period, changes in the areas of influence of the Sudan system remained constant only in February compared to the last two decades while the solar cycles added to the Sudan systems in the other months of the cold spell. This result could be due to a climate change in the direction of the solar activity in the climate of Iran.

Groundwater potential mapping in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria, using multi-criteria analysis and hydrogeophysics

The assessment of the potential groundwater recharge area is extremely important for water quality protection and proper management of ground water systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate systematic groundwater studies using the integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) and hydrogeophysics as a tool to identify groundwater potential areas in Ikorodu, Lagos. In this study, various thematic maps (layers) derived from satellite image classification such as: Land use/ Land cover map, soil map, rainfall map, geological map, slope map derived from SRTM Digital Elevation Model, lineament density map obtained as a result if lineament analysis of the principal component of the image, were all integrated using the weighted overlay tool in the spatial analyst toolbox of ArcGIS 10.5. Ranks and weights of classes and sub-classes of the thematic layers were assigned based on their influences on groundwater occurrence. The vertical electrical sounding data obtained from the study area were used to validate the results of the groundwater potential map and also determine the areas with brackish water, saline water and freshwater and the most probable drillable depth for exploration. The results show that the groundwater potential zones of the study area could be classified into five zones with the following percentage for spatial distribution: “very high” potential zone (0.6%), “high” (4.2%), “moderate” (15.8%), “low” 71.7% and very low potential zone (7.7%). The South-Western region of Ikorodu, close to Oriwu has the highest concentration of groundwater. Imota is characterized with Moderate and Low ground water potentials. From the query results, the aquiferous layers were identified, their yield and potentials determined and the depths to which boreholes can be sunk for the drilling of fresh water were found to be between 20m and 120m respectively.
 Keywords: Groundwater, Remote sensing, GIS, Hydrogeophysics.

Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping of Ondo State Using Multi-criteria Technique and Hydrogeophysics

The delineation of groundwater potential zones in Ondo State was carried out using Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Hydrogeophysics. In this study, various thematic maps such as: soil map, slope, drainage map, land use/Land cover map, geological map, rainfall map, lineaments map were obtained from enhanced satellite imagery. These maps were overlaid in terms of weighed overlay method using Spatial Analysis tool in Arc GIS 10.5. During weighed overlay analysis, different ranks were given to each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to their influence. Results showed that spatial distribution of the most promising sites for groundwater exploration was dependent on the interrelated factors of lithology, topography and geologic structure. The groundwater potential map obtained from the study area showed that 17.5% of the total study area lie within the “very high” potential zone, 12.0% of the area falls within the “high”, 39.5% lies within the “moderate” zone, 25.7% lies within the “low “potential zone while 5.3% lies within the very low potential zone. The very high potential areas lie within the sedimentary zone in the southern part of the study area with high alluvial deposits, while the “very low” prospect zone lies majorly within the basement complex zone in the northern part of the study area. The query results on Ijapo Vertical electric sounding (VES) data analysis shows the presence of four lithology: top soil, sand (which contains the fresh water), sand clay (which contains the brackish water) and the clay (which contains the saline water). The boreholes susceptible to salt water intrusion were identified and the best drilling point with respect to depth were also determined.

Pemetaan Curah Hujan Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Resiko Bencana Hidrometeorologi Dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) Untuk Wilayah Kalimantan Utara

North Kalimantan is one of the regions in Indonesia which is prone to hydrometeorological disasters. The purpose of this study was to determine the rainfall analysis of the North Kalimantan Region as a basis in finding rainfall levels in areas that do not have climatological stations, knowing the rainfall maps of the North Kalimantan Region and knowing the conditions of high rainfall causing flood prone in the North Kalimantan region. Rainfall data collection locations are climatology stations Tanjung Harapan, Juwata, Tuvai Semaring, Kalimarau and R.A. Bessing. Rainfall data is taken from OGIMET for 10 years. The result of rainfall analysis is the average monthly rainfall, which is from January to December. The method used to determine the monthly rainfall value in the North Kalimantan region is the Spatial Analyst Interpolation -Kriging method. The results are in the form of monthly rainfall maps, from January to December. Monthly rainfall map is a source of information on the value of rainfall in the region in North Kalimantan. Maximum rainfall is found in the areas of Tanjung Selor and Tarakan, namely January 313,368 mm, May 366,238 mm, July 358,868 mm and December 324,513 mm. Map of monthly rainfall in January, May, July and December is a parameter to see the condition of high rainfall causing hydrometeorological disasters. Through this research it is expected to anticipate the risk of disasters caused by the weather.

Could drought constrain woody encroachers in savannas?

Droughts are expected to become more frequent and severe, due to climate change, with uncertain consequences for savanna vegetation. Drought-driven tree mortality has been observed in some savannas, but little is known about how tolerant savanna trees are to drought, or what determines differences among species in drought vulnerability. Here, we examine which characteristics best distinguished tree species that were most negatively affected by a recent drought in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Woody-encroaching, root-suckering species, which tended to have relatively low investments in non-structural carbohydrates, had the highest mortality rates. Of particular interest was Dichrostachys cinerea, a notable contributor to widespread woody encroachment across southern African savannas, which suffered high drought mortality. Using rainfall maps and vegetation survey data, we show that D. cinerea distributions in Kruger National Park are limited to areas with higher mean annual rainfall and lower past drought frequency, and stem densities are lower where droughts have occurred more frequently, suggesting that past droughts have had lasting impacts on the distribution and abundance of this species. Woody encroachers, such as D. cinerea, may face a trade off between traits promoting proliferation vs. drought tolerance, and more frequent and severe droughts could increasingly limit their spread.

Integrating GIS-based and geophysical techniques for groundwater potential assessment in Halabja Said Sadiq sub-basin, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Groundwater is an important resource in Halabja Said Sadiq sab-basin, Sulaymaniyah district for agricultural and other uses. Continuous dramatic extraction of groundwater from legal and illegal wells led to a severe decline in the water table for the last thirty years. The objectives of this study are to delineate the groundwater productivity zones by combining the geographic information system and geoelectrical survey, which serves to recognize the locations of good groundwater storage and recharge zones. The Halabja Said Sadiq sub-basin has been selected as a case study to delineate the groundwater productivity zones. Four geoelectrical resistivity profiles conducted with electrode spacing 10 m and the length of the profiles is equal to 710 m. Themes such as hydrogeology, land use/land cover, topography, drainage density, soil type, slope, lineaments and rainfall maps are created. The thematic maps made with GIS platform and appropriate weights put to the attributes taking into account the influence on the storage potential of groundwater. The results of geoelectrical profiles revealed that the aquifer thickness is 150 m. Three zones of groundwater potential delineated which are low, moderate and high and cover 33 %, 24 %, and 42 % of the total area respectively. Spatially, the highest zone is located along with the Quaternary deposits which characterized by high lineament density, low slop, and pediment deposition
 The output of the groundwater potential model is verified by testing the discharge rate of the existing 580 wells. The results are revealed that most of the high yield wells are located within the high groundwater potential zone. Results of such verifications proved that the groundwater productivity areas recognized by GIS (AHP) and geoelectrical techniques are dependable and practical.
 
 http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.112

Integrating GIS-based and geophysical techniques for groundwater potential assessment in Halabja Said Sadiq sub-basin, Kurdistan, NE Iraq

Groundwater is an important resource in Halabja Said Sadiq sab-basin, Sulaymaniyah district for agricultural and other uses. Continuous dramatic extraction of groundwater from legal and illegal wells led to a severe decline in the water table for the last thirty years. The objectives of this study are to delineate the groundwater productivity zones by combining the geographic information system and geoelectrical survey, which serves to recognize the locations of good groundwater storage and recharge zones. The Halabja Said Sadiq sub-basin has been selected as a case study to delineate the groundwater productivity zones. Four geoelectrical resistivity profiles conducted with electrode spacing 10 m and the length of the profiles is equal to 710 m. Themes such as hydrogeology, land use/land cover, topography, drainage density, soil type, slope, lineaments and rainfall maps are created. The thematic maps made with GIS platform and appropriate weights put to the attributes taking into account the influence on the storage potential of groundwater. The results of geoelectrical profiles revealed that the aquifer thickness is 150 m. Three zones of groundwater potential delineated which are low, moderate and high and cover 33 %, 24 %, and 42 % of the total area respectively. Spatially, the highest zone is located along with the Quaternary deposits which characterized by high lineament density, low slop, and pediment deposition
 The output of the groundwater potential model is verified by testing the discharge rate of the existing 580 wells. The results are revealed that most of the high yield wells are located within the high groundwater potential zone. Results of such verifications proved that the groundwater productivity areas recognized by GIS (AHP) and geoelectrical techniques are dependable and practical.

Application of Remote Sensing, GIS and Hydrogeophysics to Groundwater Exploration in Ogun State: A case study of OGD-Sparklight Estate

With the increase in population of Ogun state, the necessity to provide water to the populace has become a disturbing problem. In this study, a systematic approach to delineate the groundwater potential zones of the state was carried out using Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Hydrogeophysics as a tool. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) observations were also carried out in OGD Sparklight Estate to validate the results obtained from the integrated remote sensing and GIS observation and also determine the aquifer depth and possible pollution. The various thematic maps such as: soil map, land use/Land, geological map, rainfall map, lineaments map were obtained from enhanced satellite imagery and Slope map was generated from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission elevation model (SRTM DEM). These maps were overlaid in terms of weighed overlay method using Spatial Analysis tool in Arc GIS 10.4. During weighed overlay analysis, different ranks were given to each individual parameter of each thematic map and weights were assigned according to their influence. The groundwater potential map obtained from the study area showed that 47% of the total study area (Ogun state) lie within the “very high” potential zone, 15% of the area falls within the “high”, 30% lies within the of “moderate” zone, 5% lies within the “low “potential zone while “2% “ lies within the very low potential zone. The very high potential areas lie within the sedimentary zone in the southern part of the study area with high alluvial deposits, while the “very low” prospect zone lies majorly within the basement complex zone in the northern part of the study area. The boreholes susceptible to salt water intrusion were identified and the best drilling point with respect to depth were also determined.

PEMETAAN SEBARAN TINGKAT BAHAYA EROSI DI WILAYAH SUB DAS LEMPAKE

This research was aimed to predict the erosion hazard level based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) formula and to create distribution mapping of erosion hazard level at Lempake sub-watershed area. This research was conducted by overlay four types of maps, i.e: rainfall, soil, slope, and land cover maps. The results showed that the process of overlay from a topographic map, map of soil types, vegetation maps and rainfall map was 36 land units about 583.108 ha area. Annual rainfall in the sub-watershed of Lempake during about 10 years old from the year of 2008 to 2017 amounted was 2445.8 mm. The soil type of dominant was podsolik kandika bout 1724 ha area. The most of topography of the Lempake sub-watershed was dominated by the slope class of 15-25% (rather steep) which is 1218.34 ha. Land covers were dominated by shrubs with an area of 830.27 ha. An overlay process was done to get the final result, i.e. erosion hazard level prediction. The level was classified into five categories those were very light, light, medium, heavy, and very heavy. The results showed that the distribution mapping of erosion hazard level at Lempake sub-watershed area ranged from very light to very heavy, with the percentage soft he affected areas are 20.39%;10.87%; 3.93%; 36.87%, and 27.9% respectively. The results can be used as a database to make a good planning watershed area management.

GIS Techniques based mapping of effect rainfall on Groundwater level depth in Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Huzur Tehsil, District, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh has been become facing the problem of groundwater availability in recent times. Water is very important for the sustained use of natural resources and is vital for the existence of humans. Groundwater is used for a different variety of purposes, including irrigation, drinking, and manufacturing. Spatial variations in groundwater level in the area of Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District, India, have been studied using geographic information system (GIS) technique. GIS, a tool that is used for storing, analyzing and displaying spatial data is also used for investigating groundwater level information. The study of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal evaluates and analysis the groundwater level fluctuation using the annual rainfall data (Period 1996 to 2017), and groundwater level depth data (1996 to 2017). We are observed and collected the 350 bore well in Huzur tehsil District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Water level depth of the 350 observation wells between (Pre - Post monsoon and monsoon time) over the area indicates the net changes in the groundwater within the Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District. Using a GIS spatial interpolation technique and generate the map.

GIS Techniques based mapping of effect rainfall on Groundwater level depth in Huzur Tehsil, Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Huzur Tehsil, District, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh has been become facing the problem of groundwater availability in recent times. Water is very important for the sustained use of natural resources and is vital for the existence of humans. Groundwater is used for a different variety of purposes, including irrigation, drinking, and manufacturing. Spatial variations in groundwater level in the area of Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District, India, have been studied using geographic information system (GIS) technique. GIS, a tool that is used for storing, analyzing and displaying spatial data is also used for investigating groundwater level information. The study of Huzur Tehsil, District Bhopal evaluates and analysis the groundwater level fluctuation using the annual rainfall data (Period 1996 to 2017), and groundwater level depth data (1996 to 2017). We are observed and collected the 350 bore well in Huzur tehsil District Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. Water level depth of the 350 observation wells between (Pre - Post monsoon and monsoon time) over the area indicates the net changes in the groundwater within the Huzur, Tehsil, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal District. Using a GIS spatial interpolation technique and generate the map.

A 19-Years Period (2000-2018) Dataset of Annual and Monthly Spatial Distribution of Rainfall and Average Air Temperature in a Temperate Region for Climate Change Studies

Aims: Temperature changes in the air, land and ocean together with the hydrological cycle and changing precipitation patterns are some of the topics assessed by scientist all over the world in order to study the signals of a changing climate. As the impacts of climate change are expected to be noticed both at global and local scale, a dataset of real-world precipitation and average air temperature at regional scale spanning a period of 19 years is provided and described in the present paper.
 Study Design: Starting from cumulative precipitation and average air temperature data, a set of annual and monthly spatially distributed maps have been generated in order to provide the scientific community with regional-scale data related to a temperate climate area.
 Place and Duration of Study: Marche Region, East-Central Italy, between January 2000 and December 2018.
 Methodology: We used in-situ rainfall and air temperature data provided by Marche Region (Italy) Security and Civil Protection Department in the framework of the regional meteorological and hydrological monitoring network (SIRMIP). SIRMIP network is composed of a mechanical and a telemetric sensing system. SIRMIP network consists of, among others, 230 rain gauges and 137 thermometers.
 Rainfall and air temperature data have been interpolated on a 1 km-resolution regular grid using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) spatial interpolation. Temperature data were further processed through a linear regression using elevation from a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM).
 Results: The generated dataset described in this paper consists of 228 monthly- and 19 annual-spatially distributed maps of rainfall and air temperature.

Quality Control for Crowdsourced Personal Weather Stations to Enable Operational Rainfall Monitoring

AbstractAutomatic personal weather stations owned and maintained by weather enthusiasts provide spatially dense in situ measurements that are often collected and visualized in real time on online weather platforms. While the spatial and temporal resolution of this data source is high, its rainfall observations are prone to typical errors, currently preventing its large‐scale, real‐time application. This study proposes a quality control methodology consisting of four modules targeting these errors, applicable in real time without requiring auxiliary measurements. The quality control improves the overall accuracy of a year of hourly rainfall depths in Amsterdam to a bias of −11.3% (0.2% when a proxy for overall rainfall underestimation by personal weather stations is used), a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82, and a coefficient of variation of 2.70, while maintaining 88% of the original data set. Application on a national scale (average 1 station per ∼10 km2) yields high‐resolution nationwide rainfall maps, hence showing the great potential of personal weather stations for complementing existing often sparse traditional rain gauge networks.

Spatial distribution, variation and trend of five-day antecedent rainfall in Singapore

ABSTRACT This paper presents the spatial distribution, variation and trend of 5-day antecedent rainfall in Singapore based on rainfall data from 22 meteorological stations. The effect of climate was analyzed by dividing the study period into three decades i.e. Decade 1: 1982–1991, Decade 2: 1992–2001 and Decade 3: 2002–2011. Kriging interpolation was used for rainfall mapping. The results show that spatial distribution of 5-day antecedent rainfall does not coincide with that of the annual rainfall. The maximum annual rainfall occurred in the northwestern side of Singapore. On the other hand, the maximum 5-day antecedent rainfall occurred in the north and northeastern sides. The results of this study suggest that the climate change has increased the amount of 5-day antecedent rainfall quite significantly, i.e. from 420.5 (1987) to 592.9 mm (2006), thus affecting the vulnerability of the area with respect to rainfall-induced slope failure. The analyses also showed that most of slope failures were located in the north and northeast of Singapore between December and earlier March. More slope failures were observed in Decade 3 as compared to Decades 1 and 2. In other words, the analysis confirmed that 5-day antecedent rainfall had affected the slope stability in Singapore.