Frequent Rain Research Articles

Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of precipitation in the north and south of Qin-ba Mountain area in recent 43\xa0years

Using the daily precipitation data at 89 stations during 1975–2017 in the Qin-ba Mountain area, variation characteristics of different-grade precipitation in the north and south of the Qin-ba Mountain area are analyzed by the linear regression, Mann-Kendall test, and correlation analysis, based on the precipitation grade classification standard proposed by Dai Aiguo and the division of the geo-ecological boundary in mountain range presented by Kang Muyi. The results are as follows: (1) Light rain occurs most frequently, and the percentage of light rain in the north is twice that of the southern region. Rainstorms are the most rare. Precipitation above 800 mm mainly occurs south of the study area, and the result is consistent with the boundary between the north and south of the precipitation. (2) The beginning of precipitation mainly occurs in early April. The high precipitation concentration (PCD) in the north is an important reason for the debris flow disaster. The north-south precipitation concentration period (PCP) is about 1 month ahead of the central part. (3) In the past 43 years, the overall precipitation in the Qin-ba Mountain area has shown a decreasing trend, with the frequency of light rain and the percentage of heavy rain decreasing year by year. (4) The frequency of light rain is negatively correlated with other frequencies. In addition, the fewer days of precipitation, the later the precipitation concentration period (PCP) occurs, which means that the disaster occurs later.

A study on variation of atmospheric pollutants over Bhubaneswar during imposition of nationwide lockdown in India for the COVID-19 pandemic.

The nationwide lockdown in India to flatten the pandemic COVID-19 curve has resulted in the reduction of anthropogenic emission sources to a great extent. This study reports change in air quality and its impact on the environment during the unique lockdown scenario at Bhubaneswar, a coastal smart city in east India. The urban air shows a remarkable reduction in the mean pollutant levels influenced by traffic emission viz. NOx (~ 67 %) and BC (~ 47 %) during lockdown over the pre-lockdown. Comparatively, a lower reduction of CO (~ 14 %) is attributed to the dominance of natural atmospheric chemical regulation and biogenic sources in addition to anthropogenic contributions. In addition to the lockdown, frequent rain events due to depression in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) also had a significant role in the reduction of the primary pollutants over the study site. An enhancement of secondary pollutant viz. O3 (~ 3%) with a distinct diurnal pattern was observed during the first phase of lockdown over the pre-lockdown period. An anti-correlation between O3 and NOx during pre-lockdown points to a higher O3 production potential with decreasing NOx. While a reduction in the titration of O3 due to suppression of fresh NO emissions led to accumulation of O3 in the first phase of lockdown, inhibited photochemistry due to cloudy skies as well as reduction in precursors led to lower O3 values during the later phases of lockdown.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s11869-020-00916-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The abatement of acid rain in Guizhou province, southwestern China: Implication from sulfur and oxygen isotopes

The high frequency of acid rain in southern China has captured public and official concern since 1980s. Subsequently, gas emission reduction measures have been implemented to improve the air quality. Variations in SO2 emission intensities can influence the sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions of sulfate in rainwater, since atmospheric sulfate is mainly formed via the oxidation of sulfur gases from natural and anthropogenic sources. To evaluate the impacts of emission reduction measures on atmospheric sulfate, the seasonal and long-term trends in stable isotopic compositions of sulfate in rainwater in Guizhou province, southwestern China have been investigated based on rainwater samples collected from June 2016 to June 2018 and literature investigation (2000–2010).The results reveal that coal combustion remains a major contributor to sulfate in rainwater, although its SO2 emission has significantly decreased over the past two decades. The δ34Ssulfate and δ18Osulfate values in rainwater are negatively correlated and have significant seasonal changes. The seasonality in δ34Ssulfate has been interpreted as due to the changes in contributions of dimethyl sulfide and coal combustion, while the seasonal pattern of δ18Osulfate is consistent with that of δ18Owater values, indicating sulfate in rainwater is mainly formed by heterogeneous oxidation of SO2. Combined with the data from previous studies (Xiao and Liu, 2002; Liu, 2007; Xiao et al., 2009; Xiao et al., 2014), we found that the volume weighted mean δ34S values of sulfate in rainwater in Guizhou province show a marked increase between 2001 and 2018, indicating that the 34S-depleted SO2 emission from coal combustion has declined during this period. Furthermore, the synchronous changes in δ34S values, sulfate concentration and pH values of rainwater suggest that the frequency of acid rain in Guizhou province has dropped over the past two decades, which is likely to result from the emission reduction measures taken in Guizhou province.

A holistic and multi-stakeholder methodology for vulnerability assessment of cities to flooding and extreme precipitation events

Over recent years, the frequency and intensity of torrential rain and flooding events linked to climate change have been impacting on cities throughout the world. Adaptation to climate change must therefore be integrated into urban planning and coupled with sustainable urban development and conservation policies. To do so, a good understanding of the vulnerability of cities to these extreme events is necessary, lending special attention to the specifics of the different urban areas, such as historic city centres.In the present study, a vulnerability evaluation methodology is presented for cities against extreme rainfall and flooding, which follows a holistic and multi-stakeholder approach, integrating architectural, socio-economic, and cultural perspectives, that supports evidence-based decision-making for the sustainable development of the agents that intervene in the process. The MIVES method, based on a multiple criteria decision-analysis process and a CityGML-based data model are used for that purpose, with which a process for capturing, evaluating, and representing information in an objective, organized, and systematic way has been developed. These advantages are demonstrated through the application of that process to a case study in Donostia-San Sebastián (northern Spain), located on a river estuary in front of the sea, with a wide diversity of building styles.

Rhizoma peanut herbage and root–rhizome responses to extended regrowth periods

AbstractRhizoma peanut (RP; Arachis glabrata Benth.) is an important species for hay production in the U.S. Gulf Coast region; however, frequent summer rains and high humidity often preclude optimal harvest intervals. Extended regrowth periods are common on‐farm but data are limited assessing their impact on plant responses. The objective was to compare above‐ and belowground responses of 14 RP entries to defoliation frequency during 3 yr. Frequencies were one (1×) and two (2×) harvests per year, reflecting common producer practice. Annual herbage accumulation (HA) was approximately twice as great for 2× than 1× (10.5 vs. 5.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively). An exception was experimental line Beta for which HA did not differ between frequencies, perhaps because of Beta's greater disease tolerance that minimized leaf shedding. The 2× frequency also had greater herbage crude protein concentration than 1× (150 and 125 g kg−1, respectively). Reductions in HA and nutritive value for 1× vs. 2× were generally greatest for upright‐growing entries. Plots cut once per year had 54% more root–rhizome mass than those cut twice (8.5 vs 5.5 Mg ha−1, respectively) but defoliation frequency did not affect root–rhizome total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration. Results indicated RP hay producers should harvest both summer and fall (2×) at minimum. If rhizomes are to be dug for subsequent vegetative propagation, defoliation should be limited to once annually to avoid reduction in root–rhizome mass.

Predominant effects of emission reduction by recording 8-year water-soluble ions in precipitation in Taiyuan, North China

To investigate the trends of chemical characteristics of precipitation in Taiyuan, and factors influencing their variations, a total of 350 precipitation samples were collected from April 2011 to November 2018. The principal water-soluble ions were measured by ion chromatography. PH value (4.34–8.72) was recorded and 14% of all samples were acidic, and was negatively correlated with rainfall amount. The frequency of acid rain decreased year by year, and the acidity was still dominated by SO42−. SO42−, Ca2+, NH4+ and NO3− were the most abundant ions, accounting for 85% of the total concentration, with a significantly decrease rate of 61% during 8 years due to a series of emission reduction measures. The average ratio of neutralizing potential to acidifying potential was 1.37 and experienced an evident increasing trend. This was primarily ascribed to reduced input of SO42− in precipitation. The precipitation acidity was predominantly neutralized by crustal ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. The ionic wet deposition flux was positively correlated to the rainfall amount. Based on Correlation analysis and Positive Matrix Factorization results, four pollution sources of coal combustion and vehicle mixing source (56%), dust (23%), agriculture and industry mixing source (16%) and biomass burning (5%) were identified. Back trajectory showed the air quality of Taiyuan was most significantly affected by the short-distance air mass from the southwest (40%). In order to achieve the SO2 (47%) and NOX (57%) emission reduction targets, we provided a specific energy reform plan in major cities affecting the air quality of Taiyuan before 2030.

A non-homogeneous Poisson process geostatistical model with spatial deformation

In this paper, we propose a geostatistical model for the counting process using a non-homogeneous Poisson model. This work aims to model the intensity function as the sum of two components: spatial and temporal. The spatial component is modeled using a Gaussian process in which the covariance structure is assumed to be anisotropic. Anisotropy is incorporated by applying a spatial deformation approach. The temporal component is modeled in such a way that its behavior concerning time has the structure of a Goel process. The inferences for the proposed model are obtained from a Bayesian perspective. The parameter estimation is obtained using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. The proposed model is adjusted to a set of real data, referring to the rain precipitation in 29 monitoring stations, distributed in the states of Maranhao and Piaui, in the northeast region of Brazil, in 31 years, from 01/01/1980 to 12/31/2010. The objective is to estimate the frequency of rain that exceeded a certain threshold.

Simulating the impact of heavy rain on leaching behavior of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) in semi-aerobic landfill

In Japan, approximately 64% of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash (MSWI BA) is landfilled. Because landfills in Japan are operated without capping, the landfill body is directly exposed to climatic events. Increased frequency of heavy rain is predicted to affect the chemical stabilization of bottom ash (BA) landfill, as rainwater seeps into and interacts with landfill components. This study examined the effect of normal rainfall (15 mm/h) and heavy rainfall (25, 50, and 100 mm/h) events on the leaching behavior of ions (Cl−, Na+, K+, and Ca2+) and total organic carbon (TOC) in BA (<10 mm particle size) using a percolation column test. The results showed the decreased leaching of leachate components after heavy rainfall and increased leaching after normal rainfall. In addition, the pH fluctuated around 11–12 after heavy rainfall but decreased to 7–9 after normal rainfall. The carbonation of the leachate and BA layers appears to be the main factor in lowering the pH value. Changes in the TOC and ion concentrations can be explained by dissolution, dilution, and the contact time of water molecules and BA particles. The data showed that the cumulative TOC and ion release rates were not affected by heavy rain intensities. The release rate of leachate components during normal rainfall was higher than that in heavy rainfall in all the scenarios. Significant correlations were found between the leachate components (TOC, Cl−, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations) and rainfall variation.

First Report of Downy Mildew Disease Caused by Peronospora viciae on Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) in Turkey

Vicia sativa L., known as common vetch, is a leguminous crop widely planted in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The plant is commonly grown in the region for multiple purposes such as forage in agricultural rotation systems, crop green manure, or livestock fodder. During recent disease surveys conducted in March 2019, downy mildew disease was observed in 17% of common vetch fields inspected. Typical disease symptoms were observed mostly on the leaves but often on inflorescences and stems. Local infections of the leaf lesions resulted in yellow, vein-limited blotches varying from a few millimeters in diameter to the entire leaflet on the upper surface. The lower leaf surface generally showed a greyish to purple downy covering consisting of conidia and conidiophores of the pathogen. In the case of systemic infection, nearly all of the leaves and leaflets on a given stem or branch were infected. The infected plants or branches exhibited a distorted growth characterized by dwarfing and curling of the leaflets. The infected leaflets or terminal plant parts eventually became necrotic and darkened. A representative specimen was deposited in the Korea University herbarium (KUS-F31533), Seoul, Korea. Microscopic observations revealed hyaline clusters of dichotomously branched conidiophores as emerging through stomata with up to four in fascicles. Conidiophores (n = 50) were slender, straight to slightly straight, (220 to) 275 to 475 (to 650) µm long, and branched monopodially or subdichotomously; trunks straight to slightly curved, 125 to 350 (to 450) µm, 7.5 to 10 µm wide below the first branch. Conidia (n = 50) were pale olivaceous to yellowish, ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, 25 to 30 × 18 to 23 µm, with a length/width ratio of 1.2 to 1.5. Resting organs were observed on the heavily infected leaves. Oospores (n = 50) were yellowish, broadly globose, 40 to 55 µm in diameter and had a reticulate outer wall. The pathogen was identified as Peronospora viciae (Berk.) Casp. based on the morphological characteristics (Cunnington 2006). To confirm the morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted from conidia on freshly sporulated source plants. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA was amplified with primers ITS1-O and LR0 and cytochrome c oxidase II (cox2) mtDNA with primers cox2-F and cox2-RC4 (Choi et al. 2015). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MN784447 for ITS and MN792856 for cox2). BLASTn queries of NCBI GenBank revealed that each sequence is identical with ITS (EF174902, EF174934, EF174950, EF174953) and cox2 (KJ654294) sequences of P. viciae. Pathogenicity test was performed twice by inoculating the leaves of 10 healthy plants of V. sativa ‘Kocas’ (3 weeks old). Conidia were collected from fresh sporulating source plant leaves, dispersed into sterilized water with a drop of 0.1% Tween 20, and mixed to produce a conidial suspension of 10⁶ conidia/ml. Seedlings were inoculated with conidial suspension by placing several droplets onto the lower leaf surfaces. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were maintained in a growth chamber at 12/5°C, 12-h day/night cycle, and 95% relative humidity (Davidson et al. 2004). Typical symptoms of downy mildew developed on inoculated leaves after 21 days. Noninoculated plants remained symptomless. The morphological characteristics of the pathogen present on the inoculated plants were identical to the original one observed on the diseased plants, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. P. viciae was previously reported on V. sativa in several European countries (Farr and Rossman 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. viciae on V. sativa in Turkey. Both mild temperatures and frequent rains in early 2019 may have encouraged disease incidence. Because damage occurred on whole vegetative parts of the plant, the spread of this new disease agent should be monitored because it could represent a further constraint for livestock fodder production in this area.

Evaluating the potential for application of MODIS satellite data for urban air quality monitoring in Vietnam

Using satellite remote sensing data in combining with other technologies (i.e. sensor, ground-based system) for surface air quality monitoring has been considered as one of promising approaches for urban air quality management in future smart cities. This study assessed the accuracy of latest collection (Collection 6.1 - C6.1) of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval by Dark Target (DT) algorithm at 3 and 10 km spatial resolutions in urban areas in Vietnam. Collocated Aqua and Terra MODIS C6.1 AOD at 550 nm were inter-compared against AOD from two AERONET stations in Vietnam, estimated throughout the satellite passes (± 1 h). Two investigated AERONET stations are Nghia Do (inland urban) and Bac Lieu (coastal urban) with the studying periods of 2010 - 2016 and 2010 - 2017, respectively. Our findings showed that the MODIS DT 3km were performed worse than the MODIS DT 10 km product in urban areas. Furthermore, all two MODIS AOD DT products showed better performance at inland urban site than coastal urban site. In general, both MODIS products were able to follow the monthly-mean AERONET AODs. The peak of aerosol loading at the investigated urban sites could be properly attributed to the combination of the monsoon effect and biomass burning activities. The mean aerosol loading of rainy season appeared to be lowest in the year, which could be attributed to the fact that the frequent rain washes out the dust in the atmosphere.

Analysis on Change of Precipitation pH and Chemical Characteristics of Acid Rain in Liaoning Province (2007�2018)

Acid rain, as one of the outputs of toxic and harmful chemicals from factories, is a serious environmental problem, especially in China, which has harmful ecological consequences and has a direct impact on vegetation and human health. Based on the data of acid rain observation station of Liaoning Meteorological Bureau from 2007 to 2018, the variation of precipitation pH and the distribution of acid rain in Liaoning Province in the past 12 years were analyzed. The result shows: First, the average pH value of annual precipitation in Liaoning Province is 5.55, which belongs to weak acid rain area. The frequency of acid rain is 12.56%, and the ratio of acid rain to total precipitation is 15.48%. More than 1/5 of the stations are located in the acid rain prone area, among which Dalian and Dandong are seriously polluted, being close to the grade of acid rain frequent area. Second, from 2007 to 2018, the precipitation pH in Liaoning Province fluctuated and increased year by year, with an average annual increase of 0.077 pH, and the pollution of acid rain decreased year by year; especially after 2014, Liaoning Province has exited from weak acid rain area, with its precipitation pH tending to be neutral year by year. Third, acid rain pollution in Liaoning Province is most serious in winter, followed by autumn and summer; in the first six years (2007-2012), the pollution in February was the most serious, and in the last six years (2013-2018), the pollution in December was the most serious, which was significantly worse than the previous six years. Fourth, more efforts have been made to control air pollution in all parts of the country, and the annual decrease in acid precursor emissions is the fundamental reason for the variation of precipitation pH and the improvement of acid rain pollution in Liaoning Province, while the precipitation pH and acid rain distribution in Liaoning Province are sensitive to the relevant environmental control measures taken by the state in recent years. However, the change of acid rain pollution reminds us to attach great importance to new pollution components and causes.

Architectural Sustainability and Efficiency of Enhanced Waterproof Coating from Utilization of Waterborne Poly (Siloxane-Imide-Urethane) Copolymers on Roof Surfaces

According to Taiwan’s Ministry of the Interior, from 2017 to 2019, more than 12% of house-purchase disputes were due to water leakage caused by frequent tropical rains, which have long troubled engineers. The thermal stability resistance, water resistance, and ultraviolet resistance of existing polyurethane formulations have been limited by environmental aging. Thus, the lifespan of commercial PU-coated resins (typical PU) for the waterproofing of roof surfaces is merely two to three years. Accordingly, this study proposed the introduction of siloxane and imide groups to produce waterborne poly(urethane-siloxane-imide) (Si-imide-WPU) copolymers to improve the resistance of environmental aging in typical PU. The waterproof coating resin made of Si-imide-WPU copolymers was environmentally friendly, safe to use, and free of organic solvents. The results showed that the optimal Si-imide-WPU-2 sample in the study made improvements on the defects of polyurethane (PU) including its thermal properties, mechanical properties, environmental resistance, and lifespan which could be extended up to 5.4 years. Consequently, the studied Si-imide-WPU copolymers could reduce material waste while enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of the architecture.

Satellite-based NDVI crop coefficients and evapotranspiration with eddy covariance validation for multiple durum wheat fields in the US Southwest

A three-year study was conducted to assess the ability of satellite-based vegetation index (VI) images to track evapotranspiration over wheat. While the ability of using VIs, notably with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), to track vegetation growth has been well established, the operational capability to accurately estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and crop evapotranspiration (ETc) at farm-scale from spaceborne platforms has not been widely studied. The study evaluated wheat ET over 7 sites between 2016 and 2019 in Yuma and Maricopa, Arizona, USA estimated by using Sentinel 2 and Venus satellites to map NDVI time-series for entire wheat cropping seasons, December to June. The basal crop coefficient (Kcb) was modeled by the NDVI time-series and the daily FAO56 reference ETo was obtained by near-by weather network stations. Eddy covariance (EC) stations in each field observed ETc during the same seasonal periods, and applied irrigation amounts were logged. The experiment found that remote sensing of NDVI and modeled Kcb accurately estimated Kc and crop ET during mid-season through senescence in most cases. However, NDVI-based estimation performed less well during early season (<60 days after planting), when observed ETc was highly variable due to frequent rain and irrigation at low crop cover. Mid-season Kc values observed for the seven wheat fields were from 0.92 to 1.14, and end of season Kc values ranged from about 0.20 to 0.40, in close agreement to values reported elsewhere. Seasonal VI-based transpiration and ETc values ranged from 467 to 618 mm, closely agreeing with seasonal EC data, which ranged 499–684 mm. Using the Venus sensor, the study in Maricopa in 2019 revealed that when augmented by a background soil water balance model, water stressed wheat can be detected mid-season with NDVI. This capability is specifically due to the sensor’s ability to provide well-calibrated images every 2 days. Findings from this study will help farmers, irrigators, and water managers use and understand the capabilities of visible near infrared remote sensing to track ETc from space.

Present status, prevalence and seasonal variations of aflaxtoxin in cattle feed, Bihar, India

Background/ Objectives: Aflatoxin B1, a potent carcinogen is produced by Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries. Natural contamination of aflatoxin in Bihar is fairly high due to socio-economic backwardness and also outdated agricultural and storages practices. Methods/ Statistical analysis: In the present investigation cattle feeds collected in different seasons (Winter, Summer and Monsoon) from three different localities (Bhagalpur, Banka and Naugachia) were screened for aflatoxin B1. Analysis of Variance has been done with the help of Microsoft Excel, 2013 (USA). CD has been calculated at 5%. Findings: The amount of aflatoxin B1 was significantly high (P<0.05%) in household cattle feeds followed by commercial cattle feeds, where the mean value of AFB1 was 5.02 ± 2.46µg/kg and 4.19 ± 1.05µg/kg, respectively. Freshly harvested cattle feeds (maize, paddy husk, paddy straw, maize straw and green grasses) were comparatively safe. Seasons had marked influence on aflatoxin B1 contamination on various types of cattle feeds. Maximum levels of aflatoxin B1 was detected during wet seasons in household cattle feeds (Mean value = 7.79 ± 2.07µg/kg). Maize grains because of high nutritional value and production, it is one of the major ingredients of cattle feeds. In the locality of Naugachia, flood and frequent rains delay the natural drying of maize kernels during harvesting in monsoons resulting thereby, high mould infestation and aflatoxin synthesis. Novelty/ Applications: In order to check the risk of aflatoxin M1 toxin entrance in food chain and subsequent human/ cattle health and economic losses, frequent evaluation of AFB1 in cattle feeds be monitored. Keywords: mycotoxin; aflatoxin B1; cattle feed; seasonal variation; ANOVA test; Bihar

Application of Historical Burn Analysis Method in Determining Agricultural Premium Based on Climate Index Using Black Scholes Method

Farmers often suffer losses due to crop failure. The failure of the harvest is influenced by one of them is flooding, especially in Bandung which is quite frequent rain. Therefore one of the government's efforts to minimize losses from crop failures is the existence of an agricultural insurance program. The insurance system used is climate index insurance where the climate index is not plant insurance. This study aims to get a large premium to be paid by farmers using the Black-Scholes method. Meanwhile, to determine the climate index using the Historical Burn Analysis method. The results of this study are getting a variety of trigger values and exit values as well as the amount of premium that must be paid by farmers every planting season. Trigger values represent the minimum full payment limit. The exit value represents the maximum limit for no payment. The premium value obtained based on the selected trigger value also varies and is large enough so that it can be considered by farmers in choosing an agricultural insurance policy. Therefore, the method used must still be investigated to adjust to farmers, especially in Bandung.

Deterioration of oases subject to climate change and coastal development: The case of Todos Santos Oasis, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Abstract: Oases are complex ecosystems, with permanent water bodies, springs, and vegetated areas, which are located in areas where the frequency of rain is a critical factor for the maintenance and subsistence of flora and fauna. These ecosystems have been of great importance providing resources for the settlement of human societies. In addition to the natural stress to which they are confronted, oases are facing pressures related to coastal development and climate change. New research is necessary to understand the effects of these pressures, to define strategies to promote mitigation measures to limit their deterioration. In this paper, we proposed a multi-criteria methodology to define and quantify recent and future pressures to an oasis affected by climate change and coastal development and the definition of priority areas for the installation of mitigation and adaptation measures This methodology was applied to Todos Santos oasis, one of the most important wetlands in Baja California Sur state, which has been affected in recent years by coastal development. The results indicate that the integration of MODFLOW models, CCRP index, chemistry data, and geospatial analysis provides effective tools to generate information on the possible future of oases, contributing greatly to land planning, nature conservation and sustainable management of these ecosystems.

Analysis of Spatial-temporal and Ion Characteristics Change of Precipitation in the Southwest of China, from Policy Perspective

&lt;p&gt;According to the data from Luzhou environmental monitoring center from 2015 to 2018, the tendency of spatial-temporal and ion characteristics in precipitation have been analyzed in order to demonstrate the precipitation pollution status. Traditionally, the environment may become worse as the development of the economy, especially in the developing countries. However, the results show that the quality of precipitation has been improved during these four years. The annual average pH value of precipitation in Luzhou City increased, and the frequency and conductivity of acid rain declined, which indicates that the quality of precipitation improved annually. This may due to a strictly political strategy enacting. The decrease of the equivalent concentration ratio of SO42- and NO3- demonstrated the transformation of pollution type, evolving from a typical sulfuric acid to a mixed type of sulfuric and nitric acid, indicating the economic transformation. The correlation coefficient between SO42- and NO3- was high. This may be because SO2 and NO2 emitted from industrial enterprises entered the atmosphere together in the same way. The strong correlation between F- and SO42-, NO3- may relate the pollution sources such as cement and glass enterprises. It is necessarily to strengthen the management of relative enterprises.&lt;/p&gt;&#x0D;

Analysis of Urban Whale Drainage Capability Pekanbaru to the Maximum Intensity of Rainfall

Drainage becomes an essential tool in an urban area. A city can be said neat and orderly if its drainage facility can accommodate any existing water discharge, either from rain or the flow of household disposal. Jalan Pope Pekanbaru is the connecting road between Tuanku Tambusai road and Arifin Achmad street. Pope road condition is very strategic then Pope street becomes one of business area in Pekanbaru. ). This study aims to determine the capacity of the drainage channel of the city of Pekanbaru whales against the intensity of rainfall in the city of Pekanbaru. The method used is direct survey sampling to the field then analysing precipitation, frequency and probability of rain by using four types of distribution used in the field of hydrology that is Normal Distribution, Normal Log Distribution, Log Person Distribution III and Gumbel Distribution type 1, rain intensity with mononobe method. Because short-term data is not available, Calculates the discharge plan and the drainage channel. Based on the results of the 5-year Planet Bit Flow analysis using the Gumbel type 1 method of 247.53 m / s, the flow of existing drainage (Q) is 0.6245 m / sec, while the peak flood flow (Qp) is m / seconds

Climate change vulnerability of rural households in flood-prone areas of Himalayan foothills, West Bengal, India

The Himalayan foothills of West Bengal are a part of the great Eastern Himalaya, which is by locational virtue a recognized flood-prone area. The area is also well known for frequent and heavy rain storms and climate-induced catastrophic events, such as flash floods due to the unprecedented rains in the Bhutan Himalaya. Therefore, climate-induced disasters like floods have been the prime reasons for rural vulnerabilities. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study is to find out whether there are any differences between levels of vulnerability amidst agriculture-dependent villages and forest resource-dependent villages in the same flood-prone area or not. In addition, the study will also examine how the agriculture-dependent villages are different from forest resource-dependent villages in terms of climate vulnerability and vice versa. The climate change vulnerability index has been applied, and a total of 100 households have been surveyed covering seven dimensions of vulnerability. The exposure score was found to be the highest in Raja Bhatkhawa (0.41) followed by Nathuar Char (0.30) and Bhelakoba (0.27). No significant differences were found in terms of climatic exposure except in Mendabari. Further, it has been observed that the resilience factors in households like education, workforce opportunities, health, and institutional accessibility are highly uneven, which has been creating hinders to the adaptive capacity. In the villages where overall vulnerability to climate change was found to be high, the adaptive capacity was found to be low. Simultaneously, in those villages, the sensitivity was found to be high. It has been found that the location of the villages plays an important role when it comes to vulnerability because the forest villages are relatively more vulnerable than the agricultural villages. However, the riverside location of Nathuar Char has made this village highly vulnerable; and the people of Nathuar Char have been living with floods, and they are trying to adapt with climate-induced floods. Finally, it has been observed that vulnerability is context dependent (i.e. based on land resources, accessibility to basic infrastructure, water and sanitation facilities, and awareness to disasters) and varies from household to household.

Dynamics of fungal and bacterial groups and their carbon sources during the growing season of maize in a long-term experiment

The relative contribution of different microbial groups to soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and utilisation of rhizodeposits during a cropping season has remained largely unknown. We used a long-term field experiment (started in 1956), in which C3 crops were replaced with C4 silage maize in 2000, to investigate dynamics of fungi and bacterial groups and their utilisation of ‘young-C4’ and ‘old-C3’ SOM-derived resource every second week during the cropping season (June–Oct). Treatments include bare fallow, unfertilised, fertilised with mineral N and fertilised with farmyard manure (FYM) addition. Extracted soil phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were pooled into Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (18:2ω6,9) groups and their δ13C values determined. Total PLFAs amount correlated to the SOM contents (highest in FYM) and increased over the cropping season in N-fertilised and FYM treatments. As a result of a peak in plant growth during a period with frequent rain events in August, δ13C of total PLFAs significantly increased from − 23.8 to − 21.6‰ and − 26.1 to − 24.7‰, in N-fertilised and FYM addition, respectively. This clearly indicated a shift in microbial utilisation from old to young SOM sources, which was linked to increased soil moisture contents and fungal biomass. The abundance of Gram-positive increased and that of Gram-negative bacteria decreased until August and vice versa thereafter. The mean δ13C values of individual microbial groups were highest in fungi (corresponding to their seasonal biomass variation) followed by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results clearly demonstrated that irrespective of fertilisation type, fungi were the main players in seasonal SOM dynamics and were strongly influenced by soil moisture and phenological stage of the maize (i.e. rhizodeposition). Disentangling these microbial controls on C resources utilisation will be crucial for understanding C cycling during a cropping season or on an ecosystem scale.