Safety Of Railway Transportation Research Articles

STUDY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF CAR REPAIR COMPLEX AND TRAFFIC SAFETY

The article analyzes structure of cases lack cars, which includes technical aspects and factors labor discipline, attitude managers and executors to issues traffic safety. It has been established that 58% cases marriage are technological nature, 40% are due human factor and only 2% are due to technical reasons. The block diagram of systematization and structuring factors influencing conditions trouble-free work car-repair complex research range is developed and constructed. The main factors are part model safe operation of rolling stock are formulated. Model distribution basic lacks functioning car economy is constructed. Aspects application are determined. A model for monitoring degree professionalism of railway specialists as tool improve traffic safety in railway transport has been developed. The space indicators of intellectual and technological safety functioning car economy branch is defined. To increase length warranty areas, it is planned to create maintenance point system of network value, which has latest maintenance technology. The main types of marriage are: malfunction body and frame car; violation integrity brake line; malfunctions air distributors; adjustment brake lever transmission; malfunction automatic regulators car modes; auto-coupling breakage and cases self-disengagement; axle box failure. Checking consistency theoretical distribution of empirical frequencies is necessary establish adequacy mathematical model to real object study, namely failure rolling stock, which contributes occurrence cases of traffic safety violations. To select and substantiate theoretical laws distribution, the most common faults rolling stock on railway were investigated and statistical models distribution random variables over time were built. According block diagram of systematization and structuring factors influencing conditions accident-free operation car repair complex research site, main factors are 6. Each these factors is broken down into factors more specific content, and they are broken down into more detailed factors. Each factors is characterized by one or another aspect application depending on root cause and nature of occurrence (technical, technological, organizational).

Application of Convolutional Neural Networks for Recognizing Long Structural Elements of Rails in Eddy-Current Defectograms

To ensure traffic safety of railway transport, non-destructive test of rails is regularly carried out by using various approaches and methods, including eddy-current flaw detection methods. An automatic analysis of large data sets (defectograms) that come from the corresponding equipment is an actual problem. The analysis means a process of determining the presence of defective sections along with identifying structural elements of railway tracks in defectograms. This article is devoted to the problem of recognizing images of long structural elements of rails in eddy-current defectograms. Two classes of rail track structural elements are considered: 1) rolling stock axle counters, 2) rail crossings. Long marks that cannot be assigned to these two classes are conditionally considered as defects and are placed in a separate third class. For image recognition of structural elements in defectograms a convolutional neural network is applied. The neural network is implemented by using the open library TensorFlow. To this purpose each selected (picked out) area of a defectogram is converted into a graphic image in a grayscale with size of 30 x 140 points.

An Online Classification Method for Fault Diagnosis of Railway Turnouts.

Railway turnout system is a key infrastructure to railway safety and efficiency. However, it is prone to failure in the field. Therefore, many railway departments have adopted a monitoring system to monitor the operation status of turnouts. With monitoring data collected, many researchers have proposed different fault-diagnosis methods. However, many of the existing methods cannot realize real-time updating or deal with new fault types. This paper—based on imbalanced data—proposes a Bayes-based online turnout fault-diagnosis method, which realizes incremental learning and scalable fault recognition. First, the basic conceptions of the turnout system are introduced. Next, the feature extraction and processing of the imbalanced monitoring data are introduced. Then, an online diagnosis method based on Bayesian incremental learning and scalable fault recognition is proposed, followed by the experiment with filed data from Guangzhou Railway. The results show that the scalable fault-recognition method can reach an accuracy of 99.11%, and the training time of the Bayesian incremental learning model reduces 29.97% without decreasing the accuracy, which demonstrates the high accuracy, adaptability and efficiency of the proposed model, of great significance for labor-saving, timely maintenance and further, safety and efficiency of railway transportation.

China's Railway Transportation Safety Regulation System Based on Evolutionary Game Theory and System Dynamics.

China's railways were restructured in 2013. The number of regulatory practitioners has decreased significantly, making real-time regulation more difficult. Regulatory transfers from inside to outside the railway industry increases information risks. A more reasonable regulation mechanism is needed. The article considers introducing a public supervision mechanism into the railway transportation safety regulation system, which includes two regulators and one regulatee. As the government regulator, the State Railway Administration (SRA) regulates the safety of China Railway Corporation (CR) and encourages the public to act as supervisors to expose the CR's unsafe production information. To analyze the risks and effectiveness of the system, a multiplayer evolutionary game and system dynamics-based model for railway transportation safety regulation is established. The decision processes of players under different conditions are simulated. The results show that improving the public supervision ratio is conducive to improve the CR's safe production ratio. However, there is no evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) in the system. Strategies and evolutionary processes have large fluctuations, which represent high risk. Excessive penalty and reward coefficients can aggravate the amplitude and frequency of fluctuations, causing uncertainty in regulation and making it more difficult to control the actual problems. A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism is proposed to control these fluctuations. The system finally achieves an ESS that results in the lowest regulation investment for the SRA, a safe production ratio for the CR of 95%, and a public supervision ratio of 95.2%. Introducing public supervision and dynamic reward and punishment mechanisms help to stabilize and improve the CR's safe production ratio and to decrease the SRA's regulatory investment.

Monitoring of Turnout Ballast Degradation Using Statistical Low-Complexity Behavioral Models

The dependability of the railway infrastructure is paramount to guarantee safety, comfort, and network capacity. Turnouts are the key infrastructure element to enable the maximization of network capacity and minimization of transport delays. Their failure upsets the overall performance of the railway network; hence, infrastructure managers are interested in securing as high as possible uptime. The ballast layer provides the elastic support to the superstructure (sleepers and rail); thereby, it is crucial to ensure both safety and comfort in railway transport. This article presents a novel detection system for the monitoring of ballast degradation throughout its service life. A statistical model based on the generalized extreme value distribution is proposed to describe the behavior of the resonance frequency associated with the ballast. The generalized likelihood ratio test is then adopted to detect when the state of health of the ballast changes over time. The monitoring system is tested exploiting full-scale measurements of train-induced track vertical acceleration collected at a turnout of the Danish railway network over a two-year period, which includes a maintenance event. Results demonstrate the ability of the ballast monitoring system in detecting the progressive degradation of the ballast quality.

Identification and Solution of Safety and Operational-Economic Risks in Railway Transport

Abstract The paper is concerned with the issue of safety and risks in transport with a detailed focus on rail transport. Nowadays, when it is required to prefer safe and environmentally friendly modes of transport, the knowledge of this issue is important. Part of the paper is an analysis of individual risk factors in railway transport. These include risks in the field of railway safety, natural disasters, economic risks, risks in management systems and technical equipment, and risks related to legislative changes. Attention is paid to comparison and evaluation of individual risk factors in terms of severity and probability of occurrence - frequency. Following the analysis and evaluation of the risk level, are suggest possible or optimal ways to resolve them. The outcome of it is to eliminate or minimize them in the railway transport undertaking. The final part briefly describes the current situation in rail transport, recent developments and the main conditions and assumptions for its further development.

Application of low-power energy harvesting solutions in the railway field: a review

In order to ensure safety and reliability of railway transportation the interest in monitoring systems is constantly increasing. These devices include sensors and electronic components, which need electric power supply for their proper working. However not all railway lines and vehicles are provided with electric power, furthermore, it can be complex to provide energy to sensors by cables in some location of the vehicle. The demand of a widespread distributed electrical energy can be fulfilled by energy harvesting techniques from primary sources. This paper analyses the different concepts of energy harvesters proposed in literature for the railway field, both for on board and wayside applications. The harvesters are classified according to the source from which energy is harvested and for each type of harvester advantages and disadvantages are critically discussed. The proposed review highlights the most promising solutions regarding energy harvesting in order to support future researches concerning this topic.

A rail corrugation measurement method based on data splicing

Rail corrugation dynamic measurement techniques are essential to guide rail maintenance and ensuring the safety of railway transportation. However, the effective measuring wavebands covered by traditional techniques are limited. Hence, this paper constructs a novel measurement system by using 2D laser displacement sensors for accurate measuring rail corrugation (2D-RCM). At first, original discontinuous data of rail irregularities are sampled by 2D sensors, and then the accurate restoring of rail corrugation is completed by the coarse-to-refine data splicing method. Coarse splicing mainly extracts and calibrates the data of overlapping measurement area. The refine splicing is achieved by rigid transformation and multiple population genetic algorithm. The validity and repeatability of the 2D-RCM is tested by extensive experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that it owns high-precision on measuring the wavebands of corrugation varied from 10 mm to 1 m, and robust to deviations of 2D sensors and pitching vibrations of the 2D-RCM system.

LABOUR PROTECTION ON GORKY RAILWAY DURING THE WORLD WAR II AND IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD

The article reveals the conditions and features of the development of the labour protection system on Gorky railway during the World War II, as well as in the process of transition of the country to the realities of peacetime. Topicality of the study is due to the lack of development of this topic in historiography, as well as the reform of the health sector at the present time. The article considers the activities of the Department of labour protection and safety management of Gorky railway in the aspects of the organisation of normal working conditions, health education and reorganisation of management in this area. The source base is the materials of the Central archive of Nizhny Novgorod Region, normative documents of the studied period. The author defi nes the main problems of improving the level of safety in railway transport and ways to solve them in extreme wartime conditions. Information about projects of reforming the health care system in rail transport and their application is introduced into the scientifi c circulation

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ РЕЖИМІВ ТЕРМІЧНОЇ ОБРОБКИ ДОСЛІДНИХ СТАЛЕЙ ДЛЯ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНИХ РЕЙОК НОВОГО ПОКОЛІННЯ НА МЕХАНІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ

The safety of railway transport depends on the quality of the metal, the efficiency of the technology for manufacturing rails and wheelsets, and the operating conditions of the railway track. The operational durability of rails is largely determined by the structural state and mechanical properties of the metal of the rail elements. On the basis of a comparative analysis of various methods and modes of treatment of railway rails, it was found that one of the ways to increase the operational reliability of rails can be the optimization of methods for heating and cooling the metal when implementing the modes of their heat treatment. A study of the microstructure of steel laboratory melts up to 10 kg, melted under the conditions of the IHM NASU (the symbol of which is PCT), after furnace heating with cooling the blanks for tensile specimens (55x12x12mm) in various cooling media: in calm air, under a ventilator, blowing with compressor air in water with a temperature of 80˚С. It is found that at cooling rate 5,1˚С / s (cooling air compressor) is obtained a homogeneous structure of fine pearlite with a hardness of the metal at the level of foreign standards. On the basis of technical sources, it has been established that volumetric furnace heating followed by immersion of the test specimens made of steel with 0,84%С, 0,44% Si, 0,95% Mn into an environment providing the metal with a controlled cooling rate of ≈5.1˚C / s contributes to the formation of a lamellar pearlite structure with a hardness of 415 HB. It was found that the use of furnace heating leads to the production of homogeneous austenite in the volume of the samples under study.

A review of applications of visual inspection technology based on image processing in the railway industry

Abstract In order to ensure the safety of railway transportation, it is necessary to regularly check for faults and defects in the railway system. Visual inspection technology is conducive to improving the low efficiency, poor economy and inaccurate detection results of traditional detection methods. This paper introduces the research and contribution of various scholars in the field of visual inspection, summarizes the application and development of visual inspection technology in the railway industry, and finally forecasts the future research direction of visual inspection technology.

High Accuracy Positioning of Backbone Network Infrastructure and Mobile Objects

This article deals with the system of high accuracy positioning of backbone railway network infrastructure and mobile objects of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Using the developments of high accuracy satellite positioning systems and backbone geodetic networks for creating the system of high accuracy positioning in the railway field will allow determining coordinates of backbone network infrastructure and mobile objects and sites of defects revealed with high accuracy and, moreover, will possess the high degree of reliability of conducted measurements of railway infrastructure elements. High accuracy positioning can be provided by the implementation of reference GNSS stations along the backbone railways. The relevance of the study is that the project implementation will allow providing the high accuracy monitoring of defects and/or deviations of the rail track elements from design parameters, movement speed increase and railway transportation safety increase.

Transport infrastructure condition for organizing piggyback traffic

The article provides a comprehensive estimate of the transport infrastructure preparedness for the piggyback traffic provision. The research is based upon statistical and analytical data from 2010 to 2018. The paper uses marketing, economical, and strategic analysis means that allow a rational choice of strategy out of a possible set of options, available resources and potential customer needs. The performed SWOT analysis has determined the risks and expediency of implementation of piggyback traffic introduction project to assess possible additional costs in future. The promising areas of piggyback technologies, whose basic competitive advantages are a combination of customer-focused tariff policy (competitive cost), timeliness, reliability and safety of railway transport with agility and flexibility of the car market are defined. Key trends of the geoeconomic state that pertain directly to the logistics activities in Russia are favorable for the piggyback transportation development within the railway network by involving high-yield cargo flows and expanding freight forwarding business of RZD OJSC. This will result in the improvement of the transport infrastructure utilization efficiency, attraction of investments into development of the terminal and warehouse complex and upgrade of the rolling stock.

A new approach in reducing sand deposition on railway tracks to improve transportation

Abstract Aeolian particle transport involves uplift from the ground, dispersion and deposition back to the surface. Integrated effects of these processes, in general, are of great importance for a wide range of reasons mostly because of their unwanted deposition on the railway tracks, environmental impact, degradation of air quality and risks to human health. In sandy dry lands Aeolian sand accumulation on railway tracks is a major problem, since it directly affects safety of railway transportation, apart from decreasing the speed in railway transportation. The most common methods for preventing sand deposition on railway tracks like, building galleries (Gallery is a short length tunnel-shape cover which is built and installed over the railway track to avoid sand deposition. It is commonly applied in regions which are more probable of sand storm.), fences or increasing plant varieties around railway are restricted to special situations and not as effective. Efficient prevention of sand deposition is a great challenge that requires a comprehensive knowledge of wind-sand flow behavior. In the present study, an efficient 2D and 3D CFD model for simulation of two-phase gas-particle problems, as the sandy air flow, is developed. Conventional methods for preventing sand deposition on the railway track as well as an innovative method for avoiding sand deposition are presented and their effectiveness is evaluated by the proposed CFD model. It has been shown both by the CFD model and the accomplished empirical works that galleries cannot prevent sand deposition effectively. Instead, the innovative proposed method is proved to reduce sand deposition near the embankment, along with decreasing sand content of flowing wind.

Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Ultimate Vertical Bearing Capacity of U-Shaped Girder with Damaged Web

U-shaped girder has been extensively used for its excellent adaptability in the urban railway transit system. As an open thin-walled structure, significant difference of working mechanism exists between U-shaped girder and conventional section girder (e.g., T section or box section). The thin-walled web plays significant role in the flexural performance of U type girder particularly. Moreover, severe collision may occur between the moving train and the girder, and subsequently results in the decrease of the structural bearing capacity. In this paper, a full-scale test was carried out to examine the ultimate bearing capacity and the failure mechanism of the U-shaped girder, and a refined numerical model was developed to simulate the damage evolution and the failure process. It was shown that the flexural failure occurred on the U-shaped girder under vertical loads. In addition, the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure under different web damage conditions (e.g., web damaged region or damaged range) was studied by applying the displacement based lateral load on the flange of the U-shaped girder to simulate the damage caused by accidental train collision. The numerical results have shown that the damaged web greatly affects the ultimate bearing capacity of U-shaped girder, more severe bearing capacity descending occurs around the middle span rather than the beam ends. The damaged range (length) of the web has less influence on the falling amplitude of bearing capacity. It can be concluded that the major reason accounting for the bearing capacity decrease is that the original section is weakened by the web damage, and consequently results in the buckling of the damaged web and lead to the total failure of the structure. It is recommended that the lateral resistant design for the web should be taken into consideration to ensure the operation safety of the urban railway transportation.

Електромагнітні завади на залізничному транспорті: теоретичні засади та класифікація

In order to reduce the amount of failures in the operations of the equipment of the railway automation systems, and thereby reduce the violations of the train schedule, which always leads to financial losses, it is better to use the methodology of optimal signal reception. The analysis of causes of failures in the work of the systems of railway automation, presented as system of three functional units - transmission tracks, communication lines and locomotive receivers are carried out.Internal causes of failure may occur and devices with a negative impact may present in each block, which leads to disturbances in the operation of the entire system of automatic locomotive signaling. It has been shown that the practical implementation and application of the developed devices for increasing the electromagnetic compatibility of automatic locomotive signaling with the reverse traction network should provide for the suppression of powerful interference from reverse traction currents occurring on locomotive receiving coils in heavy traffic trains.It should also ensure suppression of interference from the uneven magnetic field of the rails laid in the path or in the track and at the ends of the sleepers.The purpose of the work is analysis and classification of electromagnetic interference that may have a negative effect on the functioning of the railway automation systems. Lowering the intensity of crashes in the operation of automatic locomotive signaling increase the level of safety and continuity of trains.Bearing in mind that track circuits, auto-lock systems and automatic locomotive signaling systems are among the most important elements for ensuring the safety and reliability of railway transport, they require considerable attention, especially in the field of electromagnetic interference protection. The proposed approach to the classification of electromagnetic interference and the identified negative factors of influence on the work of ALS allow to specify the electromagnetic interference that has a critical impact on the work of the of railway automation equipment and to concentrate efforts on the development and further improvement of the methods of protection against them on railway transport systems.

Safety of railway transport of dangerous cargo

By railway, according to its technological characteristics, the respective amounts of dangerous cargo are being transported. Numerous hazards for people, assets and environment during the dangerous railway cargo transport processes, are expressed in the case of an extraordinary case or any other mismanagement, where the transport becomes risky, but the same risk is an opportunity for improvements if it’s recognized on the way and measures are defined and established for its management. For achieving safety goals within transport of dangerous cargo, it means minimizing the number of extraordinary circumstances and overall consequences with undisturbed transport process support, it’s necessary to manage and to work constantly on the safety improvements. In the safety management process, the whole railroad staff must take part according to the work duties, responsibilities and competences.

An investigation into the failure mechanism of severe abrasion of high-speed train brake discs on snowy days

The brake discs of high-speed trains undergo severe abrasion on snowy days, which damages the safety of railway transportation. In the present paper, the mechanism leadinig to severe abrasion failure of brake discs in snowy days was determined. The microstructure and morphology of the scrap, damaged brake discs and pads were examined. The chemical composition of scrap surfaces was investigated. The ice wrapping the pads was collected and the inclusion in the ice was inspected. Moreover, camera surveillance was used to record the braking process on snowy days. Based on the results, a model for illustrating the severe abrasion process of brake discs was established. The hard particles in the ice wrapping brake pads scratched the brake disc and generated some swarf in the beginning. The swarf stacked and worked as abrasive material to gouge the brake discs, causing the severe abrasion failure finally. To demonstrate the model, reduced scale dynamo tests were carried out to simulate the severe abrasion according to speculation of the model, and similar results consistent with the actual situation were obtained.

A comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of laser cladding and laser-induction hybrid cladding coatings on full-scale rail

With the rapid development of high-speed and heavy-haul trains, the surface damages of rails are becoming more and more severe, and how to promote the surface strength of the rail and prolong its service life with high efficiency are becoming extremely important. Laser cladding (LC), with small heat affected zone (HAZ) and low dilution, is a promising novel way to hardface and repair the rail. However, there are two great barriers for the traditional LC to apply on full-scale rails: one is how to prevent the coating from cracking under the rapid heating and cooling cycle; the other is how to eliminate the martensite structure in HAZ, which may threaten the safety of railway transportation due to its high hardness and low fracture toughness and usually be forbidden in almost all the Railway Standards over the world. In this paper, laser-induction hybrid cladding (LIHC) was innovatively proposed to deposit Ni-based coatings on a full-scale rail. The cracking behaviors, microstructures and mechanical properties of the coatings and HAZs by LC, LIHC with induction pre-heating (pre-LIHC) and LIHC with induction post-heating (post-LIHC) were studied systemically. The results indicate that the cracking and martensite transformation occurred in the HAZ can only be prevented by post-LIHC, where fine pearlite with smaller pearlite block size and lower interlamellar spacing formed instead. Therefore, the abrupt change of microstructure and mechanical properties in the HAZ could be avoided by post-LIHC, and the hardness, strength and toughness of the rails can be improved significantly. The post-LIHC technology shows the potentiality to hardface and repair the full-scale rail.

Violation of traffic safety when using chloride dir in railway transport

This article experimentally proves the negative (destructive) effect of chloride DIR on railway transport facilities. The ways of chloride DIR getting of various objects of railway transport are shown. The relationship between the usage of chloride DIR and the violation of traffic safety in railway transport is being proven. Possible scenarios of the occurrence of a violation of traffic safety without taking into account the occurrence of human casualties are presented.