Rain Clouds Research Articles

PEMANFAATAN TEKNIK RGB PADA CITRA SATELIT HIMAWARI-8 UNTUK ANALISIS DINAMIKA ATMOSFER KEJADIAN BANJIR LAMPUNG 20 - 21 FEBRUARI 2017

Teknik RGB (Red-Green-Blue) merupakan salah satu teknik intepretasi citra satelit dengan mengombinasikan
 beberapa kanal secara tumpang tindih warna merah, hijau dan biru untuk menyajikan informasi yang lebih mudah dipahami. Teknik RGB dapat digunakan dalam kajian analisis cuaca, terutama untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi khusus seperti bencana hidrometeorologi. Kejadian banjir pada tanggal 20 - 21 Februari 2017 yang merendam sekurangnya 7 kabupaten dan 1 kota di Provinsi Lampung yang dindikasikan terjadi karena hujan ekstrim yang merata di wilayah Lampung. Hasil pelaporan curah hujan di stasiun Klimatologi Masgar terukur 107.0 mm/hari, Pos Pengamatan Politeknik Negeri Lampung terukur 159.6 mm/hari dan Pos Pengamatan Kemiling Bandar Lampung terukur 154.0 mm/hari dimana curah hujan termasuk dalam kategori hujan sangat lebat BMKG (> 100 mm/hari). Hasil analisis kondisi regional menunjukan adanya tekanan udara rendah di barat lampung dan daerah konvergensi serta shearline di Lampung bagian barat dan tengah. Analisis citra satelit menunjukan adanya kumpulan awan dengan suhu puncak yang sangat dingin, teknik RGB menggunakan identifikasi mikrofisis atmosfer pada malam hari (Night Microphysics) dan sebaran massa udara (Air Mass) menunjukan adanya proses mikrofisis yang intensif serta aliran massa udara penyebab awan hujan yang tumbuh dan meluas di wilayah Lampung sebelum dan saat terjadinya banjir. Hasil produk olahan HCAI (Highresolution Cloud Analysis Information) menunjukan awan didominasi oleh awan Comulonimbus (Cb) dan awan konvektif padat (Dense Cloud).

Global multivariate point pattern models for rain type occurrence

We seek statistical methods to study the occurrence of multiple rain types observed by satellite on a global scale. The main scientific interests are to relate rainfall occurrence with various atmospheric state variables and to study the dependence between the occurrences of multiple types of rainfall (e.g. short-lived and intense vs. long-lived and weak; the heights of the rain clouds are also considered). Commonly in point process model literature, the spatial domain is assumed to be a small, and thus planar domain. We consider the log-Gaussian Cox Process (LGCP) models on the surface of a sphere and take advantage of cross-covariance models for spatial processes on a global scale to model the stochastic intensity function of the LGCP models. We present analysis results for rainfall observations from the TRMM satellite and atmospheric state variables from MERRA-2 reanalysis data over the tropical Eastern and Western Pacific Ocean, as well as over the entire tropical and subtropical ocean regions. Statistical inference is done through Monte Carlo likelihood approximation for LGCP models. We employ covariance approximation to deal with massive data.

Endogenous Endophthalmitis by <i>Candida Albicans</i> Associated with a Primary Immunodeficiency Due to CARD9 Deficiency

This report encopasses a case of endogenous endophthalmitis by <i>Candida albicans</i> in an otherwise healthy young adult patient, which led to the diagnosis of a primary immunodeficiency, CARD9 deficiency, associated with familial candidiasis. A 31-year-old female patient with a one-month history of low visual acuity (VA) in the right eye (RE) was referred after no response to treatment of toxoplasmosis and acute retinal necrosis. She presented no comorbidities, but a history of recurrent paronychia, oral candidiasis and <i>tinea capitis</i> since childhood. Her parents were first-degree cousins. Visual acuity was 20/2000 in the RE and 20/20 in the left eye (LE). There was an elevated exudative lesion occupying the retinal posterior pole, associated with fluffy white cotton balls in the adjacent posterior vitreous. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed macular lesions with the "rain cloud" sign. Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis was hypothesized. Imaging and laboratory examinations discarded other infections and eliminated involvement of other organs. Diagnostic vitreous puncture was performed in addition to Amphotericin B injection and intravenous Fluconazole. As culture results were negative, a vitreous biopsy was performed, in which <i>Candida albicans</i> was grown, followed by a second Amphotericin B injection. As there was no improvement, pars plana posterior vitrectomy, with placement of silicone oil, was performed. In spite of infection control, VA remained 20/2000. Due to a severe ocular condition with no other invasive sites of infection, associated with superficial recurrent fungal infections, a primary fungal specific immunodeficiency was suspected, resulting in referral to Immunology. An immunogenetic panel was performed, demonstrating heterozygosity for two CARD9 gene mutations, a molecule related to familial candidiasis. Follow-up in Ophthalmology and Immunology was maintained and oral Fluconazole was proposed to be taken for at least 6 months. Three months later, she presented with an oral abscess secondary to <i>Candida</i>, managed by the Otorhinolaryngology team. Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis is an important cause of morbidity and low visual acuity, especially in the population of immunocompromised patients. Early ophthalmological diagnosis should preferably be performed in order to prevent lesions from increasing, affecting noble areas such as the macula, and reaching the vitreous. When the fundus exam presents signs of fungal endophthalmitis in immunocompetent, young and healthy patients, diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies should be considered.

Response

HomeHypertensionVol. 0, No. 1Response Free AccessOtherPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessOtherPDF/EPUBResponse Brian J. Morris, Ruby C.Y. Lin and Xing Li Wang Brian J. MorrisBrian J. Morris Search for more papers by this author , Ruby C.Y. LinRuby C.Y. Lin Search for more papers by this author and Xing Li WangXing Li Wang Search for more papers by this author Originally published23 Jun 2003https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000081966.99503.83Hypertension. 2003;0Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: August 1, 2018: Ahead of Print "Response." Hypertension, , pp. – Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Mukherjee R (2016) Living in Subalternity: The Becoming of the Subaltern in Bessie Head’s A Woman Alone, A Gesture of Belonging , and When Rain Clouds Gather , Journal of the African Literature Association, 10.1080/21674736.2013.11690206, 7:2, (37-55), Online publication date: 1-Jan-2013. January 2019Vol 0, Issue 1 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000081966.99503.83 Originally publishedJune 23, 2003 PDF download Advertisement

When Earth Matters: Bessie Head’s When Rain Clouds Gather

Abstract This essay discusses Bessie Head’s When Rain Clouds Gather from an ecocritical perspective, asking how her late 1960s’ novel already anticipated some of the politics of early twenty-first-century environmental thinking in the postcolonial sphere. The alliance of various marginalized characters who, one way or another, violate against existing hegemonic structures replaces the ideological and cultural conflict over territory, which derived directly from the colonialist past, with an agricultural revolution that aims to empower those who most closely resemble the subaltern classes variously theorized in postcolonial theory. This re-turn to the physical or even Real, to the materiality of the earth, opens up an alternative to the cultural essentialism that, from its beginning, created numerous stumbling stones on the path towards decolonization. Through its turn towards farming and the land and away from cultural forms of hegemony, the novel emphasizes the materiality of reality.

Residuals of Tropospheric Delays from GNSS Data and Ray-Tracing as a Potential Indicator of Rain and Clouds

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is commonly recognized by its all-weather capability. However, observations depend on atmospheric conditions which requires the induced tropospheric delay to be estimated as an unknown parameter. In the following study, we investigate the impact of intense weather events on GNSS estimates. GNSS slant total delays (STD) in Precise Point Positioning technique (PPP) strategy were calculated for stations in southwest Poland in a 56 days period covering several heavy precipitation cases. The corresponding delays retrieved from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model by a ray-tracing technique considered only gaseous parts of the atmosphere. The discrepancies are correlated with rain rates and cloud type products from remote sensing platforms. Positive correlation is found as well as GNSS estimates tend to be systematically larger than modeled delays. Mean differences mapped to the zenith direction are showed to vary between 10 mm and 30 mm. The magnitude of discrepancies follows the intensity of phenomena, especially for severe weather events. Results suggest that effects induced by commonly neglected liquid and solid water terms in the troposphere modeling should be considered in precise GNSS applications for the atmosphere monitoring. The state-of-art functional model applied in GNSS processing strategies shows certain deficits. Estimated tropospheric delays with gradients and post-fit residuals could be replaced by a loosely constrained solution without loss of quality.

The changes of brain activity associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction after coronary bypass surgery

This chapter deals with atmospheric water and stone weathering. The first topic is the formation of acid rain in clouds (rainout) and the acidification of drops while they fall through the atmosphere (washout). The synergism between wet and dry deposition determines the formation of black and grey crusts or white areas on the monument's surface. The next topic concerns how rainwater penetrates the capillary fringe and internal porosity of stones and, in particular, the capillary suction and the physical and chemical remedies. The effects of salts and contaminants, the equilibrium vapour pressure over a solution, and the effects of sea spray on monument weathering are also considered. A list of popular errors and misunderstandings that should be avoided is discussed.

Nonlinear data assimilation for clouds and precipitation using a gamma inverse‐gamma ensemble filter

Where clouds occur, their water content is always positive definite, and may be near zero. In addition, it is common for errors in remote‐sensing observations of clouds and rainfall to be represented as a fraction of the measurement. Furthermore, there is nonlinearity in the relationships among cloud environment, cloud microphysical processes, and the amount and distribution of cloud and precipitation. For these reasons, data assimilation algorithms that rely on linearity and assumptions of Gaussian probability distributions may have difficulty in assimilating observations in cloudy regions, as well as producing an analysis that realistically represents the actual distribution of clouds and precipitation. A recently developed ensemble filter algorithm, the Gamma, Inverse‐Gamma, and Gaussian Ensemble Kalman Filter (GIGG‐EnKF), allows for fractional observation errors and positive‐definite quantities. As such, it has promise for producing more effective and accurate data assimilation and retrievals of clouds and precipitation.This study evaluates the effectiveness of the GIGG‐EnKF by using it to estimate the values of warm rain cloud microphysical parameters in a cloud model using observations of precipitation. GIGG‐EnKF estimates of cloud parameters and rainfall are compared with a Bayesian reference solution returned by a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, and with a perturbed‐observations Ensemble transform Kalman filter (ETKF). The ETKF produces an ensemble with a substantial number of negative (non‐physical) precipitation rates and parameter values. In contrast, the GIGG‐EnKF precipitation analysis is positive definite, and is able to adapt to changes in the observation value (and observation uncertainty). Nonlinearity in the parameter–precipitation relationship is handled by implementing an iterative outer loop regression from the observation space to state space. The positive‐definite constraint and natural accommodation of fractional error, along with the iterative outer loop, produces an accurate reproduction of the Bayesian analysis of the precipitation rate and cloud microphysical parameter values.

An Uncertainty Data Set for Passive Microwave Satellite Observations of Warm Cloud Liquid Water Path.

The first extended comprehensive data set of the retrieval uncertainties in passive microwave observations of cloud liquid water path (CLWP) for warm oceanic clouds has been created for practical use in climate applications. Four major sources of systematic errors were considered over the 9‐year record of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS (AMSR‐E): clear‐sky bias, cloud‐rain partition (CRP) bias, cloud‐fraction‐dependent bias, and cloud temperature bias. Errors were estimated using a unique merged AMSR‐E/Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Level 2 data set as well as observations from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. To quantify the CRP bias more accurately, a new parameterization was developed to improve the inference of CLWP in warm rain. The cloud‐fraction‐dependent bias was found to be a combination of the CRP bias, an in‐cloud bias, and an adjacent precipitation bias. Globally, the mean net bias was 0.012 kg/m2, dominated by the CRP and in‐cloud biases, but with considerable regional and seasonal variation. Good qualitative agreement between a bias‐corrected AMSR‐E CLWP climatology and ship observations in the Northeast Pacific suggests that the bias estimates are reasonable. However, a possible underestimation of the net bias in certain conditions may be due in part to the crude method used in classifying precipitation, underscoring the need for an independent method of detecting rain in warm clouds. This study demonstrates the importance of combining visible‐infrared imager data and passive microwave CLWP observations for estimating uncertainties and improving the accuracy of these observations.

Hail suppression effectiveness for varying solubility of natural aerosols in water

This sensitivity study examined the impact of natural aerosol on the results obtained by numerical cloud seeding experiments focused on hail suppression on the ground. A main concern was investigating the effects of the solubility of the natural aerosol on unseeded and seeded cloud simulations. A numerical model with a two-moment bulk microphysical scheme was used for this purpose. The numerical model calculated the mass and number concentrations of the following seven microphysical categories: cloud water, rain, cloud ice, snow, graupel, frozen raindrops and hail. The solubility values of the natural aerosol in water were varied, and the rain and hail production in clouds and the corresponding surface precipitation were analysed in unseeded and seeded cases. The effectiveness of hail suppression on the ground is reduced in atmospheric environments with natural aerosols that are less soluble in water. A low solubility of natural aerosol in water can result in overseeding. The sensitivity study showed that environments with predominantly soluble aerosol particles (such as sodium chloride) were suitable for hail suppression with a simultaneous increase in surface rain.

Passive microwave observations of South America and surrounding oceans from Russian Meteor-M No. 2 and Japan GCOM-W1 satellites

ABSTRACTA new Russian Meteorological Satellite Meteor-M No. 2 with onboard multichannel microwave radiometer MTVZA-GY was launched on sun synchronous orbit in July 2014. The radiometer receives the outgoing radiation of the Earth at 29 channels at the frequency ranges ν = 10–48, 52–57, 90–93 and 176–190 GHz. Conical scanning is performed at the incidence angle 65°. The data derived over the Amazon basin rain forest and the cloudless calm areas in the South Atlantic and South Pacific Ocean and the computed brightness temperatures (TBs) served for the MTVZA-GY external calibration. A comparison of the TB time series obtained by the MTVZA-GY and well-calibrated AMSR2 radiometer onboard GCOM-W1 was used for assessment of the long-term stability of the MTVZA-GY in flight. The joint analysis of the TB time series at ν = 10.6, 42.0 and 91.6 GHz allowed to reveal the variations associated with the wet and dry seasons in the Amazon forest as well as events caused by the rain and heavy clouds during satellite observations. The multichannel approach was also used to study structure, evolution and fields of the sea surface wind, total water vapour content and total cloud liquid water content in the cyclonic formations over the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans.

On the Cover: &lt;em&gt;Cross My Heart&lt;/em&gt;

On the CoverCross My Heart RAEchel Running (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Cross My Heart. RAEchel Running. Courtesy: the artist. In 2006 I traveled to Mata Ortiz, Chihuahua, Mexico, on a three-day assignment to photograph master potter Juan Quezada, in Mata Ortiz. And I stayed for five years. Over that span of time, I witnessed the militarization of the US-Mexico border and the implementation of Arizona's SB 1070, which enabled the profiling of Mexicans in the United States. In Mexico, I also met and learned from local artisans, ranchers, farmers, and anthropologists, and came to see deep connections between Mesoamerica and the greater US Southwest. My first time out on the Arizona border, documenting the humanitarian aid group No More Deaths as they put out caches of water for migrants, I found this bra in the desert and instantly wept. I remember picking it up gingerly. How it pained me to wonder [End Page 5] what had happened to the young woman it belonged to. I imagine her mother giving it to her, its perfect virgin whiteness, soiled, stained, destroyed by the dirt rubbed into it violently. It lay there forgotten and discarded. I remembered the many faces I'd seen of a young woman whose heart carries the dream of America in her tender breast. The pink crosses of Juárez mark the signs of the hundreds of disappeared women of the borderlands. The crosses look like embroidery or scars of a badly sewn wound. Yet it's soft as the curve of the earthly form of a newly budding woman, the details of youth; tender flowers are placed across the harsh landscape between two countries both divided and united by lines on a map, and by the bloodlines and love lines we all share. Though it may seem futile, it is necessary to give voice to the voiceless. The land holds the stories of the ancientmigrations and the plight of the immigrants. It is tragic and it is beautiful with all the seasons of life, like a love song full of longing. The birds still migrate and people pray for rain up and down the Americas just as they did thousands of years ago. Hope is like water in the desert. I don't want to forget her. Daughters. Sisters. They were once someone's baby girl. I want to water their dreams. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Migration Series no. 1. RAEchel Running. Courtesy: the artist. My migration series explores the historical and symbolic connections of Mesoamerica, the US-Mexico borderlands, and the Greater Southwest. In my photographs I combine contemporary issues with the symbols of ancient cultures such as the Pochtecas, the trader priests who migrated across the Americas carrying stories and corn kernels, chocolate, macaws to the north and turquoise to the south. These also feature symbols of the Quetzalcoatl, the rain god embodied as a plumed serpent, and Thaloc, the wind god, as documented in pictographs and ceramics traded over the millennia. The T-door and cloud-shaped geometrics designs are seen in the complex architecture and designs in art and ceramics from the land of the Maya to the Olmec and Toltec sites [End Page 6] of Teotihuacan; to the outlier ancient city of Paquimé; to Chaco Canyon and the pueblos of New Mexico; to Mesa Verde, Colorado; and to Wupatki sites in Arizona. Walls of separation cannot stop the natural pattern of the world. The threads of human migration and history are interwoven into new designs. Today on the arid mesas and adobe pueblos, corn is still farmed in the old ways. In the ceremonial dances, turquoise, a dash of red macaw and eagle feathers, flash against gathering rain clouds; the gourds and sea shells clink rhythmically, resounding up and down the spine of the Americas, prayers to help keep our world in balance. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 3. Migration Series no. 2. RAEchel Running. Courtesy: the artist. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 4. Migration Series no. 3. RAEchel Running. Courtesy: the artist. [End Page 7] RAEchel Running RAEchel Running, of Afro...

Reincarnation: Mechanics, Narratives, and Implications

This essay explores the mechanics associated with rebirth, noting differences between Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain narratives. It examines the concept of subtle body and the liṅgam in Sāṃkhya. According to the Hindu tradition, the remains of the departed person, when cremated, merge with clouds in the upper atmosphere. As the monsoon rain clouds gather, the leftovers mingle with the clouds, returning to earth and eventually finding new life in complex biological cycles. According to Tibetan and Chinese Buddhism, the remains of a person take a ghostly form for 49 days until taking a new birth. According to Jainism, the departed soul immediately travels to the new birth realm at the moment of death. According to Jain karma theory, in the last third of one’s life, a living being makes a fateful choice that determines his or her next embodiment. The 20th century Hindu Yoga teacher Paramahamsa Yogananda, in his commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, provides an alternate description of a twofold astral and causal body. One hallmark of the Buddha and of the 24 Jain Tīrthaṅkaras was that they remembered all the lives they had lived and the lessons learned in those lives. The Buddha recalled 550 past lives and used these memories to fuel many of his lectures. Mahāvīra remembered his past lives and also the past lives of others. Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtra states that through the perfection of giving up all things, including psychological attachments, one spontaneously will remember past lives. In the Yogavāsiṣṭha, a Hindu text, Puṇya remembers the past lives of his grieving brother as well as his own prior experiences.

Quasar Rain: The Broad Emission Line Region as Condensations in the Warm Accretion Disk Wind

Abstract The origin of the broad emission line region (BELR) in quasars and active galactic nuclei is still unclear. I propose that condensations form in the warm, radiation-pressure-driven, accretion disk wind of quasars creating the BEL clouds and uniting them with the other two manifestations of cool (∼104 K) gas in quasars, the low ionization phase of the warm absorbers (WAs) and the clouds causing X-ray eclipses. The cool clouds will condense quickly (days to years), before the WA outflows reach escape velocity (which takes months to centuries). Cool clouds form in equilibrium with the warm phase of the wind because the rapidly varying X-ray quasar continuum changes the force multiplier, causing pressure waves to move gas into stable locations in pressure–temperature space. The narrow range of two-phase equilibrium densities may explain the (luminosity) scaling of the BELR size, while the scaling of cloud formation timescales could produce the Baldwin effect. These dense clouds have force multipliers of order unity and so cannot be accelerated to escape velocity. They fall back on a dynamical timescale (months to centuries), producing an inflow that rains down toward the central black hole. As they soon move at Mach ∼10–100 with respect to the WA outflow, these “raindrops” will be rapidly destroyed within months. This rain of clouds may produce the elliptical BELR orbits implied by velocity-resolved reverberation mapping in some objects and can explain the opening angle and destruction timescale of the narrow “cometary” tails of the clouds seen in X-ray eclipse observations. Some consequences and challenges of this “quasar rain” model are presented, along with several avenues for theoretical investigation.

The Discourse of Sustainable Farming and the Environment in Bessie Head’s When Rain Clouds Gather

Starting with her pioneering novel, When rain clouds gather (1968), Head has left behind an impressive body of eco-literature. In this debut novel, Head tackles some of the most pressing problems of the environment as they affect the lives of poor rural dwellers in Botswana trying to leave hunger and poverty behind and gain a foothold in modernity and self-sufficiency with respect to the basic amenities of existence. Head’s novel gives a global dimension to this project that unambiguously gestures toward a cosmopolitan ecocriticism.

Application of radar wind profiler data in analyzing the process of torrential rains in Urumqi Xinjiang, China

To deeply understand the micro-/mesoscale dynamic characteristics of the torrential rain process in Urumqi and improve the levels of torrential rain monitoring, forecasting and early warning, this paper analyzed the wind profile features and related scientific problems of three typical torrential rain events seen in 2013–2015 in this region. The research results suggested that: (1) Radar wind profiler can record in detail the movement condition of the atmosphere during the process of torrential rains. Carrying out detailed analyses on the wind profile data is conductive to the improvement in monitoring, forecasting and warning to torrential rain event at a single observation station. (2) When Urumqi experiences heavy rain weather, noticeable wind shear is usually observed above the observation station. In the upper air, it is southwest wind, while in the lower air it is northwest wind, which is the typical wind profile pattern for heavy rain events in the Urumqi region. (3) Obvious northwest low-level jet stream is found to go together with precipitation, and the jet is positively correlated with precipitation intensity. The velocity of low-level jet stream greatly impacts the amount and intensity of precipitation. (4) The rainstorm weather phenomena are clearly presented by the time–height chart of radar reflectivity factors. The high reflectivity values correspond positively to the height range of cloud–rain particles as well as the duration and intensity of precipitation, so it can be used as a reference index of precipitation monitoring and early warning. In a word, this research deepens on the recognition to the micro-/mesoscale weather systems during the process of heavy rains in Urumqi. Moreover, it would contribute to the application improvement of wind profiler data in analyzing the heavy rainfalls in this region.

The Discourse of Sustainable Farming and the Environment in Bessie Head’s Whe n Rain Clouds Gather

The Discourse of Sustainable Farming and the Environment in Bessie Head’s Whe n Rain Clouds Gather

Unifying the Micro and Macro Properties of AGN Feeding and Feedback

Abstract We unify the feeding and feedback of supermassive black holes with the global properties of galaxies, groups, and clusters by linking for the first time the physical mechanical efficiency at the horizon and megaparsec scale. The macro hot halo is tightly constrained by the absence of overheating and overcooling as probed by X-ray data and hydrodynamic simulations ( ). The micro flow is shaped by general-relativistic effects tracked by state-of-the-art GR-RMHD simulations ( ). The supermassive black hole properties are tied to the X-ray halo temperature , or related cosmic scaling relation (as ). The model is minimally based on first principles, such as conservation of energy and mass recycling. The inflow occurs via chaotic cold accretion (CCA), the rain of cold clouds condensing out of the quenched cooling flow and then recurrently funneled via inelastic collisions. Within 100s gravitational radii, the accretion energy is transformed into ultrafast 104 km s−1 outflows (UFOs) ejecting most of the inflowing mass. At larger radii, the energy-driven outflow entrains progressively more mass: at roughly kiloparsec scale, the velocities of the hot/warm/cold outflows are a few 103, 1000, and 500 km s−1, with median mass rates ∼ 10, 100, and several 100 yr−1, respectively. The unified CCA model is consistent with the observations of nuclear UFOs and ionized, neutral, and molecular macro outflows. We provide step-by-step implementation for subgrid simulations, (semi)analytic works, or observational interpretations that require self-regulated AGN feedback at coarse scales, avoiding the a-posteriori fine-tuning of efficiencies.

Propaganda and the Deed: Anarchism, Violence and the Representational Impulse

Propaganda and the Deed:Anarchism, Violence and the Representational Impulse Dan Colson (bio) Anarchism literally exploded onto the American political scene on May 4, 1886, with the now famous Haymarket riot. A relatively commonplace labor rally in Chicago began to break up as rain clouds rolled in. As the crowd was dispersing and the day's final speaker—an anarchist—was concluding, police moved to end the meeting prematurely. A skirmish ensued, a bomb was thrown into a group of police officers, and they opened fire: soon, numerous civilians and officers were dead. Suddenly everyone was talking about anarchism. The Haymarket affair has dominated critical attention to pre–World War II American anarchism, a focus that signals the convergence of popular caricature—the bomb-wielding anarchist depicted in countless newspapers from the 1880s to the present—with scholarship. The highly visible moment of anarchist violence produced an historical conflation, an elision of anarchism's internal conflicts, the near synonymy of "anarchism" with "violence." This essay seeks not to sever anarchism from violence, but to explore a far more complex relationship between the two by detailing the ambivalent, fractured, contradictory relationship between late-nineteenth and early-twentieth-century American anarchism and anarchist violence—between propaganda and the deed. Most examinations of anarchist violence rely on the appellation "propaganda by deed," a construction that itself suggests a tension between words (propaganda) and actions (deeds). This tension, however, is not simply rhetorical; it's also historical: anarchists inconsistently endorsed violence. In fact, the [End Page 163] anarchist rhetoric surrounding violence evinces tension between their orientation to theoretical violence and their response to actual violence, a fracture often characterized by a strong logical defense of violence and an equally potent aversion to violent acts. At other times it appears merely as an inconsistent appeal to violence's validity as a political tactic. This essay explores the anarchist inconsistency—an historical ambivalence toward violence—to reevaluate anarchism's relationship to violence and thus to reconsider the link between propaganda and the (violent) deed. Foregrounding two anarchists—Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman—and two moments of anarchist violence—Berkman's 1892 attempt to kill industrialist Henry Clay Frick and Leon Czolgosz's 1901 assassination of U.S. president William McKinley—I elucidate a fundamental anarchist ambivalence toward violence, then posit an explanation for this tension. First, I discuss efforts to theorize the relationship of American anarchism to representation, addressing the philosophical links between democracy and propaganda. Next, I explain the philosophy of "propaganda by deed," a theoretical stance toward the potential value of violence. Then, I outline Goldman's and Berkman's specific orientation to propaganda by deed and its violent rhetoric before turning to their responses to real instances of violence. I argue that these multiple forms of ambivalence all emerge from the complex interstices of registers of representation: on one hand, anarchists actively rejected representative democracy; on the other hand, they were surprisingly willing to represent their politics (to produce propaganda). The ambivalence appears because these two forms of representation are not fully distinct—there exists a consonance between representative democracy and other forms of representation that forced anarchist violence itself to become propaganda. Ultimately, then, anarchists' ambivalence was an at times strategic, at times unconscious, effort to represent their radical politics within the American political sphere. Registers of Representation The question of anarchists' relationship to representation has been asked since the origins of American anarchism. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, global politics struggled with multiple autocratic and totalitarian nations, alongside monarchies and varyingly successful forms of democracy. These disparate governmental forms produced a wide range of anarchist reactions, many of which address local or national concerns—the concrete forms of government against which individual anarchists react.1 As Voltairine de Cleyre—one of the period's most prominent anarchists—pointed out, "anarchism is concerned with present conditions," with specific "oppressions," so anarchists tend to critique the instantiation of government under which they live.2 Therefore, any study of American anarchism will find that it "is associated primarily with a rejection of representative democracy."3 This rejection of political representation dates back at least to Mikhail Bakunin, who argued [End Page...

Precipitating Cloud Characteristics during Changma as Seen in TRMM PR Observations

The climatological characteristics of precipitating clouds during Changma, the summer rainy period in the Korean Peninsula, were investigated using the Precipitation Radar (PR) on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. This investigation was further augmented with reanalysis data. Specifically, Changma clouds are compared with post-Changma clouds. Similarities and differences in cloud properties between the two periods are discussed based on seasonal changes in thermodynamic environments. For convective clouds migrating along the Changma (stationary) front, rain intensity is much stronger and cloud height is relatively higher than during any other summer period, including post-Changma period. Convective rain clouds have a large seasonal variability, even during summer. The seasonal variability in rain parameters related to convective rain type appears to be due to the thermodynamic and dynamic environments.