Radish Seeds Research Articles

Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of Canadian goldenrod on germination and growth of radish

In this study we tested the effects of Solidago canadensis extracts on seed germination and early growth of radish (Raphanus sativus). The aqueous extracts of 2.5% (m/v) concentration were prepared from roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves and inflorescences and applied onto the filter paper in Petri dishes where radish seeds were sown. We determined the germination rate and seedling growth for four days. The extracts from leaves and inflorescences delayed germination, whereas extracts from stems and roots had no significant effect on seed germination. The extracts from rhizome had a slightly stimulatory effect on the seed germination and promoted shoot length of radish seedlings, while extracts from leaves inhibited root and shoot length and seedlings development.

Sulforaphene induces apoptosis and inhibits the invasion of esophageal cancer cells through MSK2/CREB/Bcl-2 and cadherin pathway in vivo and in vitro

BackgroundAs a novel type of isothiocyanate derived from radish seeds from cruciferous vegetables, sulforaphene (SFE, 4-methylsufinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate) has various important biological effects, such as anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial effects. Recently, sulforaphene has attracted increasing attention for its anti-tumor effects and its ability to suppress the development of multiple tumors through different regulatory mechanisms. However, it has not yet been widely investigated for the treatment of esophageal cancer.MethodsWe observed an increased apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells on sulforaphene treatment through flow cytometry (FCM) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, we further detected global changes in the proteomes and phosphoproteomes of esophageal cancer cells on sulforaphene treatment. The molecular mechanism of sulforaphene was verified by western blot,the effect and mechanism of SFE on esophageal cancer was further verified by patient-derived xenograft mouse model.ResultsWe identified multiple cellular processes that were changed after sulforaphene treatment by proteomics. We found that sulforaphene could repress the phosphorylation of CREB through MSK2, leading to suppression of Bcl-2 and further promoted cell apoptosis. Additionally, we confirmed that sulforaphene induces tumor cell apoptosis in mice. Interestingly, we also observed the obvious inhibition of cell migration and invasion caused by sulforaphene treatment by inhibiting the expression of cadherin, indicating the complex effects of sulforaphene on the development of esophageal cancer.ConclusionsOur data demonstrated that sulforaphene induced cell apoptosis and inhibits the invasion of esophageal cancer through a mechanism involving the inhibition of the MSK2–CREB–Bcl2 and cadherin pathway. Sulforaphene could therefore serve as a promising anti-tumor drug for the treatment of esophageal cancer.

Estimation of the Toxicity of a Metal/Carbon Nanocomposite of Copper by Biotesting

Abstract—The toxic effect of a metal/carbon copper nanocomposite (Me/C Cu NC) on higher plant seeds and the Ecolum-8 bacterial sensor was evaluated. A significant inhibitory effect of 0.1% nanomaterial on the seedlings of radish seeds was established. Some stimulating effect on the development of the roots of this culture was found at a concentration of 1 × 10–8%, but it was insignificant (by 11.3%). When wheat was used as a test object, its root growth was inhibited when the seeds were treated with the nanocomposite at a concentration of 0.1 and 0.01% (a decrease of 30.2 and 79.6%, respectively). No stimulating effect on the wheat root system was revealed. The preparation also had no effect on the development of the aerial part of wheat seedlings, with the exception of 60.0% growth inhibition in the option of treatment with a 0.1% Me/C Cu NC solution. Lyophilized cells of the Escherichia coli K12 TG1 strain (pXen7) containing the full lux-operon of Photorhabdus luminescens were used as a second biotesting object. Based on bioluminescence analysis, it was found that all studied concentrations of the copper nanocomposite were highly toxic for the bacterial strain (toxicity index >70%). The value of the toxicological parameter EC50, corresponding to the concentration of the substance that causes 50% inhibition of the luminescence of the sensory microorganism as compared with the control, turned out to be lower than the minimum tested concentration of the MeC NC Cu solutions. The calculation was made mathematically, and the likely value of EC50 was equal to 0.016 μg/mL.

Study of engineering properties of selected vegetable seeds

Quality seed is the foundation block of vegetable production system. Proper post-harvest processing of seed is important to maximize yield, longevity, vigour, and overall quality. The engineering properties determination is the first and foremost step for the design of any seed processing, storage and handling machine or equipment. Engineering properties like geometric, gravimetric, frictional and aerodynamic properties of bottle gourd, sponge gourd, garden pea, and radish seeds have been determined at different levels of moisture content (7.5 % to 19 % dry basis). Results revealed a quadratic increase in all properties with moisture content except for gravimetric properties. The properties like sphericity (0.83), bulk density (710.61 kg/m3), true density (1109.79 kg/m3), angle of repose (26.41°), terminal velocity (10.13 m/s) and drag coefficient (0.92) were highest for garden pea seeds. Whereas, bottle gourd seeds exhibited maximum values for size (7.17 mm), projected area (115.68 mm2), porosity (53.4%) and coefficient of friction (0.727).

Development of Nutrient-Rich Media Through Cyanobacterial Amendment and Their Characterization

Exogenous addition of growth stimulants or other chemicals to soil-less medium is a common practice for enhancing biomass and productivity, and a promising amendment option can be cyanobacteria, a ubiquitous group of photosynthetic, plant growth promoting and agriculturally beneficial microorganisms, used as biofertilizers in agriculture. The performance of three nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterial cultures- Anabaena torulosa (BF1), Anabaena doliolum (BF4) and Anabaena laxa (RPAN8), through amendment to two media - namely rooting mix (cocopeat, vermiculite and perlite in 3:1:1) and sand contained in Pro-Trays was evaluated at fortnightly intervals up to 30 days. An enhancement, up to 2- to 3-fold in chlorophyll (as an index of photosynthetic biomass) and 30–45% IAA was observed in the extracts of cyanobacterium–amended media, over control; rooting mix was more promising as compared to sand. The addition of cyanobacteria also brought a significant enhancement of 30–40% in the availability of nitrogen and micronutrients–Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe in both media. Phytotoxicity studies with seeds of mustard, radish, maize and wheat, revealed no inhibition, highlighting the promise of these fortified rooting mixes as organic inputs in nursery propagation.

Dynamics of Short-Term Metabolic Profiling in Radish Sprouts (Raphanus sativus L.) in Response to Nitrogen Deficiency.

Nitrogen (N) is a macronutrient important for the survival of plants. To investigate the effects of N deficiency, a time-course metabolic profiling of radish sprouts was performed. A total of 81 metabolites—including organic acids, inorganic acid, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, amines, amide, sugar phosphates, policosanols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and glucosinolates—were characterized. Principal component analysis and heat map showed distinction between samples grown under different N conditions, as well as with time. Using PathVisio, metabolic shift in biosynthetic pathways was visualized using the metabolite data obtained for 7 days. The amino acids associated with glucosinolates accumulated as an immediate response against –N condition. The synthesis of pigments and glucosinolates was decreased, but monosaccharides and γ-tocopherol were increased as antioxidants in radish sprouts grown in –N condition. These results indicate that in radish sprouts, response to N deficiency occurred quickly and dynamically. Thus, this metabolic phenotype reveals that radish responds quickly to N deficiency by increasing the content of soluble sugars and γ-tocopherol, which acts as a defense mechanism after the germination of radish seeds.

Impact of Contamination with Tellurium on Biological Properties of Ordinary Chernozem

ABSTRACT Contamination of ordinary chernozem with tellurium oxide (IV) was simulated in laboratory-scale experiments. It has been established that contamination of ordinary chernozem with tellurium impairs its biological properties: there is decrease in bacterial count in soil, abundance of Azotobacter, catalase activity, dehydrogenase activity, germinating capacity of radish seeds. No stimulating action of tellurium on biological properties of ordinary chernozem has been detected. This evidences of high toxicity of tellurium. The extent of impairment of biological properties of chernozem depends on tellurium content in soil and date of contamination. In most cases, there is direct dependence between tellurium content in soil and extent of decrease in values of biological properties of soil. Assessment of dynamics of chernozem biological state demonstrated that even in 90 days after contamination, there is no obvious trend to recovery of chernozem biological properties. This also evidences high toxicity of tellurium and its high hazard for soils. All considered biological indices are characterized by high coefficients of correlation with soil contamination with tellurium and nearly all of them have high sensitivity to soil contamination with tellurium. Accordingly, it would be reasonable to apply these biological indices for monitoring, diagnostics, indication and normalization of soil contamination with tellurium.

Protection efficiency of red radish seeds and roots against paracetamol mediated hepatotoxicity in rats

Introduction: Protection of liver from the aggressive force of various environmental and chemical agents is very important for the overall health of an individual. So, the present study aimed to evaluate the protection efficiency of crude extracts of red radish seeds and roots against paracetamol mediated hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group I was served as normal rats, Group II received orally single dose of 2 g paracetamol/kg body weight on the 22nd day, Group III and Group IV were administered orally with 300 mg/kg/d crude ethanol extract of either seeds or roots of red radish for 21 days, then received paracetamol on 22nd day. After 48 hours of paracetamol administration blood was withdrawn to determine the activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Gama-GT (γ-GT) as well as total and direct bilirubin. Also, liver tissues were separated to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) as well as histological changes. Results: Pretreatment of rats with crude ethanol extract of either seeds or roots of red radish significantly (P ≤ 0.05) suppressed the elevations in serum activities of ALT, AST, ALP, γ- GT, total and direct bilirubin as well as liver MDA and NO levels. The results of histopathologic examinations were consistent with the biochemical results. Conclusion: Seeds and roots of red radish have a protection efficiency against paracetamol mediated oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity in rats.

Extraction of biologically active compounds from the residues of pericarps of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris)

Aim. In the regulation of germination of seeds and of growth and development of seedlings, an important role belongs to biologically active substances that are found in the root of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris), mainly in the pericarp. Extraction of secondary metabolites and study of the influence of a multicomponent system of endometabolites (phenolic compounds) of sugar beet pericarps on germination of plant seeds. Methods. The chemical composition of the metabolites of fruits and pericarps of sugar beet was determined by thin-layer chromatography; their differentiated isolation was carried out using column chromatography and gel filtration; The total content of phenolic compounds in fruits and pericarps was determined spectrophotometrically. Results. It was found that sugar beet pericarps contain a considerable amount of phenolic compounds (5-10 %). Four groups of phenolic compounds with different molecular masses were detected. By studying the influence of aquatic extracts on radish seeds, it was found that the eluents of the first volumes of water (3-5 ml) showed a pronounced stimulating effect, whereas further volumes of eluents (8-9 ml) were characterized by inhibitory action. Conclusions. Phenols, flavonoids and their glycosides were detected in extracts of sugar beet pericarps, which can be characterized as highly active inhibitors and growth promoters, therefore they could be used as natural biologically active substances.
 Keywords: sugar beet, pericarp, biologically active compounds, phenols, flavonoids.

The Effect of L-Tryptophan and Melatonin on Seed Germination of Some Cool Season Vegetable Species Under Salinity Stress

This study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of L-Tryptophan and Melatonin pretreatment on germination behavior of onion, leek, black carrot, and radish seeds exposed to saline stress. Seeds of samples were soaked for 24 hours in distilled water, 50,100, 150 ppm L-tryptophan, and 1.5, 3, and 4.5 µM melatonin solutions at 20° C in darkness. Seeds were placed in Petri dishes and watered to moisten the filter paper with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 150, 300 or 450 mM). The experiment was planned in a completely randomized design with four replications. Maximum germination percentage, germination index, time to complete 50% germination and mean germination time was measured at the end of the study. The results indicated that the effect of pre-treatment was significant on all studied traits in all species except for mean germination time for black carrot seeds. In addition, all germination parameters of seeds were delayed and decreased by salinity increasing from 0 mM to 450 mM NaCl. Overall, all doses of melatonin increased the maximum germination ratio and germination index values slightly under 300 mM NaCl stress conditions. In general, results which obtained from all doses of melatonin were close to each other, whereas increasing doses of L-tryptophan caused a negative effect in some cases.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ENDOMETABOLITES FROM SUGAR BEET (BETA VULGARIS L.) PERICARPS

Biologically active compounds of secondary metabolism are crucial for the regulation of seed germination and sprout development. The pericarp of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) contains such substances. The research was focused on the extraction of the secondary metabolites and the effect of multicomponent endometabolites from sugar beet pericarps on the germination of plant seeds. The chemical composition of the metabolites and sugar beet pericarps was determined by thin-layer chromatography; differentiated separation was carried out using column chromatography and gel filtration; the total content of phenolic compounds in seed balls and pericarps was determined by the method of spectrophotometry. Pericarps of sugar beet contain a great number of phenolic compounds that have a protective function. We selected four groups of phenolic compounds of different molecular weights, the share of which averaged 5˗10 %. When studying the effect of aqueous extracts on radish seeds it was found that the eluents of the first volumes of water (3˗5 ml) showed a clear stimulating effect, while further volumes of eluents (8-9 ml) had inhibitory action. In extracts of sugar beet pericarps, phenols, flavonoids and their glycosides were found, which are highly active inhibitors and growth promoters and can be used as natural biologically active compounds.

Evaluation of Allelopathic Potential of Artemisia herba-alba on Germination and Seedling Growth of Raphanus sativus and Trigonella foenum-graecum

The allelopathic effects of the aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Artemisia herba-alba at different concentrations (20, 40, 80%) were evaluated on germination and seedling growth of Raphanus sativus (Radish) and Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) after 7 days "in vitro". Artemisia had strong allelopathic effects, it prevented the germination and seedling growth of Radish seeds, at highest concentrations (80%). Results obtained showed significant inhibition in germination percentage (GP), plumule length (PL) and radicle length (RL) of both Radish and Fenugreek seeds, and the degree of inhibition was concentration dependent. At 20 and 40% the germination percentage of Radish seed was reduced to (56.67%) and to (40%), while the germination of Fenugreek seeds was reduced to (80%) and to (63.33%) respectively. This inhibition was markedly in obvious Radish than in Fenugreek, indicating that is Raphanus sativus more sensitive, to the allelophahtic effect of the different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the A. herba alba plant.

Effect of different doses of fungicide Bentazole Combl 50% SL on the growth of fungus Nurses Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani isolated from cucumber plant

The study aimed to test the effect of repeated treatment with a different dose of the fungicide Bentazole Combl 50% SL on the appearance of pesticides resistance in pathogenic fungi Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani. Pthogenicity tests showed that both Rhizactonia solani and Fusarium solani are pathogenic on radish seeds with infection rates of 100 and 90%, respectively. In case of R.solani, Bentazole Combl 50% SL affected the fungal radial growth, where the lowest radial growth in the treatment of double dose of Bentazole Combl 50% SL compared to the control (6.72 and 0.00) cm respectively, for the first transfer. While, the lowest radial growth appeared in the treatment of the full dose Bentazole Combl 50% SL compared to the control treatment reaching 1.03 cm and 8.15 cm, respectively, for the second transfer.

Differences in resource use lead to coexistence of seed-transmitted microbial populations

Seeds are involved in the vertical transmission of microorganisms in plants and act as reservoirs for the plant microbiome. They could serve as carriers of pathogens, making the study of microbial interactions on seeds important in the emergence of plant diseases. We studied the influence of biological disturbances caused by seed transmission of two phytopathogenic agents, Alternaria brassicicola Abra43 (Abra43) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc8004), on the structure and function of radish seed microbial assemblages, as well as the nutritional overlap between Xcc8004 and the seed microbiome, to find seed microbial residents capable of outcompeting this pathogen. According to taxonomic and functional inference performed on metagenomics reads, no shift in structure and function of the seed microbiome was observed following Abra43 and Xcc8004 transmission. This lack of impact derives from a limited overlap in nutritional resources between Xcc8004 and the major bacterial populations of radish seeds. However, two native seed-associated bacterial strains belonging to Stenotrophomonas rhizophila displayed a high overlap with Xcc8004 regarding the use of resources; they might therefore limit its transmission. The strategy we used may serve as a foundation for the selection of seed indigenous bacterial strains that could limit seed transmission of pathogens.

A new male sterile line of “Duanye-13” radish (Raphanus sativus L.) produced by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis

Mutations in radish can be induced by exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and this method is suitable for obtaining target traits in new radish materials. We investigated the optimal concentration of EMS for mutagenesis on the radish variety Duan-Ye No. 13 (DY13). Treating DY13 radish seeds with 0.5% EMS led to the development of sterile mutants. During 3 years of continuous hybridization and tracing, male fertility remained stable at 100% sterility. Morphological observations showed that the anthers of these male sterile were wrinkled, curled, and browned; disintegration of the wall structure at the pollen tetrad stage caused eventual pollen abortion. Detection of the molecular marker ORF138-F/R confirmed that the target band could be amplified in this radish line; however, the band was not amplified in the corresponding maintainer line. Together, these results show that male sterile lines were successfully selected from DY13 radishes, demonstrating a new and effective method for breeding male sterile radish lines.

YUNHAN LEI, The Linsly School, Wheeling, WV, 26003. Pre-germination inoculation with 11 species of endomycorrhizal fungi slightly improves early growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds but not that of radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) or beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).

Mycorrhizal associations of fungi with established and mature plant roots are well-known to benefit the plant. Mycorrhizal fungi, by penetrating into plant’s root cells and increasing their surface area, improve a plant’s absorption of water and mineral nutrients. In return, the fungi absorb carbohydrates from the plant. Less well known are the effects mycorrhizal fungi have on germination and early root growth. Tiny orchid seeds contain low quantities of nutrients and need early contact with mycorrhizal fungi for germination success. This study asks whether inoculation of lettuce, radish and bean seeds improves seed germination or seedling growth, and whether any effect is seed size dependent. Ten groups of seeds of lettuce, radish and beans were treated with a powder consisting of 11 different species of endomycorrizal fungi while ten seeds for each species served as controls. Seeds were placed in plastic petri dishes lined with paper toweling and provided equal amounts of distilled water. All six groups had 100% germination rates, except for 90% germination in the mycorrhizal fungi radish group. In comparing mycorrhizal fungi treatment groups to the control, average root length in lettuce increased by 12% (p=0.15, t-test), but only by 8% (p=0.71, t-test) in radish and 5% (p=0.91, t-test) in beans. Only the effect on lettuce seeds approached statistical significance. A larger trial with more seeds growing longer might yield significant results. Since mycorrhizal fungi treated seeds absorbed water faster and left drier paper toweling, seed coat proteins may be triggered to absorb water faster, aiding germination.

INFLUENCE OF SPROUTING USING BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC ELICITORS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RADISH SEEDS (RAPHANUS SATIVUS)

Germination is a way to improve agricultural productivity and easily to use by low income families, in particular with using some elicitors in germination for enhancing the nutrition value of the seeds by sprouting. For their highly metabolic activities after harvesting, radish seeds were selected for performance of this study. The effect of using abiotic elicitor (saline water, by NaCl at different concentrations) and biotic elicitor (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on sprouting of radish seed has been investigated. After germinating radish seeds for six days using elicitors, chemical analysis and determination for phytochemicals contents have been carried out. Results showed a promising efficiency by sprouting, where an appreciable increasing in some analysis as protein, carbohydrates, some minerals and amino acids comparing to seed. Besides, germination had a positive effect to present some phyto-compounds as some flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Then, this study and similar ones are an important step towards the future development of value-added foods with elicited phytochemicals and can be used in the development of innovative food products with beneficial effects on human’s health.

Soil incorporation of buckwheat as a pre-plant amendment provides control of Rhizoctonia damping-off and root rot of radish and Pythium damping-off and root rot of cucumber

Buckwheat is a rapidly growing cover crop with the potential to improve soil quality and health. In this study, the impact of buckwheat plant material (BPM) as a soil amendment on seedling emergence and suppression of damping-off and root rot of radish (Rhizoctonia solani) and cucumber (Pythium ultimum) was investigated in pot assays. Fresh BPM grown in a greenhouse potting mix for 4 weeks was chopped in small 1–2 cm long pieces and incorporated into field soil containing 0–10% of R. solani or P. ultimum inoculum produced on sterilized rye seed. The infested soil was then incubated for 0–8 weeks prior to planting radish or cucumber seed. The effects of BPM on plant growth and disease development were determined 2 weeks after planting. There was no disease protection if radish and cucumber seeds were planted within 1–2 weeks after soil incorporation of BPM. Disease protection was evident when planting was delayed for 3 weeks after BPM amendment to soil. BPM soil amendment provided protection of radish plants from Rhizoctonia damping-off and protection of cucumber plants from Pythium damping-off and root rot. BPM amendments had no effect on promoting plant growth but slightly increased soil pH. In amended soil receiving 4% and 10% of BPM planted with radish or cucumber seeds 0, 3 and 8 weeks later, total populations of indigenous fungi were 0.66–2.01 log units higher and bacteria were 0.53–0.92 log units higher compared with the populations in the non-amended soils. Buckwheat soil amendment offers a potential option to improve plant and soil health.

Protective and Treatment Effect of Germinated Turnip Seeds (Brassica Rapa L.) and Radish Seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) against Carbon Tetrachloride - Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Protective and Treatment Effect of Germinated Turnip Seeds (Brassica Rapa L.) and Radish Seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) against Carbon Tetrachloride - Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Practical Ozone Disinfection of Soil Via Surface Barrier Discharge to Control Scab Diseases on Radishes

The author has proposed the indirect use of plasma to exterminate soil-borne pathogens and worms as a technique in chemical-free agriculture. So far, laboratory-scale experiments have proven the effectiveness of ozone treatment of soil using a surface barrier discharge to exterminate nematodes. In this paper, an ozone diffusion treatment system was developed and used on an actual agricultural site for soil disinfection. The working depth of ozone in soil was evaluated by measuring the soil acidity and nitrogen nutrients. Then, a section of the field infested with the Streptomyces, which causes scab, was treated with the ozone diffusion system. After the treatment, radish seeds were planted in the ozone-treated area and control area. It was found that radishes grown in the ozone-treated area showed enhanced growth compared to the control and were not infected with scab. It was proven that the ozone diffusion treatment was effective in exterminating soil pathogens living near the soil surface and in enhancing plant growth.