Radionuclides In Plants Research Articles

Natural radioactivity in food crops and soil and estimation of the concomitant dose from tin mining areas in Nigeria

Mining of mineral ore is considered one of the anthropogenic sources of elevating the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides in the environment, which in turn causes an increased risk of human exposure via the food chain. In an attempt to evaluate the radiological burdens resulting from tin mining activities in Nigeria, farm soil and sixty-two samples of different food crops grown around tin mining areas were evaluated for the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K using a high-purity germanium detector. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil were 64.6 ± 29.5, 72.03 ± 28.73 and 680.6 ± 324.3 Bq/kg, respectively. These values were found to be higher than their corresponding world average values. However, the mean activity concentrations of the measured radionuclides in plants were below their respective world average values, as reported by UNSCEAR. The overall average annual ingestion dose due to the consumption of the analysed plants was 151 µSv/y, which is below the reported world average value of 290 µSv/y. The results obtained show that the hazard indices were low enough to cause any immediate radiological health complications due to the ingestion of the crops grown in the studied areas.

Radionuclide content in vegetation and soils in the impact zone of the railway track

Purpose. To identify the harmful radiation impact of railway transport on the environment. Methodology. In order to determine the level of radioactive contamination in the impact zone of the railway, soil and plant samples were collected, and relevant radiometric studies were carried out in accordance with the established and approved methods. The peculiarities of the accumulation capacity of plants and soil were investigated and graphical models of radionuclide migration on the Lviv-Sambir railway section were created. Findings. Measurements of the specific activity of 90Sr and 137Cs in plant samples along the railway track showed that grass plants have a lower content of radionuclides and trees have a higher one. It was found that among the herbaceous plants, the species Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. accumulates radionuclides 90Sr most intensively, Geum urbanum L. accumulates 137Cs. These plants can be used as indicators of the territory contaminated with radionuclides. The highest content of radionuclides in tree species is observed in the leaves of grey alder and oak bark. The highest content of K 40 was observed at a distance of 200 m from the railway track, and the lowest content of Th 232 was observed at a distance of 100 m from the railway track. Originality. The results of the research showed a significant variation in the content of radioactive substances in the soils of protective forest plantations. This variation in soil contamination can be explained by the heterogeneity of the above-ground cover and the local impact of plantations on the contaminants’ airborne transport rate. Practical value. Taking into account the fact that the concentration of radionuclides in plants and soil decreases away from the railway tracks, we can state that protective forest plantations delay the spread of the existing radionuclide content to the territories adjacent to the tracks.

Activity concentration of radionuclides in plants in the environment of western Ghats, India

Activity concentration of radionuclides in plants in the environment of western Ghats, India

The phytosanitary condition of soils in territories contaminated with diernobyl nuclear power plant radionuclides and approaches to solving the problems arising from their return to agricultural use

The phytosanitary condition of soils in territories contaminated with diernobyl nuclear power plant radionuclides and approaches to solving the problems arising from their return to agricultural use

Radioactivity level in relation to geological substrate: dynamics of natural and artificial radionuclides on Teucrium montanum L. (Lamiaceae) habitats.

There are no results of comparative ecological studies of the radionuclide activity concentration in the plants and soil in relation to geological substrate. Presented research encompasses the comparative analysis of the concentration of four radionuclides, three natural (40K, 226Ra, 232Th) and one artificial (137Cs) in soil samples and aerial plant parts of Teucrium montanum from different natural habitats on serpentinite and calcareous geological substrate. The activity concentrations of radionuclides were measured with high purity germanium (HPGe) detector and expressed as Bq kg-1. The calculated activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, and 137Cs in soil samples from serpentinite/calcareous habitats are in range 39.6-91.0/59.3-1018.8, 1.7-5.5/4.3-52.4, 2.4-10.9/5.9-72.9, and 57.2-844.9/29.6-701.5Bqkg-1, respectively. The activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, and 137Cs in plant samples are in range 152.9-445.9/228.0-521.4, n.d.-1.2/0.6-5.6, n.d./0.2-0.9, and 1.0-46.4/1.7-7.0Bqkg-1, respectively. The obtained results showed that the quantities of 137Cs are greater in the soil and plant material from the serpentinite habitats, while quantities of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th are greater in the soil and plant material from calcareous habitats. In general, the level of radioactivity in plants and soil depends on the type of the geological substrate. The content of radionuclides in plants is correlated with the radionuclide content in the soil. In addition to other specifics in physical and chemical properties, serpentinite habitats are characterized by an increased amount of Cs in the soil, which causes an increased amount of this radionuclide in plants such as Teucrium montanum.

INTENSITY OF CESIUM-137 ACCUMULATION IN FLOWER POLLEN OF CORN AT DIFFERENT pH OF SOIL ENVIRONMENT

137Сs is concentrated in soils and is in a continuous cycle, the intensity of movement of which depends on a number of factors, in particular on the type of soil, its composition and properties, botanical origin of plants and others. . It was found that under the same ecological conditions the accumulation coefficient of 137Cs in the distribution of honey plants can differ up to 3 times. The migration of radionuclides into vegetation is lower on soils with high levels of nutrients, compared to low-nutrient soils. This feature is inherent in both agricultural and forest soils. High migr ation of radionuclides was observed on sod-podzolic sandy soils, while on chernozems it was relatively lower. Soils of honey lands in the studied areas are mainly sod-podzolic. They are characterized by a low content of humus and trace elements, sometimes with high acidity, which can increase the translocation of radionuclides in plants and their products, in particular pollen. After the half-life of 137Cs, which was released into the environment after the Chernobyl accident, there is a certain pattern of intensity of contamination of protein products of beekeeping depending on its type, harvesting period and intensity of contamination of honey lands. Along with this, it should be noted that the exceedance of permissible levels is observed only for cesium-137 in the territory of honey lands in the soil of which this element exceeded 4 Ki / km2. On the basis of the fact that pollen is the main raw material for the production of protein products of beekeeping, further research was aimed at studying measures to improve the quality of this raw material in order to reduce cesium-137 in bee pollen and persimmon. The intensity of 137Cs contamination of corn pollen was studied. It was found that lowering the soil pH from 4.6 to 7.7 contributes to a decrease in the pollen of maize pollen activity 137Cs from 9.7 Bq / kg to 5.8 Bq / kg, hazard factor from 0.049 to 0.029 and accumulation factor from 0 , 28 to 0.14.

Phytoremediation of radionuclides in soil, sediments and water

Soil and water contaminated with radionuclides threaten the environment and public health during leaks from nuclear power plants. Remediation of radionuclides at the contaminated sites uses mainly physical and chemical methods such as vitrification, chemical immobilization, electro-kinetic remediation and soil excavation, capping and washing being among the preferred methods. These traditional technologies are however costly and less suitable for dealing with large-area pollution. In contrast to this, cost-effective and environment-friendly alternatives such as phytoremediation using plants to remove radionuclides from polluted sites in situ represent promising alternatives for environmental cleanup. Understanding the physiology and molecular mechanisms of radionuclides accumulation in plants is essential to optimize and improve this new remediation technology. Here, we give an overview of radionuclide contamination in the environment and biochemical characteristics for uptake, transport, and compartmentation of radionuclides in plants that characterize phytoextraction and its efficiency. Phytoextraction is an eco-friendly and efficient method for environmental removal of radionuclides at contaminated sites such as mine tailings. Selecting the most proper plant for the specific purpose, however, is important to obtain the best result together with, for example, applying soil amendments such as citric acid. In addition, using genetic engineering and optimizing agronomic management practices including regulation of atmospheric CO2 concentration, reasonable measures of fertilization and rational water management are important as well. For future application, the technique needs commercialization in order to fully exploit the technique at mining activities and nuclear industries.

Efficient sampling of shiitake-inoculated oak logs to determine the log-to-mushroom transfer factor of stable cesium.

BackgroundStable cesium (133Cs) naturally exists in the environment whereas recently deposited radionuclides (e.g., 137Cs) are not at equilibrium. Stable cesium has been used to understand the long-term behavior of radionuclides in plants, trees and mushrooms. We are interested in using 133Cs to predict the future transfer factor (TF) of radiocesium from contaminated logs to shiitake mushrooms in Eastern Japan. However, the current methodology to obtain a representative wood sample for 133Cs analysis involves mechanically breaking and milling the entire log (excluding bark) to a powder prior to analysis. In the current study, we investigated if sawdust obtained from cutting a log along its length at eight points is as robust but a faster alternative to provide a representative wood sample to determine the TF of 133Cs between logs and shiitake.MethodsOak logs with ready-to-harvest shiitake fruiting bodies were cut into nine 10-cm discs and each disc was separated into bark, sapwood and heartwood and the concentration of 133Cs was measured in the bark, sapwood, heartwood, sawdust (generated from cutting each disc) and fruiting bodies (collected separately from each disc), and the wood-to-shiitake TF was calculated.ResultsWe found that the sawdust-to-shiitake TF of 133Cs did not differ (P = 0.223) compared to either the sapwood-to-shiitake TF or heartwood-to-shiitake TF, but bark did have a higher concentration of 133Cs (P < 0.05) compared to sapwood and heartwood. Stable cesium concentration in sawdust and fruiting bodies collected along the length of the logs did not differ (P > 0.05).DiscussionSawdust can be used as an alternative to determine the log-to-shiitake TF of 133Cs. To satisfy the goals of different studies and professionals, we have described two sampling methodologies (Methods I and II) in this paper. In Method I, a composite of eight sawdust samples collected from a log can be used to provide a representative whole-log sample (i.e., wood and bark), whereas Method II allows for the simultaneous sampling of two sets of sawdust samples—one set representing the whole log and the other representing wood only. Both methodologies can greatly reduce the time required for sample collection and preparation.

Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr from black soil into vegetable of the Central part of the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine

Migration of 137Cs and 90Sr from black soil into vegetable of the Central part of the Forest-steppe zone of Ukraine

Plant Accumulation of Natural Radionuclides as Affected by Substrate Contaminated with Uranium-Mill Tailings

Environmental concern due to plant accumulation of natural radionuclides is a major concern in uranium mining areas. To evaluate the risk associated with the transfer of radionuclides to edible plants, the uptake of 238U, 226Ra, and 210Pb by Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt) grown in soils contaminated with uranium-mill tailings (UMT) was investigated. Test plants were grown under controlled conditions in substrate composed of soil and UMT in different ratios. Activity concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, and 210Pb in substrate, leaves, and roots were measured and the concentration ratios determined. Soil characteristics were determined, since they directly affect bioavailability of radionuclides. Concentration ratios of 238U, 226Ra, and 210Pb in leaves varied from 0.001 to 0.006, 0.024 to 0.172, and 0.004 to 0.011, respectively, and in roots from 0.020 to 0.126, 0.015 to 0.241, and 0.033 to 1.460, respectively. Concentrations of 238U, 226Ra, and 210Pb in leaves and roots were found to correlate with the amount of 238U, 226Ra, and 210Pb in the substrate. A higher amount of 226Ra accumulated in aboveground parts (57–877 Bq kg−1 d. m. for leaves) compared to 238U (0.6–4.7 Bq kg−1 d. m. for leaves) and 210Pb (8–53 Bq kg−1 d. m. for leaves), which were mainly stored in the roots. The relationships between the amount of radionuclides in plants and soil characteristics and their role in radionuclide uptake are discussed and critically evaluated.

FUKUSHIMA FALLOUT IN SAKHALIN REGION, RUSSIA, PART 2: 137Cs AND 134Cs IN GRASSLAND VEGETATION

Samples of vegetation (vascular plants) were collected at 14 grasslands on Kunashir, Iturup, Urup and Paramushir Islands in August–September 2012. All surveyed grasslands were virgin lands with respect to Fukushima fallout. Four plots were used as pastures for cattle in 2012. About 1 kg of green vegetation (mixed grass-forb crop) was taken from each of 13 plots. Seven samples of wormwood (Artemisia sp.) and three samples of Kuril dwarf bamboo (Sasa sp.) of the same mass were collected for comparison. A density of the above ground biomass was estimated at one of the plots. Activities of134Cs and137Cs radionuclides were determined by direct γ-ray spectrometry method using HP-germanium detectors. Inventories of134Cs and137Cs in the top 20 cm layer of soil were estimated by the authors earlier for each of these 14 plots based of the soil samples analysis. Caesium-134, a marker of Fukushima fallout, was determined in 18 of 24 vegetation samples. Caesium-137 activity was quantified in all of 24 samples. The activity concentration of the radionuclides in plants (wet weight) ranged from &lt;0.05 Bq kg−1to 1.6 Bq kg-1for134Cs and from 0.06 Bq kg−1to 5.8 Bq kg-1for137Cs. About 2/5 (median = 41%, n = 18) of the total activity of137Cs in plants was associated with the Fukushima accident. The soil-to-plant aggregated transfer coefficient (Tag) values in mixed grass-forb crop ranged from &lt;0.2 × 10–3m2kg-1to 11 × 10–3m2kg-1for134Cs and from 0.08 × 10–3m2kg-1to 3.3 × 10–3m2kg-1for137Cs. The Tagvalues for134Cs were statistically significantly higher compared to the Tag values for 137Cs. The median Tagfor134Cs in mixed grass-forb crop decreased in the 2011–2012 period by a factor of about two: from 12 × 10–3m2kg-1to 6.6 × 10–3m2kg-1. The ecological half-time, Teco, of134Cs in the plants was approximately one year. In 2011–2012, the median Tagfor pre-Fukushima137Cs in mixed grass-forb crop was estimated as 0.12 × 10–3m2kg-1. This value is lower by a factor of 100 and 50 compared to the median values of Tagthat were deduced for Fukushima-derived radiocaesium in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The radiocaesium Tagvalues for Sasa sp. and Artemisia sp. agreed with those for mixed grass-forb crop. At grasslands with the aboveground biomass density of 1 kg m–2and the Tagof 6 × 10–3m2kg-1 for134Cs, the contribution of the vegetation contamination to total inventory of the radionuclide did not exceed 1%. For137Cs, this contribution was less than 0.1%.

Soil-to-plant transfer factors of natural radionuclides (226Ra and 40K) in selected Thai medicinal plants

A soil-to-plant transfer factor (TF) is an important parameter that could be used to estimate radionuclides levels in medicinal plants. This work reports concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra and 40K) and TFs in six Thai medicinal plants grown in central Thailand using an HPGe gamma ray spectrometer. Either root, leaf, or flower parts of each medicinal plant were selected for use in the investigation according to their practical uses in traditional medicine. The results showed that due to K being essential in plants, 40K had higher arithmetic means of activity concentrations and geometric means of TFs (geometric standard deviations in parentheses) of 610 ± 260 Bq kg−1 dry weight (DW) and 2.0 (1.4), respectively, than 226Ra, which had the activity concentrations and TFs of 4.8 ± 2.6 Bq kg−1 DW and 0.17 (1.8), respectively. The results also showed that the leaves of medicinal plants had higher activity concentrations and TFs than root and flower parts, probably due to higher metabolic activities in leaves. Furthermore, there was good agreement between the results from the current work and other similar reports on medicinal plants. The information obtained from this work could strengthen knowledge of natural radionuclides in plants and particularly increase available TF data on Thai medicinal plants.

Assessment of radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil and plants for estimation of transfer factors and effective dose around Mkuju river Project, Tanzania

Purpose. To establish pre-mining indicators to assess radiological impact as a result of release of radionuclides to environment during uranium mining at Mkuju River Project radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil, plants, fruits and cereals. Methods. The High Purity Germanium detector was used to determine the radioactivity and the data were subsequently used to establish soil to plant transfer factors and annual effective dose. Findings. The results revealed a strong positive correlation (r) of 0.947 and 0.950 for 226Ra and 232Th, respectively, between values determined in soils and plants. Implicit in these finding is that the distribution of radionuclides in soils is directly proportional to the corresponding radionuclides in plants. Originality. The roots of wild grass had the highest specific radioactivity (Bqkg-1) for 226Ra (2.15 ± 0.02), 232Th (1.43 ± 0.02) and 40K (198.16 ± 1.72) and the roots of cabbage had the highest values for 226Ra (1.38 ± 0.04), 232Th (1.34 ± 0.03) and 40K (146.12 ± 1.02) among the food crops, an indication of a higher ability to uptake radionuclides from soil. Similarly, since the TFs were found higher in wild grass for 226Ra (0.0533 ± 0.04), 232Th (0.0374 ± 0.002) and 40K (0.5297 ± 0.05) and cabbage for 226Ra (0.0362 ± 0.03), 232Th (0.0360 ± 0.001) and 40K (0.4173 ± 0.05). Practical implications. It is an evident that these plants can serve as good bio indicators to assess release of radionuclides from inside the mining site to the public domain. Moreover, the annual effective dose (mSvy-1) for 40K (0.23 ± 0.02), 226Ra (0.046±0.004) and 232Th (0.073 ± 0.006) in edible crops when consumed in the vicinity of the MRP before the mining operations were, as expected, insignificant.

Transfer of natural radionuclides from soil to plants in Savar Dhaka

The radioactivity of environmental samples from nuclear reactor sites must be analyzed before the public is given free access to the plants grown in these soils. Plant and corresponding soil samples were collected from a sample site around the Savar research reactor near Dhaka (Bangladesh) and the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;Ra (&lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U-chain), &lt;sup&gt;228&lt;/sup&gt;Ra (&lt;sup&gt;232&lt;/sup&gt;Th-chain) and non-chained &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K were measured using gamma ray spectrometry. Soils of Savar contained more radioactive &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K than &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;Ra and &lt;sup&gt;228&lt;/sup&gt;Ra. The influence of certain soil properties on the activity concentrations and transfer factors (TF) of natural radionuclides were investigated by correlating the observed data with those of soil properties. The activity concentrations of &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K were much higher than those of &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;Ra and &lt;sup&gt;228&lt;/sup&gt;Ra in plants due to higher uptake from soils. The transfer factors for &lt;sup&gt;226&lt;/sup&gt;Ra, &lt;sup&gt;228&lt;/sup&gt;Ra and &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K were found to range from 0.04 to 0.10, 0.12 to 0.32, and 0.24 to 0.72, respectively. The soil to plant transfer factors for &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;K was found to be much higher in plants, which might be due to this element being vital in plants. This study showed that activity concentrations of these radionuclides in plants and their plant transfer factors seem to depend on the activity concentrations of the same radionuclides in soil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;

Natural radionuclides in plants, soils and sediments affected by U-rich coal mining activities in Brazil

Mining activities can increase the mobility of metals by accelerating the dissolution and leaching of minerals from the rocks and tailing piles to the environment and, consequently, their availability for plants and subsequent transfer to the food chain. The weathering of minerals and the disposal of coal waste in tailing piles can accelerate the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD), which is responsible for the higher dissolution of metals in mining areas. In this context, the behavior of U, Th and K in soils and sediment, and the transfer factor (TF) of 238U, 234U and 210Po for soybean, wheat, pine and eucalyptus cultivated around a coal mine in southern Brazil was evaluated. Alpha and gamma spectrometry were used for the measurements of the activity concentration of the radioelements. 210Po was the radionuclide that is most accumulated in the plants, especially in the leaves. When comparing the plant species, pine showed the highest TF values for 234U (0.311 ± 0.420) for leaves, while eucalyptus showed the highest TF for 238U (0.344 ± 0.414) for leaves. In general, TF were higher for the leaves of soybean and wheat when compared to the grains, and grains of wheat showed higher TF for 210Po and 238U than grains of soybean. Deviations from the natural U isotopic ratio were recorded at all investigated areas, indicating possible industrial and mining sources of U for the vegetables. A safety assessment of transport routes and accumulation of radionuclides in soils with a potential for cultivation is important, mainly in tropical areas contaminated with solid waste and effluents from mines and industry.

Simultaneous determination and uptake assessment of selected radionuclides in plants grown in substrate contaminated with U-mill tailings

The aim of this study was to investigate transfer of 238U, 230Th, 226Ra and 210Pb from substrate contaminated with different amounts of uranium-mill tailings to eatable plants (radish, savoy and rocket). The applied radiochemical procedure allows for simultaneous determination of all investigated nuclides from a single sample test portion. The results obtained indicate significant linear correlation between content of the radionuclides in soil and plants as well as between content of the radionuclides in plants and pedological parameters, while contamination has no effect on photochemical efficiency and content of photosynthetic pigments in the selected plants.

137Cs allocation in forest ecosystems of Ukrainian Polissya

It is determined that at present the largest share of the total activity of radionuclides in biogeocenosis is concentrated in soil: 86.27% — in wet pinewoods; and 98.88% — in wet sudubravas. It was determined that migration of radionuclides to woody plants in wet sudubravas is considerably less than that observed in wet bory. Thus, in 2012, the forest stand in wet sudubravas contained only 0.12% of 137Cs total activity in biogeocenosis. In wet pinewoods this ratio is much higher — 7.48% (by 62.3 times). The analysis of the distribution of the total activity of 137Cs in phytocenosis of the studied types of forest conditions showed that the highest radionuclide content is observed in the forest stand. 137Cs content in the plants lower layer is much lower. As it has been already mentioned, the value of the radionuclide specific activity in these plants is higher than in tree organs and parts of trees. But the mass of the tree layer is much bigger than the mass of any layer of plants located lower. Thus, the comparison of the mass of plants and the specific activity of the radionuclides in plants of each plant layer makes it possible to give preference to the first index in the distribution of the total activity in phytocenosis.

Environmental Radioactivity in the Sabugal Region and Impact of Past Uranium Mining

An environmental radioactivity survey carried out in the Sabugal region, Portugal, showed enhanced radioactivity levels in surface water streams related to water discharges from old uranium mines. Water from irrigation wells in this region displayed variable radionuclide levels due to natural occurrence of radionuclides and also to contamination by mine water drainage. Horticulture products grown near the uranium mine sites contained elevated radium (226Ra) concentrations but lower concentrations of uranium and other radionuclides. Despite relatively elevated radioactivity in irrigation water, the absorption and accumulation of radionuclides in plants was limited. Taking into consideration the volume of uranium waste piles, the improved management of mine waste and mine drainage is needed in order to prevent the increase of environmental radioactivity in the area.

Translocation of 125I, 75Se and 36Cl to Wheat edible parts following wet foliar contamination under field conditions

Apart from radiocaesium and radiostrontium, there have been few studies on the foliar transfer of radionuclides in plants. Consequently, specific translocation factor (ftr) values for 129I, 79Se and 36Cl are still missing from the IAEA reference databases. The translocation of short – lived isotopes, 125I and 75Se, and of 36Cl to wheat grain were measured under field conditions following acute and chronic wet foliar contamination at various plant growth stages in the absence of leaching caused by rain. The translocation factors ranged from 0.02% to 1.1% for 125I (a value similar to Sr), from 0.1% to 16.5% for 75Se, and from 1% to 14.9% for 36Cl. Both 36Cl and 75Se were as mobile as Cs. The phenomenological analysis showed that each element displayed a specific behavior. Iodide showed the lowest apparent mobility because of its preferential fixation in or on the leaves and a significant amount probably volatilized. Selenite internal transfer was significant and possibly utilized the sulphur metabolic pathway. However bio - methylation of selenite may have led to increased volatilization. Chloride was very mobile and quickly diffused throughout the plant. In addition, the analysis underlined the importance of plant growth responses to annual variations in weather conditions that can affect open field experiments because plant growth stage played a major role in ftr values dispersion. The chronic contamination results suggested that a series of acute contamination events had an additive effect on translocated elements. The highest translocation value obtained for an acute contamination event was shown to be a good conservative assessment of chronic contamination if data on chronic contamination translocation are lacking. The absence of rain leaching during the experiment meant that this investigation avoided potential radionuclide transfer by the roots, which also meant that radionuclide retention on or in the leaves was maximized. This study was therefore able to obtain accurate translocation factors, which are probably among the highest that could be recorded.

Nuclear Energy: A Perspective on Recent Results on the Removal of Strontium from Waste

Nuclear Energy: A Perspective on Recent Results on the Removal of Strontium from Waste