Rainfall Research Articles

Monsoon Flora of Bombay and Salsette Islands

The information regarding the vegetation and in particular the monsoon flora of the present area seems to be scant. The author gives a complete account of the monsoon vegetation of Bombay and Salsette Islands, in this paper. During the rainy season, about 218 dicotyledons and about 50 monocotyledons were collected either in flowers, fruits or both Among the monocotyledons, the cyperaceae and gramineac have not been included ; they will be accounted for separately.

Analysis of the influence of water qualities on the strength of concrete

Concrete is commonly employed in construction for its tremendous compressive strength, despite its low tensile strength. This study aimed at analyzing the strength of concrete when mixed with water of varying qualities. Before concrete is formulated, tests are done on the aggregates to ascertain the right proportions but not on water used. Dreux-Gorrise concrete formulation method was employed. CAMWATER (tap water), rain water and water from a free-flowing river was used to cast concrete samples after which it was crushed to obtain 7 and 28 day resistances. The water qualities varied were pH and hardness. Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide were used to vary the pH of water. Results showed an increase in concrete strength as a function of increase in water pH. Water with a high pH resulted in concrete with an appreciable strength value while acidic water resulted in very low strength values. The usage of hard water for mixing concrete resulted in a strength value lower than with soft water. Conclusively, water quality has an effect on the strength of concrete. Therefore, it is advisable to use water with a high pH value for mixing concrete, preferring rainwater over tap water when mixing concrete due to hardness of water.

USE OF PLASTIC WASTE IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

Disposal of waste materials including waste plastic bags has become a serious problem and waste plastics are burnt for apparent disposal which cause environmental pollution. Utilisation of waste plastic bags in bituminous mixes has proved that these enhance the properties of mix in addition to solving disposal problems. Plastic waste which is cleaned is cut into a size such that it passes through 2-3 mm sieve using a shredding machine. The aggregate mix is heated and the plastic is effectively coated over the aggregate. This plastic waste coated aggregate is mixed with hot bitumen and the resulting mix is used for road construction. The use of the innovative technology will not only strengthen the road construction but also increase the road life as well as will help to improve the environment. Plastic roads would be a boon for India’s hot and extremely humid climate, where temperatures frequently cross 50°C and torrential rains create havoc, leaving most of the roads with big potholes. In my research work I have done a thorough study on the methodology of using plastic waste in bituminous mixes and presented the various tests performed on aggregates and bitumen. KEYWORDS: Plastic Waste, Bitumen, Aggregates, Plastic Roads

131 DNA methylation profile in bovine fetal liver is affected by maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation during early gestation

Abstract Early gestation is the critical period for successful pregnancy establishment. During this period, maternal nutrition affects fetal development with potentially long-lasting consequences on offspring performance. Despite the known effects of vitamins and minerals on embryonic development, supplementation is still not a widely adopted practice. Here we focused on the effects of maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation from pre-breeding to d 83 of gestation. We hypothesized that the DNA methylation pattern of genes involved with fetal hepatic metabolism and function would be altered in response to vitamin and mineral supplementation during early gestation. Sixteen Angus crossbred heifers (~16 mo of age) were randomly assigned to either a treatment (vitamin and mineral supplementation, VTM, n = 8) or control (corn-based carrier without supplementation, NoVTM, n = 8) group. Supplemented heifers received 0.45 kg •heifer-1•d-1 of to provide 113 g of vitamin-mineral premix (Purina Wind & Rain Storm All-Season 7.5 Complete, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN) from d 71 to 148 before breeding to d 83 of gestation. All heifers received 100% of NRC recommended nutritional requirements targeting 0.28 kg •heifer-1•d-1 of gain. The heifers were bred through artificial insemination following a 7-d Co-Synch + CIDR estrus synchronization protocol. All pregnant heifers were surgically ovariohysterectomized on d 83, and liver samples were collected from the fetuses. DNA methylation profiles from 16 fetuses (8 per treatment) were determined using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS). The analysis was conducted using methylKit pipeline where data was normalized using principal components. We identified 794 differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) for the control (NoVTM) vs VTM comparison. Most of the DMCs were found in introns followed by intergenic, promoter, and exonic regions. Among these DMCs, 60% (479) were hypermethylated and 40% (315) were hypomethylated, potentially regulating 739 nearby genes (FDR < 0.1). Biological processes over-represented by these genes included transport of ions through voltage gated channels (KCNK13, KCNT1, CACNA1B, KCNK9, LRRC55, KCNAB2, CACNA1S, KCNJ2, CACNG5, CLIC5, TPCN2, KCNQ1), which may be associated to pregnancy establishment by inducing pregnancy-associated relaxation and uterine artery dilatation. Some genes associated with structural development were also regulated by VTM supplementation (i.e., TIAM1, COL18A1, DYSF, BMP10, RXRA, EHMT1, COL4A2, PLEC, ZFAT, MTMR2, NAV1, ANHX, ACACB, and LIMK2). Collectively, these results suggest that periconceptual maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation affects the methylation pattern and potentially regulates the expression of genes involved in fetal liver development and ion transport.

In-syringe homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction followed by filtration-based phase separation for on-site extraction of chloroanilines from water samples.

This study introduces a new in-syringe homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction method for the rapid on-site extraction of chloroanilines from water samples. Extraction was performed using a plastic syringe, eliminating the use of any electrical power source. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) served as the extractant. The process initially involved dissolving DEHPA in an alkaline solution to obtain a homogeneous solution. Subsequently, the sodium salt of DEHPA was precipitated by salting-out, and the resulting heterogeneous mixture was filtered using a syringe filter. The precipitate containing the analytes was then dissolved in methanol for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under optimal conditions, extraction recovery for chloroanilines ranged from 26% to 71%. Method linearity was evaluated within a concentration range of 1.0-100µg/L, resulting in coefficients of determination exceeding 0.9987 for all analytes. Method detection limits ranged from 0.28 to 0.41µg/L. Intra and inter-day precision values were below 9.5% and 10.8%, respectively. The developed method was applied to determine chloroanilines in real waters, yielding acceptable recoveries ranging from 80% to 109% for spiked tap, rain, and stream waters. Additionally, the method was successfully employed for on-site extraction of target contaminants, demonstrating no statistically significant differences compared to laboratory results.

Dune soil nitrogen leaching for Chinese-yam cultivation: Impact of microbe-decomposable slow-release fertilizer

Chinese yam production is thriving in Aomori Prefecture, a cold and snowy region in Japan. Recently, there has been an increasing risk of nitrogen leaching in Chinese-yam fields, which consist of sandy soil, due to localized torrential rain. The relationships between the type of fertilizer used for Chinese-yam cultivation, the amount of nitrogen (N) leaching, and the timing of leaching remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the effects of different fertilizers (fast-acting and/or slow-release fertilizer) and irrigation practices (conventional and/or excessive irrigation) in order to mitigate the detrimental impact of nitrogen leaching on groundwater quality. An enhanced mathematical model and the spatiotemporal dynamics of inorganic nitrogen concentration in soil pore water were evaluated the negative impact of nitrogen leaching on the groundwater environment was evaluated. The results showed that the combined use of slow-release fertilizers could significantly reduce nitrate-nitrogen concentration in soil-water, especially during the harvest season. This study demonstrated that cultivating Chinese yam with a fertilizer application system that includes the use of slow-release fertilizer can diminish the negative impact of nitrogen leaching on the groundwater environment, contributing to our understanding of sustainable agricultural practices in regions facing similar environmental challenges. Therefore, our findings represent an important advancement providing new approaches to maintaining productivity while mitigating the adverse impacts on groundwater environments, as well as offering guidelines for agricultural practices in regions facing similar environmental challenges.

Investigation of the Highway Between Isparta-Ağlasun (Burdur) in Terms of Mass Movement Sensitivity

In our country, mass-ground movements such as landslides, rockfalls and avalanches are the most common types of disasters after earthquakes in terms of their destructive effects. The aim of the study is to determine the susceptibility of mass movements on sloping surfaces along the Isparta-Ağlasun road route. The study area includes approximately 41 kilometres of highway route between Isparta city centre and Ağlasun districts and its surroundings. Steep slopes on the road, loose soil properties in places, and torrential rains cause frequent rock falls, slope debris and mud flows on the study area. It is extremely important to identify the areas susceptible to ground movements along the route in order to take necessary precautions and prevent future loss of life and property. For this purpose, the parameters that are thought to cause mass movements along the road route were evaluated together with Geographical Information Systems programme and Analytical Hierarchy Method and the areas sensitive to low-medium-high and very high mass movements along the route were determined. The sensitivity map obtained was supported by field observations. With this study, areas sensitive to mass movements along the route were mapped and a database was created to help local administrators and planners.

열악한 주거환경에서 청년의 결핍된 삶과 위기 경험: 지하방, 옥탑방, 고시원 거주 청년을 중심으로

This study focused on the experiences of young people living in basements, rooftop rooms, and gosiwons, which represent poor living environments. Based on this, the purpose is to suggest an approach to effectively solve the poor housing problem of young people by taking an in-depth approach to the meaning of home formed by poor residential environments, life in vulnerable housing, and crisis experiences. As a result of in-depth interviews with young people who have lived or are currently living in basement rooms, rooftop rooms, and gosiwons, home was a temporary place for young people, and the poor living environment was the price they had to pay to achieve their dreams, but it was a proof of survival that they survived and lived hard. In particular, the risk of poor housing environments was aggravated in crisis situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic and torrential rain, but the driving force in overcoming this situation was community values and solidarity, not housing support policies. Accordingly, it is necessary to supplement the contents of the housing survey to accurately understand the current situation of young people who are threatened in poor spaces, and to shift from a policy centered on loan support to reducing the burden of housing costs for happy housing and youth-safe housing, and expanding support targets. In addition, we propose expanding the scope of the youth housing support policy and forming a citizen participation monitoring group that can monitor and check the implementation of the youth housing support policy. Lastly, we propose building an online platform where young people can share their poor housing experiences and seek alternatives based on community values.

Biodiversity of aquatic insects flourished in the rain water collected from Kosti and Rabak cities, White Nile State, Sudan

Biodiversity including description of status of ecosystems and populations to the best to our knowledge and major threats for better biodiversity conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodiversity of aquatic insect population in the rain water collected from White Nile State. The samples of the rain water were collected during (March and October 2022) from Kosti and Rabak Cities, White Nile State, Sudan, in clean disposable plastic bottles from random sites. Anopheles, Culex and Aedes mosquito’s larvae were identified and counted, in addition to their aquatic predators (mayfly, dragon fly and water beetles), while algae and snails were just checked for their presence within this sites. The results at Kosti city during March 2022, showed the dominance of Anopheles (37 larvae) over Culex (14 larvae), while mayfly were the more abundant predators (16 naiads), followed by water beetle (6 beetles). In Rabak city, Culex (44 larvae) was the most dominant in addition to water beetles (12 beetles). During October 2022, Anopheles (78 larvae), Culex (34 larvae) and mayfly were the dominant organisms. In Rabak city, Culex (50 larvae) was the most dominant genus, while Aedes larvae were not noticed throughout this study. Mayfly and dragon fly naiads, and water beetles were not noticed in all Rabak site

Isolation and Analysis of the Palynomorphs from Khadro Formation Exposed at Ranikot Fort Area Sindh, Pakistan

Seventeen (17) palynomorphs were found from the Khadro Formation comprises of sandstone, shale, and limestone exposed at Ranikot Fort area Sindh, Pakistan. Palynomorphs are microfossils, possessing organic-walled microscopic organisms, their size range is from 5-500 µ (micrometers). Majority of the samples contained angiospermic and algal microfossils. Algal remains indicated the prevalence of sub-tropical to tropical climate, in which marine environmental species were Chaetomorpha akineta, Zygnema terrestre and Synechococcus aeruginosus and also including fresh water species such as, Pinnularia denticulata, Oscillatoria vizagapatensis and Genecularia sp. Arecaceae & Nymphaeaceae also indicated the fresh water vegetation. The fungal counterparts viz,; Dicellaesporites minutus inferred the deposition time of Khadro Formation and the environmental conditions was humid, hot, and with heavy rain fall. Presence of the Pteriodophytic spores (Laevigatosporites sp.) indicated that environment was deltaic, swampy and being estuarine. From Palynomorphs of different groups based on distribution pattern, confirms that during deposition time of Khadro Formation at early environmental condition was hot.

Necessity and Design of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System

Necessity and Design of Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting System

Promoting the Construction of Underground Water Banks for Community Environmental Conservation by Local Government Organization in Thailand

This article presents the results of a study the promotion of building underground water banks in the community by the Local Administrative Organization (LAO), the model of underground water bank construction, and the effect of underground water bank construction on the community environment. The study area was at three LAO in Thailand that succeeded in constructed the underground water banks. The samples were 117 administrators and communities’ representatives. Data were collected by interviews and observations. Data was analyzed by content analysis. The results of the research revealed that there were 2 patterns of underground water banks: 1) closed pattern, which composed of 2 forms: wells form that was built to collect rain water in the area around the house, channel form was built to collect runoff along road edges. 2) open pattern, built in a large area hole which composed of 2 forms: the form of deep channel in shallow canals and the form of digging a deep hole to the bedrock layer in the middle of the pool. The two underground water banks would store water together and link together to form an underground water cable network pump groundwater back up for consumption in the community throughout the year. The promoting construction of underground water banks by the LAO has provided knowledge of how to build it for the people of the communities, supported budgets and materials to build in people’ houses, gardens, farms, fields, and public areas; coordinated cooperation of other agencies, and increased motivation by rewarding communities that build uunderground water banks in all households. It had a positive effect on the community environment as a whole, reduced the problem of flooding and scarcity, increasing soil moisture and using groundwater could enhance the community economy.

RAINFALL PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

- India is an agricultural country and its economy is largely based upon crop productivity and rainfall. For analyzing the crop productivity, rainfall prediction is require and necessary to all farmers. Rainfall Prediction is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere. It is important to exactly determine the rainfall for effective use of water resources, crop productivity and pre planning of water structures. Using different data mining techniques it can predict rainfall. Data mining techniques are used to estimate the rainfall numerically. This paper focuses some of the popular data mining algorithms for rainfall prediction. Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm, Logistic regression, Decision Tree are some of the algorithms have been used. From that comparison, it can analyze which method gives better accuracy for rainfall prediction. Key Words: Rain fall, Agricultural, Economy , Farmers, Water resources.

Performance analysis of 4QAM-OFDM-FSO link under rain weather conditions

Abstract Free space optical communication (FSO) is a technique based on transmission of data by propagating the light in free space. FSO is inexpensive, providing high data rates, high capacity, high security, and low power and uses the license free frequency spectrum. Nevertheless, FSO is still facing many problems such as bad weather conditions, atmospheric turbulence, and multipath fading. In this research work, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) FSO system is analyzed for low to heavy rain fall intensities. Different rain rates have been considered for low, moderate, heavy, very heavy, and torrential rains. For all the rain rates, a direct detection OFDM–FSO system and a coherent detection system have been simulated and results are compared. Analysis has been done on the basis of SNR, received power, and constellation diagrams. According to these parameters, link length of both the systems for different rain rates was found. Coherent detection is applied to improve the system sensitivity compared to conventional direct detection. In tropical regions where heavy rainfall is the main reason for the degradation of the system, the OFDM system with coherent detection can perform better with high data rates. Second, over a 11 km FSO, a 4-QAM wireless signal is successfully transmitted under very heavy rainfall conditions. The distance achieved by moderate and heavy rains is 25 km and 15.5 km with an acceptable SNR of 25 dB and a system sensitivity (received power) of −65.1 dBm.

Research on Frequency Matching Correction Techniques for South China Precipitation Ensemble Forecast Based on the GRAPES Model

This study focuses on the real-time precipitation forecast products of the GRAPES_MESO regional ensemble forecast model, which is developed by the Numerical Weather Prediction Center of the China Meteorological Administration and is initialized 1–3 days in advance at 12:00 UTC. Using a national-level homogenized precipitation grid dataset from surface meteorological stations as observational data, a frequency matching method (FMM) is employed to correct precipitation forecasts for different precipitation intensity levels, including light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain, and torrential rain. Case studies and statistical tests (TS scores) are conducted to compare the forecast performance before and after correction. The results indicate that the model’s Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) curves deviate from observations, and the longer the lead time, the more significant the error. The correction coefficients (CCs) show an increasing trend with the growth of precipitation intensity, indicating that for larger precipitation amounts and longer lead times, larger CCs are needed, highlighting the necessity of correction. Analyzing two precipitation events in South China in July 2019, the FMM results in an increase in precipitation intensity and a widening of the range of heavy precipitation. The corrected precipitation magnitudes are closer to the observations. The statistical tests using TS scores reveal that the FMM has a certain correction effect on the overall precipitation forecast in the South China region, especially for longer lead times and higher precipitation intensities, where the correction effect is more significant. The necessity of frequency matching correction becomes more apparent for heavier precipitation, and the correction effect becomes more significant with longer lead times.

Physio-biochemical characteristics of Acrostichum aureum L. In the coir retting areas of Kadinamkulam Estuary, South India

The Kadinamkulam lake a temporary estuary lying in the southern part of Kerala, is the largest of its kind in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Connected with the Anchuthengu kayal on the north and the Veli kayal on the south, the north and the Veli kayal on the south, the Kadinamkulam kayal remains connected with the Lakshadweep Sea for varying periods depending on rain fall and river discharge. Acrostichum aureum L. is only pteridophyte genus fern in the mangrove ecosystem of Indian coast. So the present study was conducted in the plant Acrostichum aureum L. identified in the selected stations of Kadinamkulam estuary. The major objective of the study is to assess the changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the plant Acrostichum aureum L in coir retting areas. For this, surface water samples and plant samples were collected from the six selected stations of the coir retting areas and one station in the non-retting area of Kadinamkulam estuary. The results show reduction in leaf pigments, total proteins, carbohydrates in the Acrostichum aureum L. plants in polluted stations compared to that of control station/non retting area. The malondialdehyde, antioxidants and proline were increased in the Acrostichum aureum plants in retting stations and it vividly points out the stressful environment in the study area. It may be due to the presence of pollutants in the coir retting effluents and sewage disposed to this lake. The results of the study in lake water samples show that the values of some water quality parameters in coir retting areas were above the permissible limits of surface water quality standards.

Influence of approach shape of debris flow on impact load to open Sabo dam in experiment

Recently, the magnitude of landslide caused by torrential rain and typhoons is increasing in Japan. This high intensity rainfall disaster induces some structural failure of steel pipe open Sabo dams. Thus, current static design loads and impact loads are being considered. To prevent some structural failure of the dam, a new design concept is necessary at the severe load that is exceeding the present design load. However, the influence of debris flow impact load on steel pipe open Sabo dam is not clear to make a design load. The study experimentally approaches a vertical load distribution shape and its time history based on a comparison with a wedge approach shape and a front boulder concentrated shape. The load and moment action of a front boulder concentrated shape debris flow is greater than that of a wedge approach shape. Mechanism making the difference is made clear by observation of vertical detail measurement of impact load.

The Polemical Cosmogony in the Doxologies of Amos (4:13; 5:8; 9:5–6)

Abstract The paper explores the doxologies in the book of Amos, arguing that they articulate a polemical viewpoint distinct from prevailing biblical and ancient Near Eastern notions about the formation of the sea, mountains, wind, and God’s abode. Central to the comprehension of this cosmogony is the recurring phrase in Amos 5:8d and 6:9c, “(He) who summons the waters of the sea and pours them on the surface of the earth.” While previous scholars have understood this phrase as referring to the primeval Flood, a tsunami event, or Levantine torrential rain, the present paper suggests a cosmogonic interpretation, in line with its context. Subsequent elements in the same series of texts are interlinked with this portrayal, emphasizing the unified—and polemical—perspective of the doxologies. This new explanation also has ramifications for the dating and composition of the doxologies in the book of Amos.

The drame of kalehe, DRC. Study of the interactions beteen climate change, public prevention and human safety in mounainous Kivu

The tragedy that occurred in Kalehe, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in May 2023, following torrential rains, highlights the urgent need to analyze the interactions between climate change, public prevention and human safety in the mountainous region of Kivu, also known as “Mountainous Kivu”. Mountainous Kivu, at the heart of the East African Rift Valley, is directly affected by the impacts of climate change, including extreme weather events leading to flooding and landslides. Research points to an increase in extreme weather events, contributing to environmental instability and the vulnerability of local communities, most of whom depend on family farming. Weakly defined measures for adaptation and resilience to climatic disturbances, as well as gaps in public prevention policies, have amplified this vulnerability. This study explores the complex dimensions of the Kalehe tragedy, focusing on agrarian explanations. On the one hand, the study examines the dimensions of human security, considering socio-economic, political and environmental factors, in order to define measures to strengthen community resilience. Secondly, the study assesses existing public prevention policies in the region, identifying the strengths, weaknesses and gaps that contributed to the scale of the Kalehe tragedy. The methodology is based on data collection from documentary sources and unstructured interviews with resource persons in the field.

Bayesian typhoon precipitation prediction with a mixture of ensemble forecast-based and historical event-based prediction functions

Statistical post-processing has been widely adopted in probabilistic forecasting, especially when a predictive distribution of weather variables is of interest. Among the available post-processing methods, a common tool is the ensemble Bayesian model averaging. Challenges arise when it is applied to heavy rain prediction, including the precipitation produced by tropical cyclones. The issues are related to the rare extreme event and limited available data for model training. To address this, we propose in this research a Bayesian mixture model, Bmix, based on information from forecast members and historical tropical cyclones, rather than solely on immediately observed precipitation data. This approach provides a grid-specific Bayesian predictive distribution and an easy-to-derive probabilistic forecast with posterior samples generated from the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. This post-processing procedure can be executed on each grid simultaneously, reducing the computational time significantly. In addition, a categorized Bmix (C.Bmix) is implemented to accommodate different scenarios such as heavy or torrential rain in applications. The proposed approaches are demonstrated on the 24-hour accumulated precipitation forecast of a category 4-equivalent super typhoon Dujuan landing in Taiwan in 2015; while two others, Matmo and Soudelor, are adopted to provide historical information. Over the Taiwan main island, a total of 1282 grids are considered, each with a resolution of 5 km and 20 ensemble member forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting Ensemble Prediction System (WEPS) at a 6-hour interval during the typhoon period. The analyses show that the proposed mixture approaches present larger percentages of positive CRPSS values than traditional BMA. For instance, at the time when Dujuan made landfall, the percentages are 92.2 % for Bmix, 95.2 % for C.Bmix, and 15.4 % for BMA when the true precipitation amount exceeds 200 mm/24 h. The proposed methods outperform in the probability prediction and the overall pattern of precipitation.