Radish Cultivation Research Articles

Effect of sole and combined application of cocoa pod husk ash and cocoa pod husk powder on growth and yield of raddish (raphanus sativus)

This study was carried out at the Teaching and Research farm Landmark University, Omu-Aran. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of cocoa pod husk ash (0, 2 and 4 tonnes CPHA ha-1), 3 levels of cocoa pod husk powder (0, 2 and 4 tonnes CPHP ha-1), NPK and the control. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated four times. The following parameters were taken plant height, number of leaves (at 2, 3, and 4 weeks after sowing), total plant weight, root weight, leaf weight, roots girth and roots length. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Using S.A.S, 2000. Treatment means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05 level of probability. Results showed that chemical analysis of cocoa pod ash and powder contained plant nutrients as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and some other micronutrients in varying proportions. Application of CPHA 4 CPHP 2 gave higher values for all the vegetative parameters. The implication of this study is that high level of cocoa pod husk powder in combination with high level of cocoa pod husk ash is detrimental to radish cultivation. In the same vein, the nutrition of radish was incomplete when NPK fertilizer was applied. It can therefore be recommended that the use of combined application of cocoa pod ash and cocoa pod powder at CPHA4 + CPHP2 was sufficient for the cultivation of radish (Raphanus sativus) in the study area as it compete favourably with application of NPK fertilizer.

Endophytic effects of Aspergillus oryzae on radish (Raphanus sativus) and its herbivore, Plutella xylostella.

We provide evidence that Aspergillus oryzae not only acts as an endophyte in Raphanus sativus, but also works as a plant growth promoter and provides some protection against its herbivore, Plutella xylostella affecting its feeding rate, mortality and fitness parameters, thereby contributing to the pest population suppression. Seed inoculation of radish seeds with the fungus Aspergillus oryzae allowed its establishment as an endophyte promoting plant growth and negatively affecting fitness parameters of its major herbivore, diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Endophytic fungi may contribute to the growth of their host plants and enhance resistance to herbivores and diseases. We evaluated the effect of A. oryzae (Ahlburg) E. Cohn as an endophyte in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) on growth and development of the plants themselves and their major herbivore, the diamondback moth P. xylostella (L). A. oryzae colonization rates in leaves were significantly higher than in roots and stems, with a rate of 80% in leaves, 40% in stems and 20% in roots 1week after seed inoculation. Colonization gradually decreased in the various plant tissues, and disappeared completely in roots, stems and leaves within 2, 5 and 7weeks, respectively. A. oryzae did not affect seed germination; however, it promoted radish growth with endophytic plants attaining average heights of 116mm compared to 99.6mm in the controls at the third week post-inoculation. The P. xylostella fitness parameters, consumption, larval and pupal weights, and feeding on the endophytic plants were significantly lower than the controls, while larval mortality was significantly higher. Larvae fed on endophytic plants consumed 0.46mg less leaf matter in the first week post seed inoculation and weighed 0.83mg less as mature 4th instars than controls. We have demonstrated that A. oryzae can establish as an endophyte in R. sativus through seed inoculation providing some plant growth promotion and protection against its herbivore by increasing its mortality and negatively affecting its fitness parameters, suggesting that adopting seed treatments with A. oryzae may be beneficial in the commercial cultivation of radish.

Fisiologia do rabaneteiro em diferentes arranjos espaciais

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a short cycle crop, providing rapid economic return to the producer. For its appropriate cultivation, the definition of aspects related to the field implantation, the choice of the ideal crop spacing combined with the density of plants per hole, and the understanding of its effects on the physiology of the crop, help to obtain maximum productive efficiency. Thus, this study sought evaluate the physiological performance of radish plants subjected to different spatial arrangements between plants and plant density per hole. For such, an experiment using a randomized block design was conducted, with four replicates, in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme. The first factor was composed of four different plant spacings (0.05; 0.10; 0.15; 0.20 m) and the second by two cultivation densities (one and two plants per hole). Internal CO2 concentration, transpiration, stomatal conductance, liquid photosynthesis, ratio between environment and internal CO2 concentration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, gross photosynthesis, chlorophyll and leaf area were evaluated. The density of two plants per hole, combined with larger spacings were the combinations that provided the highest liquid photosynthesis and chlorophyll values for the plants. The density of one plant per hole combined with 0.05 to 0.15 m spacings between plants were the ones that enabled higher crude photosynthesis and fresh mass of tubers values. The density of one plant per hole and 0.05 m spacing enabled higher mean productivity values and is the most suitable for radish cultivation.

Growth, yield and vitamin C content of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) as affected by green biomass of Parkia biglobosa and Tithonia diversifolia

The study was conducted to determine the effect of green biomass of Parkia biglobosa and Tithonia diversifolia on growth, yield and vitamin C content of radish (Raphnus sativus L.). The potential of T. diversifolia as green manure has been discovered by a number of researchers while there is paucity of information and research work on the potentials of P. biglobosa in supplying crop nutrients despite the numerous nutrient compositions contained in the leaves. Both P. biglobosa and T. diversifolia are capable of providing adequate biomass for crop growth and sustainability. The contribution of 10 tonnes ha−1 tithonia to the growth and yield of radish was comparable to that of NPK while the potentials of parkia at all rates was not fully expressed in the growth and yield due to its slow mineralisation. Combination of varying levels of P. biglobosa and T. diversifolia also contributed to the growth and yield of radish though the effects were not significant. It can therefore be concluded that the use of T. diversifolia at 10 tonnes ha−1 as organic manure is sufficient for the cultivation of radish as it performed similar to application of 200 kg ha−1 NPK fertilizer and based on the fact that it is readily available and eco-friendly compared to NPK that is costly and may have adverse effect on the environment.

TANNINS IN GOAT DIETS MODIFY MANURE TURNOVER IN A SUBTROPICAL SOIL

SUMMARYQuality of animal manure as a nutrient source for crops and as a soil conditioner depends on how fast the organic matter is decomposed, releasing plant nutrients or building up the soil organic matter (SOM) pool. This turnover process is governed by manure composition, soil temperature, soil moisture and secondary metabolites in the manure such as tannins. To investigate the turnover and nutrient release from tannin-containing manure, a litterbag experiment was conducted in an irrigated lowland soil of northern Oman. A standardized quebracho tannin extract (QT) was either added to the goats’ diet and defecated with manure (QTf), or added to manure in a QT water suspension (QTc) prior to field application. Litterbags were installed within a two-year field experiment at 10-cm depth at the beginning of a consecutive sweet corn and radish cultivation, followed by their recovery every 2-–6 weeks until crop harvests. The litterbags contained pure goat manure (control) and the two types of QT-amended goat manure. Generally, QT increased OM remaining in litterbags at sampling by up to 22% compared with the control. QT reduced relative C, N, P and K release by 10% to 63% compared with the control, but effects were contradictory under sweet corn and radish. While under radish, both QT treatments reduced or tended to reduce C, N, P and K release from manure, QTc even increased N and P release under sweet corn. QTf, on the other hand, did not affect C, P and K release under sweet corn, whereas N release was reduced by 36–63% under both crops. As quebracho tannins in goat manure slowed down organic matter decomposition and reduced nutrient release, they may be useful agents in manure application to increase SOM pools and soil nutrient pools. However, the immobilization particularly of N by tannins can reduce the availability of this nutrient to crops.

Response of radish seedlings ( Raphanus sativus L.) to different concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen in absence and presence of silicon

There are unknown thresholds about the effects of ammonia toxicity in the cultivation of radish and its prejudice is higher in the root than in the aerial part, been the use of silicon an alternative to mitigate this toxicity. The objective was to evaluate the response of radish crop to different concentrations of an ammonium nutrient solution in the absence and presence of silicon under greenhouse conditions. After 30 days of germination were evaluated photosynthesis, green color index, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf area, tap root diameter, dry matter accumulation of nitrogen and silicon in shoot parts and roots respectively. Ammonia toxicity in radish decreased photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance, having greater prejudice in the dry matter accumulation of root and aerial part, this effect was mitigated with the presence of silicon in the nutrient solution.

Method to assess water footprint, a case study for white radishes in Korea

This study aimed to assess the water footprint of white radishes which is cultivated during four seasons. The methodology is developed in accordance with ISO 14040s and ISO 14046. This study suggested the water depletion and eutrophication results of white radishes as water footprint results. The water depletion results are 25.58m3 freshwater/ton (spring season white radish), 20.74m3 freshwater/ton (autumn season white radish), 26.68m3 freshwater/ton (alpine region white radish), and 28.56m3 freshwater/ton (facility white radish), respectively. And the eutrophication results are 3.23E-11kgP/ton (spring season white radish), 2.66E-11kgP/ton (autumn season white radish), 3.94E-11kgP/ton (alpine region white radish), and 1.56E-11kgP/ton (facility white radish), respectively. In conclusion, autumn season white radish is more competitive than other cultivation types in the context of water footprint assessment. As a result, switching from other cultivation types to autumn season white radish is expected to offer a more water-efficient means of white radish cultivation. Henceforth, drawing upon evidence within this report, decision-makers would be wise to cultivate in more effective water use cultivation type and crop species.

Removal of Sodium from Seawater Medium Using Photosynthetic Bacteria

The removal of sodium (Na) from seawater using two photosynthetic bacteria was investigated using Rhodobacter sphaeroides SSI (SSI) and Rhodovulum sp. which is a marine photosynthetic bacterium. Both Rhodovulum sp. and acclimated SSI were shown to grow well in a 3% NaCl supplemented glutamate-malate medium. The maximum rate of Na removal was 39.3% by SSI and 64.9% by Rhodovulum sp. after two days cultivation under static light conditions. However, Na was re-released back into the medium after two to three days. When a nutrient-supplemented seawater medium (3.3% NaCl, 13.10 gNa/l) was used, the maximum Na removal rates were 30.3% (9.05 gNa/l) by SSI and 48.9% (6.69 gNa/l) by Rhodovulum sp., under static light conditions. Similar growth and Na removal rates were found under aerobic dark cultivation. In this case, no re-release of Na was observed with either bacterium. Two stages culturing was conducted first, with Rhodovulum sp. and then with SSI replacement. The Na concentration was reduced to 0.79 gNa/l (94.0% removal) after cultivation for eight days under aerobic darkconditions. The supernatant was applied successfully as a liquid fertilizer in the cultivation of Japanese radish.

The Cumulative Effects of Sewage Sludge Compost on <i>Raphanus sativus</i> L: Growth and Soil Properties

The main goal of this research study was to establish the physicochemical characteristics of sewage sludge, and the nutrients needed to enhance the properties of soil with a view to exploiting were potential for agriculture. The example used was the cultivation of radish (Raphanus sativus). The findings are intended as a contribution towards making agriculture sustainable. This study was carried out to assess the response of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) to doses of sewage sludge applied in medium texture soils, and the socioeconomic contributions that such cultivation of radish would make. Levels of 0.25 and 75 ton/ha of sewage sludge plus the equivalent dose of 25 ton/ha of sewage sludge vermin compost by California Red were used after making a randomized experimental design with three replicates. 30 days after sowing radish seeds, the following data were collected: the number of leaves per plant (NLP); plant height (PH in cm); root diameter (RD) and tubercle production (TP ton/ha). In addition, the pH, EC-electric conductivity (EC), and soil organic matter (SOM) were determined. Statistical analysis showed that 25 and 50 tons/ha gave the best results for the parameters assessed. The estimated increase in family mean income from selling radish crops fertilized with sewage sludge is around 17%.

Viabilidade do uso de água residuária tratada na irrigação da cultura do rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.)

A utilização de água residuária tratada para irrigação pode se tornar uma alternativa para regiões que enfrentam escassez de água. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do reuso de efluente doméstico na cultura do rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica (DEA), localizada na Universidade Federal de Sergipe/Campus de São Cristóvão no período de agosto a setembro de 2011. O efluente foi coletado na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) Rosa Elze, localizada no Município de São Cristóvão/SE. As irrigações foram feitas utilizando-se cinco diluições diferentes. A lâmina de irrigação foi obtida pelo método do Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 56. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (IC), com cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela útil. Foram avaliados altura, massa seca e fresca da parte aérea; comprimento e massa fresca da raiz; diâmetro do fruto e número de folhas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, não havendo diferença significativa. Em relação à qualidade microbiológica do bulbo, realizou-se a enumeração de coliformes termotolerantes, de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e a pesquisa de Salmonella, os resultados demonstram que o rabanete encontra-se dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação.

Simulation of N2O emissions and nitrate leaching from plastic mulch radish cultivation with LandscapeDNDC

AbstractRadish is one of the major dry field crops in Asia commonly grown with plastic mulch and high rates of N fertilization, and potentially harming the environment due to N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Despite the widespread use of plastic mulch, biogeochemical models so far do not yet consider impacts of mulch on soil environmental conditions and biogeochemistry. In this study, we adapted and successfully tested the LandscapeDNDC model against field data by simulating crop growth, C and N turnover and associated N2O emissions as well as nitrate leaching for radish cultivation with plastic mulch and in conjunction with different rates of N fertilization (465–765 kg N ha−1 year−1). Due to the sandy soil texture and monsoon climate, nitrate leaching with rates up to 350 kg N ha−1 year−1 was the dominant reason for overall low nitrogen use efficiency (32–43 %). Direct or indirect N2O emissions (calculated from simulated nitrate leaching rates and IPCC EFind = 0.0075) ranged between 2 and 3 kg N ha−1 year−1, thus contributing an equal amount to total field emissions of about 5 kg N ha−1 year−1. Based on our results, emission factors for direct N2O emissions ranged between 0.004 and 0.005. These values are only half of the IPCC default value (0.01), demonstrating the need of biogeochemical models for developing site and/or region specific EFs. Simulation results also revealed that changes in agricultural management by applying the fertilizer only to the rows would be an efficient mitigation strategy, effectively decreasing field nitrate leaching and N2O emissions by 50–60 %.

Synergies and tradeoffs between nitrate leaching and net farm income: The case of nitrogen best management practices in South Korea

This study examined the synergies and tradeoffs between nitrate leaching and net farm income of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cultivation in a highland area of South Korea. Synergies describe economic and environmental benefits that are derived by agricultural management practices, which increase net farm income and decrease nitrate leaching simultaneously. The effects of different nitrogen best management practices (NMBP) in reducing nitrate leaching and their economic consequences, in terms of net farm income, were investigated via field experiments, modeling simulations of nitrate leaching and economic analyses of costs and benefits. Our results showed that the use of plastic mulch, fertilizer placement only in ridges, split fertilization and combination of these NBMP reduced nitrate that percolates into the groundwater system. The plastic mulching and fertilizer placement only in ridges were also shown to be economically profitable, demonstrating synergies between net farm income and nitrate leaching. However, there are tradeoffs in the cases of split fertilization and combination of NBMP as they lower both leached nitrate and net farm income. Thus, there are opportunities for policy makers to motivate farmers to adopt split fertilization and combine NBMP. This can be done by compensating farmers for the losses of their net farm income.

고랭지 경사 밭 콩 재배지에서 토양유실경감을 위한 피복방법 평가

There is relatively high vulnerability of soil erosion in slope highland agriculture due to a reclamation of mountain as well as low surface covering in early summer season with high rainfall intensity time. The aim of this study was to evaluate various surface covering methods for reducing soil loss in highland radish cultivation in highland. The experiment was conducted in 17% sloped lysimeter () with 8 treatments including covering with cut rye, sod culture of rye, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Arachniodes aristata Tindale, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L. and mulching with black polyethylene film, and runoff water, eroded soil and radish growth were investigated. Surface covering with sod culture and plant residue, especially cut rye treatment, had lower runoff water than non-covering, whereas black polyethylene film mulching had the reverse. The amount of eroded soil was also lowest in cut rye treatment, , and increased in the order of rye sod culture, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L., Arachniodes aristata Tindale, black polyethylene film, and non-covering, . The results showed that surface covering with sod culture or plant residue could be effective for reducing runoff water and soil erosion in the radish field, significantly in cut rye treatment. On the other hand, in sod culture of rye, Aster koraiensis Nakai and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, radish yields were lower than in the non-covering. Unlike this, covering with cut rye, sod culture of Festuca myuros L. had similar radish yield to the non-covering radish yield. In conclusion, covering with cut rye and sod culture of Festuca myuros L. were beneficial for reduction of soil loss without decreasing in radish yield in highland sloped fields.

Control method for striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) in an outbreak condition on a Japanese summer white radish cultivation

Control method for striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) in an outbreak condition on a Japanese summer white radish cultivation

고랭지 경사 밭 무 재배지에서 토양유실경감을 위한 피복방법 평가

There is relatively high vulnerability of soil erosion in slope highland agriculture due to a reclamation of mountain as well as low surface covering in early summer season with high rainfall intensity time. The aim of this study was to evaluate various surface covering methods for reducing soil loss in highland radish cultivation in highland. The experiment was conducted in 17% sloped lysimeter () with 8 treatments including covering with cut rye, sod culture of rye, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Arachniodes aristata Tindale, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L. and mulching with black polyethylene film, and runoff water, eroded soil and radish growth were investigated. Surface covering with sod culture and plant residue, especially cut rye treatment, had lower runoff water than non-covering, whereas black polyethylene film mulching had the reverse. The amount of eroded soil was also lowest in cut rye treatment, , and increased in the order of rye sod culture, Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Festuca myuros L., Arachniodes aristata Tindale, black polyethylene film, and non-covering, . The results showed that surface covering with sod culture or plant residue could be effective for reducing runoff water and soil erosion in the radish field, significantly in cut rye treatment. On the other hand, in sod culture of rye, Aster koraiensis Nakai and Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai, radish yields were lower than in the non-covering. Unlike this, covering with cut rye, sod culture of Festuca myuros L. had similar radish yield to the non-covering radish yield. In conclusion, covering with cut rye and sod culture of Festuca myuros L. were beneficial for reduction of soil loss without decreasing in radish yield in highland sloped fields.

Three Alternative Crops to Reduce Soil Erosion for Mountain Agriculture

One of the problems for cultivating crops in the mountainous highland is soil erosion and nutrients runoff. Alternative cropping ways were searched to reduce soil erosion and to ensure farm income in the mountainous highland agricultural region. Three edible wild plants including goatsbeard, Korean thistle, and aster, were selected to test as alternative crops to reduce soil erosion in mountain agriculture of highland area. In the first year, the soil losses from the alternative cropping were 26 to 63 percents of the soil loss from summer radish cultivated by conservation tillage with contour and plastic film mulching. The relative soil losses in the second year ranged from 2.8 to 5.5 percents in comparison with radish cultivation. Rapid surface coverage contributed to successive soil loss protection by these alternative crops. Farm net profit of these crops was greater than that of radish. Monitoring of yields of Korean thistle or aster for further experiments, however, might be necessary for economic cultivation due to yield reduction caused by consecutive production.

除草の風土〔20〕 岐阜県郡上市高鷲のダイコン栽培における土壌くん蒸剤処理による雑草防除

除草の風土〔20〕 岐阜県郡上市高鷲のダイコン栽培における土壌くん蒸剤処理による雑草防除

Eco-sanitation and its benefits: an experimental demonstration program to raise awareness in central Nepal

This study focuses on awareness and an experimental demonstration about the use of human urine and wood ash as a fertilizer. This study was conducted in Chanauta, central Nepal, from November 2009 to February 2010. The villagers (N = 27) were asked about their awareness of eco-sanitation and fertilizer value of urine and ash. All the participants agreed that the use of urine and ash was a good idea. In the experimental study, the fertilizer value of urine+ash was compared with animal manure and no-fertilizer in the cultivation of radish, potato, broadleaf mustard, cauliflower, and cabbage. Different plants cultivated plots received 54–81 kgN/ha with urine+ash or manure fertilizer. The urine+ash fertilizer produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher broadleaf mustard biomass than obtained from animal manure and without fertilization. Urine+ash-fertilized plots growing radish, potato, cauliflower, and cabbage produced similar or slightly higher yields biomass compared to those achieved with manure fertilization. This might be because of high P, K as well as greater availability of N in applied urine compared to manure. It is concluded that urine+ash fertilizer can be used instead of animal manure; in this study, a dose of 4 L of urine was equal to 1 kg of dry cattle manure and produced a similar or greater yield of vegetable biomass than manure fertilization. To be able to generalize this conclusion, it is important to conduct these kinds of experiments with different seasonal crops and in other parts of the world.

Effect of Planting Hole on Soil Temperature beneath Film Mulch

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the relationship between planting hole on film mulch and soil temperature in radish cultivation. The experiment was conducted in a field at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, from April 1 to June 27 in 2006. In plant plots with planting holes, no obvious correlation was observed between planting hole size and the amount of net radiation, nor between planting hole size and albedo. The amount of heat exchange of the air above planting holes was largest when the planting hole diameter was 10 cm, irrespective of whether there was plant. No correlation was observed between the ratio of daily range of soil temperature at 10 cm depth and the planting hole diameter. The smallest daily range of soil temperature was observed when the planting hole diameter was 10 cm. Meteorological factors that affect the ratio of daily range of soil temperature varied depending on whether there was plant and the planting hole diameter.

Assistência de ar e volumes de aplicação na deposição de calda e no controle do arroz vermelho (Oryza sativa L.)

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da assistência de ar junto à barra pulverizadora e de três volumes de pulverização na dessecação e deposição da calda em arroz vermelho, sob cultivo de nabo forrageiro, em áreas de recuperação de várzeas, utilizando o herbicida paraquat e o corante Azul Brilhante, respectivamente. Os volumes de pulverização foram 100; 200 e 300 L ha-1 da solução aquosa, contendo corante alimentício (1.500 mg L-1). Com ou sem a assistência de ar junto à barra, foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização de jato plano tipo AXI 110015 à pressão de 117,3 kPa, AXI 11002 e AXI 11003 a 276 kPa. A avaliação da deposição da pulverização deu-se em folhas de plantas de arroz vermelho. Os maiores volumes (200 e 300 L ha-1) pulverizados com a assistência de ar junto à barra pulverizadora proporcionaram maiores depósitos do corante em relação ao volume de 100 L ha-1. Não foram constatadas diferenças na deposição do corante para os volumes pulverizados, sem a assistência de ar junto à barra, tampouco entre os volumes de 200 e 300 L ha-1 com a assistência de ar junto à barra. As maiores percentagens de controle do arroz vermelho foram obtidas com a assistência de ar junto à barra, independentemente do volume pulverizado, equivalendo-se ao controle obtido com 300 L ha-1, sem o uso dessa tecnologia.