Rain Data Research Articles

Testing the Homogeneity of Rainfall and Temperature Data in the Kurdistan Region- Iraq

In this study, the homogeneity test of the rain series and the observed monthly and annual temperatures was carried out using the following test methods: Pettitt test, Buishand test (BRT), Standard Normal Homogeneity test (SNHT) and Van Neumann test (VNT) at a confidence level of 5% for 9 stations registered in Various regions of Iraqi Kurdistan for the period from 1981-2020. The missing values ​​for the rain time series were compensated using the simple arithmetic method and the normal ratio method. The missing temperature values ​​were compensated using the simple arithmetic rate method and via the NASA Teree satellite. The results of the homogeneity tests of the monthly rain records data showed that most of the stations were homogeneous for the winter, spring and autumn months and were not homogeneous in the summer months. As for the data of the monthly temperature records, most of the stations had inconsistent data, except for the stations of Salah al-Din and Shaqlawa. The character of homogeneity prevailed over most of the months of the year. As for the annual data of rain and temperatures, the data of all stations became homogeneous after processing the monthly data.

Estimation of Flow Discharge Model at Temef Watershed - East Nusa Tenggara Using TRMM Satellite Data

Data collection based on satellite TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) presents one of the good alternatives in estimating rainfall. TRMM technology can minimize manual rainfall recording errors and improve rainfall accuracy for hydrological analysis. The analysis method used in this research is divided into 3 (three) stages, namely Hydrology analysis, Statistical Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Analysis. From the results of TRMM JAXA analysis in the Temef Watershed Area of East Nusa Tenggara Province obtained TRMM JAXA satellite rainfall relationship to observation data shows rainfall patterns between the two data are interconnected but for cases with very high observation rainfall, TRMM rainfall data tends to be low. From statistical method analysis, the relationship between observation rainfall and TRMM JAXA rainfall obtained results with a "Very Strong" interpretation indicated by the results of 9 years calibration and 1 year validation where the selected equation is a polynomial equation (y=-0,0123x2 + 1,5553x + 20,222). Rain data correction results simulated with Debit data to see the relationship between rain and discharge that occurred, this analysis using Artificial Neural Network with Backpropagation method, the results showed a "Strong" interpretation where statistically the value of Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) 0.920, the coefficient value of correlation of field discharge and TRMM rainfall is 0,877 % and the relative error occurred is 2,62%

Dynamical assessment of altitudinal trend of drop size distributions in a tropical region of Nigeria

A comparative assessment of different statistical drop size distributions in a tropical location in Nigeria is presented in this paper. The wet season months of the year 2014 rain data, measured using vertically-pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) installed at the Department of Physics, The Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria was considered. The data were archived at the Communication Research Group, Department of Physics, The Federal University of Technology Akure. The drop sizes were estimated from the fall velocity. The stratiform rainfall type was considered in this study due to its preponderance of occurrence. Three heights (160 m, 1440 m, and 2240 m) were reviewed for this study. These heights were given due consideration because of the density of the data. All the statistical distributions considered which include Lognormal, Gamma, and Weibull distributions performed better at the 160 m height compared to other heights. It was however observed that the Gamma and Weibull distribution performed better than the Lognormal distribution at this height. The results obtained in this study will be fundamental for the application of remote sensing and the propagation field in this area. The results will be useful to radio communication engineers to properly design a good fade margin in a radio communication system in this region.

The Influence of Preexisting Stratification and Tropical Rain Modes on the Mixed Layer Salinity Response to Rainfall

AbstractThe freshwater input from rain to the surface ocean is a key component of the global water cycle. Frequent rainfall in the inter‐tropical convergence zone creates regions of strong surface stratification and low salinity, which vary seasonally. We evaluate how variations in rain type and preexisting upper ocean stratification influence the timing and duration of the salinity response to rainfall using the General Ocean Turbulence Model. A series of model simulations was run by prescribing three typical background stratification conditions and idealized rain and wind forcing that was consistent with observed convective, stratiform, and mixed convective and stratiform rainfall. Background stratification was assessed using underway CTD observations and rain forcing was identified from mooring observations collected in the eastern tropical Pacific during the second Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study. Model results show that strong stratification, whether preexisting or from convective rainfall, inhibits downward mixing of freshwater and allows near‐surface salinity anomalies to persist following rain. In contrast, when stratiform rain precedes convective rain, salinity anomalies are quickly mixed downward and longer lasting deeper in the mixed layer. This implies that accurately quantifying the salinity structure following rain should consider preexisting stratification and the type of rainfall. Furthermore, patterns of rainfall and stratification likely affect the bias between salinity observations at the surface and deeper in the mixed layer. Because satellite rain data do not correctly represent the small scales of rain forcing, the small‐scale surface salinity response to rain cannot be predicted from satellite data.

ANALISA INTENSITAS HUJAN DI SUNGAI SUNTER JAKARTA UTARA

AbstractThe amount of rainfall intensity in an area is very important to be known, studied, discussed and studied in civil engineering. Analysis of rainfall intensity in a watershed can be calculated by several methods, for daily rainfall data the intensity can be calculated using the Mononobe method. This study aims to calculate the intensity of rainfall in the Sunter River using the Mononobe method. Rain data in this study uses daily rain data from the Tj. North Jakarta Priok. The calculation of the data in this study was carried out with the help of Microsoft Excel program. The results of this study indicate that the Mononobe method is able to calculate the amount of rain intensity in the Sunter River based only on daily rainfall data. Keywords: Rainfall Intensity, Sunter River, Mononobe Methode

Definition of Ecological Flow Using IHA and IARI as an Operative Procedure for Water Management

It is widely recognized that the hydrological regime of natural flow plays a primary and crucial role in influencing the physical condition of habitats, which, in turn, determines the biotic composition and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. The current hydro-ecological understanding states that all flow components might be considered as operational targets for water management, starting from base flows (including low flows) to high and flood regimes in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration, timing, and rate of change. Several codes have been developed and applied on different case studies in order to define common tools to be implemented for Eflow assessment. This work deals with the definition of an operative procedure for the evaluation of the Eflow monthly distribution to be adopted in a generic watercourse cross-section for sustainable surface water resource management and exploitation. The methodology proposes the application of the Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration methodology (IHA by TNC) coupled to the valuation of the Index of Hydrological Regime Alteration (IARI by ISPRA) as an operative tool to define the ecological flow in each monitoring cross-section to support sustainable water resource management and planning. The case study of the Agri River in Basilicata (Southern Italy) is presented. The analyses were carried out based on monthly discharge data derived by applying the HEC-Hydrological Modeling System at the basin scale using the daily rain data measurements obtained by the regional rainfall gauge stations and calibrated through the observed inlet water discharge registered at the Lago del Pertusillo reservoir station.

Geographic Information Systems Application to Drought Distribution Identification with Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Method in Trenggalek Regency

The widespread drought area in Trenggalek Regency in 2019 needs to be analyzed to reduce negative impacts and as a monitoring tool to anticipate future drought events. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a drought analysis method by calculating the rainwater deficit at various time scales used to identify the distribution of drought in Trenggalek Regency. This study using rain data on 13 rain stations for the period 1990-2019 and agricultural production data for 2019. The calculation results show that the highest SPI value occurred in March at the highly wet level with a value of 2.11. The lowest SPI value occurred in May at the extremely dry level with a value of -2.31. The results are then mapped using ArcGIS with the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method to identify the spatial distribution of drought.

Mechanical properties of porous concrete and design recommendation for low traffic road pavement in Indonesia

Continued urbanization in the Greater Jakarta area has caused a narrowing of the catchment area due to land use focused on housing and office development. The use of porous concrete as a road pavement can be a remarkable potential to counteract this problem, allowing rainwater to penetrate the concrete, thus reducing runoff and increasing the groundwater level. The study aims to analyseporous concrete’s mechanical properties by looking at the influence of porosity level of concrete by 15% and 20% and the impactof maximum size aggregateused by 10 mm and 20 mm. This study’s mechanical properties include compressive strength, splitting strength, flexural strength, and shrinkage of porous concrete. The results show that porous concrete with an aggregate size of 10 mm has a splitting tensile strength and flexural strength greater than the 20 mm and a shrinking process faster than the 20 mm. Besides, porous concrete with a porosity level of 15% has compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength more significant than 20%, and the shrinkage process faster than 20%. Finally, this study proposed a design recommendation on porous concrete for low traffic pavement. Based on the soil and rain data in Depok City, this study recommends 200 mm thickness of porous concrete layer, 225 mm thickness of subbase layer, HDPE pipe with 100 mm diameter, and 0.38 mm thickness of the impervious liner. Further research on the porous concrete design based on field study is urgently needed to prove the recommended design.

Application Remote Sensing in Study Influence Of El Niño incident in 2015/2016 On the Amount of Rainfall in Sarawak

In 2015/2016 saw the country hit by El Niño which caused drought and drought all over the country. This El Nino incident caused a decrease in the amount of rainfall due to the movement of trade air currents. Many studies have been conducted on the effects of El Niño on temperature and rainfall. However, there is a discrepancy in the findings. The study area of Sarawak experienced different natural disasters in February 2016, namely floods in South Sarawak and drought in North Sarawak. To understand this incident, researchers use rain data from remote sensing technology through Global precipitation Measurement (GPM) to provide rainfall distribution data during El Niño 2016 events. The first step to calculate the total of rainfall in a month from GPM data for gain the pattern amount rainfall during 2015/2016. The results of this study found that El Nino events caused a decrease of 20-30% during El Niño events even during the occurrence of the northeast monsoon. However, the effect of El Nino on the amount of rainwater distribution depends on the position of a district in Sarawak. The results of this study successfully show that the northern areas of Sarawak are much affected during El Nino which is important to those responsible in providing infrastructure to reduce the impact of El Niño, especially to the agricultural sector.

Aplikasi Model Rusle untuk Estimasi Kehilangan Tanah Bagian Hulu di Sub Das Garang, Jawa Tengah

The Garang watershed is one of the main rivers passing through Semarang City, Central Java. Garang uptream is mostly a buffer zone and a catchment area for the water and soil resources conservation of Semarang City and surroundings. This research is located in the upstream Garang watershed, with the aim of knowing the level of erosion or soil loss tolerance due to land use change.The erosion model is specific to sheet erosion which modeled with RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) method. The data used are (R) ground rainfall from 7 hydrological stations for 10 years, (K) soil types derived from land form interpretation, (LS) length and slope from SRTM radar data, (CP) conservation and land cover derived using a multispectral supervised classification (maximum likelihood). The quality of modeling is maintained through validation of input data, such as the normal ratio method and consistency test of rain data, soil texture and color surveys for soil data, confusion matrices for land cover and slope validation.The research results of the upstream Garang watershed area of 1191,56 hectares (14.14%), the erosion that occurred was still below the allowable erosion limit, while the area of 7.232,67 hectares (85.86%) was erosion that occurred above the allowable erosion value. The average soil loss is 222 tonnes / ha / year with the potential for soil loss up to 39,236 tonnes per year or soil loss thickness of 3.8 cm. Even though it is within the threshold, this must be controlled considering the importance of the upstream Garang watershed, whose land cover has begun to change its function to agriculture and plantations on sloping land.

Machine Learning Technique for Rainfall Prediction

Rain prediction is one of the most challenging and uncertain tasks that has a profound effect on human society. Timely and accurate forecasting can help significantly reduce population and financial losses. This study presents a collection of tests involving the use of conventional machine learning techniques to create rainfall prediction models depending on the weather information of the area. This Comparative research was conducted focusing on three aspects: modeling inputs, modeling methods, and prioritization techniques. The results provide a comparison of the various test metrics for these machine learning methods and their reliability estimates in rain by analyzing weather data. This study seeks a unique and effective machine learning system for predicting rainfall. The study experimented with different parameters of the rainfall from various regions in order to assess the efficiency and durability of the model. The machine learning model is focused on this study. Rainfall patterns in this study are collected, trained and tested for achievement of sustainable outcomes using machine learning models. The monthly rainfall predictions obtained after training and testing are then compared to real data to ensure the accuracy of the model The results of this study indicate that the model has been successful in it predicting monthly rain data and specific parameters.

Rain fade margin of terrestrial line-of-sight (LOS) links for 5G networks in Peninsular Malaysia

AbstractAdvanced telecommunication systems are moving toward a high data transfer rate and wider bandwidth. The 5G communication network has recently been implemented for such aims. However, 5G networks operating with high operating frequency (typically above 20 GHz) could lead to impairments because of the atmospheric phenomena mainly precipitation and especially heavy rain. To address this, an optimum rain fade margin for the 5G network in Peninsular Malaysia is proposed using 77 sites of the rain-gauge network, which convert 1-h rain data to 1-min rain data by means of the international telecommunication union recommendation (ITU-R) P.837-7 model. Long-term rain attenuation statistics are obtained from ITU-R P.530-17 and the synthetic storm technique. The predicted rain attenuation is also presented in monthly statistics and in rain attenuation contour maps. The analysis showed that at 99.99% of link availability, the optimum rain fade margin operating at 26 GHz link should be in the range of 6.50 to 10 dB and 7 to 11 dB at 28 GHz link for a 5G network. Such information is useful for network operators and system engineers for the operation of 5G terrestrial microwave links in heavy rain regions.

Pluviometric variability, water balance and risk of dry spells in the basin of Paraná River III, Brazil

For the agriculture context, the water balance and precipitation analysis are essential for planning and decision-making. The objective of this work was to carry out the analyse of pluviometric variability, climatological water balance (CLIMWB) and the occurrence of dry spells in the Basin of Paraná River III, Paraná State, Brazil. For this purpose, 43 meteorological data from 43 stations, from 1976 to 2018, were used. Geoprocessing techniques were applied to regionalize rain data, in addition to box plots and probabilities to analyze precipitation and the occurrence of dry spells. A signficant precipitation variability was identified with regional and temporal discrepancies. Despite the Basin of Paraná River III is a rainy region in the Paraná State, the occurrence of dry spells was identified. Periods of 20 to 30 days with no precipitation event in the region they were also frequent, due the annual occurrence risks ranging from 80 to 50 %, respectively. The risk of 40 consecutive days without rain has already proved to be nil. The water balance exhibited sufficient values for agricultural practice with water surplus along the Basin. However, when analyzing dry years, a water deficit of more than 100 mm in a single month can occur.

As chuvas do baixo rio Iguaçu (Sudoeste do Paraná) no período de 1976 a 2016

A Bacia Hidrográfica do Baixo Rio Iguaçu está localizada no Sudoeste do estado do Paraná e no decorrer dos anos, passou a apresentar importância significativa, sobretudo no que se refere à agropecuária, abastecimento urbano e geração de energia. Contudo, ainda são raras as pesquisas científicas que abordam a área analisada. Frente a isso, o presente trabalho, objetiva caracterizar o regime pluviométrico do Baixo Rio Iguaçu no período de 1976 até 2016. Para tanto, no regime de precipitações, utilizou-se de parâmetros estatísticos de tendência central e o método de interpolação krigagem, a fim de espacializar os dados de chuva de 31 estações pluviométricas. Os resultados destacam a influência do El Niño e da Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico no regime de chuvas da área estudada.

Drought hazard assessment in urban areas: A case of Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta

Drought has a significant impact on many sectors. Urban areas also have tended to more vulnerable to the drought events since it consists of complex urban systems and high urban population. This study addresses to assess the drought hazard level in Bantul Regency and compares the results with urban development. This study used both primary and secondary data collection methods, i.e., field observation and document review. Precipitation data collected from 12 rainfall stations in Bantul Regency from 2008-2018. This study was conducted by using quantitative research methods. Drought hazard levels were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method. While urbanization levels were assessed using a scoring technique. The results reveal that the drought hazard is not always in line with urban development but is also influenced by other factors. Drought in urban areas is more complex. It is not only affected by precipitation factors as meteorological drought in general, but also natural, population, and activity characteristics that affect the balance of water supply and demand. Further, the distribution of rainfall stations also influences the validity of rain data and its calculations. Drought disaster mitigation in urban areas requires more attention from stakeholders regarding the sustainability of cities.

Analysis of the Coupling Laws of Disaster Inducing Factors of Frozen Rain and Snow Disasters in Southern China—Taking Changsha City as an Example

In order to study the causes and laws of freezing rain and snow disasters in southern China caused by coupling of multiple disaster inducing factors, the meteorological observation data of the severe rain and snow freezing disasters in Changsha in January 2008 was analyzed in this paper. The fluctuation characteristics of typical disaster inducing factors and disaster factors coupling law were studied, and the following conclusions were drawn: (1) Temperature-humidity coupling system will promote the occurrence of freezing disasters such as glaze, freezing fog, freezing rain and sleet; (2) Wind and precipitation are important causes for the occurrence of freezing disasters, and their coupling effect will lead to typical disasters such as snow drift and rain-wind phenomenon, which will aggravate freezing disasters; (3) Daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature and the average temperature are significantly negatively correlated with the degree of freezing disasters, and the effects of humidity and precipitation on freezing disasters are significantly positively correlated. The results showed that the coupling analysis of disaster inducing factors could provide a powerful tool for the freezing disasters prevention and emergency management.

Hydrologic Performance of an Extensive Green Roof under Intense Rain Events: Results from a Rain-Chamber Simulation

The water storage capacity of a green roof generates several benefits for the building conterminous environment. The hydrologic performance is conventionally expressed by the runoff coefficient, according to international standards and guidelines. The runoff coefficient is a dimensionless number and defines the water retention performance over a long period. At the scale of single rain events, characterized by varying intensity and duration, the reaction of the green roof is scarcely investigated. The purpose of this study is to highlight how an extensive green roof—having a supposed minimum water performance, compared to an intensive one—responds to real and repetitive rain events, simulated in a rain chamber with controlled rain and runoff data. The experiment provides, through cumulative curve graphs, the behavior of the green roof sample during four rainy days. The simulated rain events are based on a statistical study (summarized in the paper) of 25 years of rain data for a specific location in North Italy characterized by an average rain/year of 1100 mm. The results prove the active response of the substrate, although thin and mineral, and quick draining, in terms of water retention and detention during intense rain events. The study raises questions about how to better express the water performance of green roofs.

Cikandang river discharge as a micro-hydropower plant

Garut Regency is flanked by three mountains, namely Papandayan, Guntur, Cikuray. Some are coastal areas in the south of the Garut Regency. Cikandang River has the potential to meet the needs of micro-hydropower plants. The utilization of the Cikandang river is used as a micro-hydropower plant with a power of 1 MW to 10 MW. The locations of the Cikandang 1 and Cikandang 2 micro-hydropower plants nearby use the same potential discharge from the Cikandangriver. In practice, the use of this river has a difference between PLTM Cikandang 1 of 6 MegaWatts and Cikandang 2 of 3 MW. The method is based on a pre-planned design layout. The calculated discharge is the mainstay discharge or the availability discharge calculated based on the FJ Mock method with a probability of 85% with ten years of rain data. Available discharge on the Cikandang river is 12.88 m3/sec, and the head is 32.7 m with head losses 0.86 m, and system efficiency is 0.69. The output power of the Cikandang 2 micro-hydropower plant is 2.88 MW. The difference between the Cikandang 1 and 2 micro-hydropower plants lies in the height of the head.

Seed dispersal effectiveness by oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis) in the Southern Andes of Colombia

AbstractOilbirds are specialized frugivores that disperse seeds; however, no study has evaluated their seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE). We estimated SDE for nine plant species and tested if high‐altitude plants are more effectively dispersed than lowland species and if there are high SDE scores in non‐breeding periods of oilbirds. The quantity factor was estimated from seed rain data in the main cave of Cueva de Los Guacharos National Park (Colombia). The quality component considered germination chance, the probability that seeds reach suitable habitats (using data from GPS devices on three birds) and the probability of establishment in different habitats (literature review). Our model showed that the habitat with more seedrain was the cave (41%), followed by dense forest and mosaics of crops and forests (both ca. 20%). Seed germination was evidenced in 7 of the species, and the other two indicated viability (using tetrazolium tests). The most dispersed species corresponded to palms (Prestoea acuminata and Geonoma undata), but, in terms of biomass, P. acuminata and Dacryodes olivifera (Burseraceae) were the top species. D. olivifera, G. undata, and P. acuminata showed the highest SDE values. No relationship was found between the probability of arrival to suitable habitats and the altitudinal level of the species, but the oilbirds were more effective dispersing seeds in non‐breeding periods. Despite a large amount of seeds dropped at the caves, oilbirds disperse seed to suitable habitats, move seeds long distances, and disperse large seeds. As some of these ecosystem services are unique, oilbird's conservation seems imperative.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.

Kajian Kapasitas Sungai Sengkarang Kabupaten Pekalongan Dengan Menggunakan HEC-RAS

Flooding was natural disasters the minimize the impact or can be avoided when you know a source of the problem. The increase in discharge flood most affected by the existence of the to watershed ( DAS ), and the form of profile river that could not be accommodate flooding luminance stretch out. The purpose of this research is to evaluate capacity river Sengkarang in order to accommodate flooding luminance stretch out, and give the alternative solution flood. The necessary data in the form of rainfall daily from year 2001 - 2016 in five station rain, namely station Karang Gondang, PS.Kletak station, Karangsari station, Pekalongan station, and Kutosari station. Daily rainfall data is then processed into hourly rain data using Mononobe method. Then from the parameters that have been specified in the insert into HEC-HMS software. The result of HEC-HMS this is discharge flood simulations with the period repeated 2 annual of 322.8 m3 / s, the period repeated 5 annual of 582.6 m3 / s, the period repeated of 10 years of 765.1 m3 / s, the period repeated 25 annual of 1034.3 m3 / s, the period repeated 50 annual of 1148.9 m3 / s. after obtained discharge simulations with the period repeated certain then afterward did the simulation profile river sengkarang by using HEC-RAS software. This permodelan it can be found in which a part is happened flood. Therefore done solution altermatif of normalization river.