RFID System Research Articles

Design of Domino-Resonators for Enhanced Power and Data Transmission of 13.56 MHz RFID Sensors

This paper presents a straightforward design algorithm to enhance power and data transmission for 13.56 MHz Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensor applications by using domino-resonators. In this algorithm, the transformed transponder impedance and modulation depth seen at the reader antenna are formulated and modeled under the presence of domino-resonators. To improve the accuracy, voltage-clamped mode of the tag Integrated Circuit (IC) is considered, which enables accurate calculation of the maximum readable distance, transferred power and equivalent tag IC impedance. For the sake of simplicity, a type-A ultralight tag IC is used and modeled, while all resonators and tag antenna dimensions are based on standard smart-card sized coils. The design algorithm is coded in MATLAB for a 5-coil RFID system, i.e. with three identical domino-resonators, and verified using LT-Spice simulations. For experimental validation, the designed 5-coil RFID system is implemented for enhancing the distance between a commercial 13.56 MHz RFID reader and ISO/IEC 14443A standard RFID tag IC.

Unknown Tag Identification Protocol Based on Collision Slot Resolution in Large-Scale and Battery-Less RFID System

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is widely used in warehouse management and supply chain management. In the actual application, unknown tags such as newly added or incorrectly placed products will be placed into a certain area of the warehouse. Existing identification protocols can identify such unknown tags by collecting tag IDs and comparing them with back-end server. Alternatively, the known tags can be filtered through the filter vector to prevent interference from unknown tags and improve identification efficiency. However, there is a lack of consideration of the collision impact on identification efficiency. In this paper, we introduce the bit tracking technology to accelerate the identification process and propose a Bit-Tracking Based Strategy for Unknown Tag Identification (BTUTI) protocol. We solve the problem by means of known tag deactivation and unknown tag identify. First, by adopting bit tracking technology, the reader can easily locate the positions of the collision bit. By hashing the tags of these collision slots, the collision slots can be turned into resolvable slots, thus improving the utilization rate of slots. Second, in the expected non-empty slot, the reader can send command to deactivate the known tag and skip empty slots and irresolvable collision slots. The experiment proves that BTUTI can increase the time efficiency compared to the state-of-the-art.

Exploratory Study on Individual Locomotor Activity in Local Dual-Purpose and Commercial Breeder Pullets.

Improving animal welfare is a prerequisite for the societal acceptance of poultry production. Support for improvements requires practical tools to quantify animal welfare and identify predispositions at the individual level, where possible. In this study, the activities and behavior of dual-purpose chickens (N = 245) and commercial breeders (N = 224) were analyzed. The general locomotor activity (GLA) data were collected using an RFID system over five days with 9-to-14-week-old animals. The results show that the animals of comparable age and stocking density differed from each other in their activity (p ≤ 0.001) according to breed, but no sex differences were observed (p = 0.159). No correlations were found between GLA and plumage condition (p > 0.05). The individual variations within the breeds are presented and discussed on an animal-by-animal level, providing new insights into the individual behavioral variability of chickens. The RFID systems can reliably generate GLA data that help to understand the potential interplay between behavior and animal welfare. The technology is also suitable for creating individual (personality) profiles that can be used for breeding. With a better understanding of the role of activity, husbandry and management practices can be adapted to improve animal welfare.

Tracking large numbers of hens in aviary housing: validation of a Radio Frequency Identification system

Tracking large numbers of hens in aviary housing: validation of a Radio Frequency Identification system

Clutter Effect Investigation on Co-Polarized Chipless RFID Tags and Mitigation Using Cross-Polarized Tags, Analytical Model, Simulation, and Measurement.

Chipless radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is expected to replace barcode technology due to its ability to read in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations, long reading range, and low cost. Currently, there is extensive research being conducted on frequency-coded (FC) co-polarized radar cross-section (RCS)-based tags, which are widely used. However, detecting co-polarized chipless RFID tags in cluttered environments is still a challenge, as confirmed by measuring two co-polarized tags in front of a perfect metal reflector (30.5cm×22.5cm). To address this challenge, a realistic mathematical model for a chipless RFID system has been developed that takes into account the characteristics of the reader and the tag, as well as reflections from cluttered objects. This extensive mathematical model developed for linear chipless RFID systems in clutter scenarios holds the potential to greatly assist researchers in their exploration of RCS-based tags. By relying solely on simulations, this model provides a tool to effectively analyze and understand RCS-based tags, ultimately simplifying the process of generating more authentic tag designs. This model has been simulated and verified with measurement results by placing a single flat metal reflector behind two co-polarized one-bit designs: a dipole array tag and a square patch tag. The results showed that the interfering signal completely overlaps the ID of the co-polarized tag, severely limiting its detectability. To solve this issue, the proposed solution involves reading the tag in cross-polarization mode by etching a diagonal slot in the square patch tag. This proposed tag provides high immunity to the environment and can be detected in front of both dielectric and metallic objects.

A Review of Tags Anti-Collision Identification Methods Used in RFID Technology

With radio frequency identification (RFID) becoming a popular wireless technology, more and more relevant applications are emerging. Therefore, anti-collision algorithms, which determine the time to tag identification and the accuracy of identification, have become very important in RFID systems. This paper presents the algorithms of ALOHA for randomness, the binary tree algorithm for determinism, and a hybrid anti-collision algorithm that combines these two algorithms. To compensate for the low throughput of traditional algorithms, RFID anti-collision algorithms based on blind source separation (BSS) are described, as the tag signals of RFID systems conform to the basic assumptions of the independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm. In the determined case, the ICA algorithm-based RFID anti-collision method is described. In the under-determined case, a combination of tag grouping with a blind separation algorithm and constrained non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is used to separate the multi-tag mixing problem. Since the estimation of tag or frame length is the main step to solve the RFID anti-collision problem, this paper introduces an anti-collision algorithm based on machine learning to estimate the number of tags.

Sensing technologies in construction engineering education: industry experiences and expectations

As the construction industry continues to advance technologically, the adoption of sensing technologies is gradually gaining momentum. Sensing technologies (such as radio frequency identification systems, laser scanners, cameras, and global position systems) play a significant role in reducing costs, improving project productivity, and enhancing workers' health and safety. This has prompted the need for a workforce with the required skills and knowledge for deploying sensing technologies in the industry. Since construction-related education is aimed at preparing students for the future of the industry, it is important to investigate the industry’s expectations for equipping the future workforce with the required skills. This study adopts a mixed-method research approach. Data are collected from surveys, case studies, and a focus group discussion with industry practitioners. The data elucidate participants’ perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs regarding: the skills required, and level of knowledge transfer required to advance sensing technologies on construction projects, and the value and anticipated demand for these skills. The findings also revealed the extent to which sensing technologies are deployed in the industry and the benefits driving the adoption of these technologies. The results reveal a high rate of adoption of sensing technologies amongst industry practitioners and inform construction applications and skills to be taught in construction engineering education. This study contributes to the existing scarce literature on the knowledge and skill demands of the industry to implement sensing technologies. The findings provide critical feedback for expanding the construction education curriculum to meet up the industry’s demand and adequately prepare the future workforce.

Evaluation of landfill leachate biodegradability using IOT through geotracking sensor based drone surveying

In specific this work focuses on designing and developing a trial model first of its kind which is chemically non reactive using Urea Formaldehyde (UF) and a value added flat board that is to be prepared from solid waste. The display setup is to be monitored by Arduino Controller which incorporates the assessment of numerical factors and measurable compositions in the board. The compilation of manufactured goods from organic waste is a course of development network that is centrally operated by Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tools. Preservation of database from the organic fraction is managed through software guidelines, the fifth generation radio technology with lower economic can cover communication over a larger radio spectrum with the support of ultra high frequency RFID Tags and systems, which assure the most favourable management of valuable products from the storage unit. Sensors attached with board and cloud platform supports collection of data from the huge solid waste yard. The current leachate management has a desire to suggest a strong resolution in handling solid waste that is elaborated with a novel methodology, where we suggest the radiofrequency identification of leachate monitoring by the use of modern versions of unmanned aerial vehicle the drones. At some stage in neutralizing the toxic waste the risk of life may be eliminated and accumulated waste were identified and with the support of advanced techniques and instruments like drones are used in managing wastes.

Design of a Miniatured, Electromagnetic Quasi-Yagi Antenna with Circularly Polarized Characteristics

A novel low-profile circularly polarized (CP) quasi-Yagi antenna with a wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is proposed, which generates the endfire beam by combining magnetic microstrip cavity and folded electric dipoles with a 90∘ phase difference. The proposed antenna includes two shorting pins, which are employed to attain wider impedance bandwidth. Then, a phase delay line is added to connects two pairs of folded dipoles and a magnetic microstrip cavity to realize righthanded circularly polarized (RHCP). After optimization, a prototype with an overall size of 1.17×0.91× 0.0387λ30 is designed. Simulated results demonstrate that the final model has 18.1% (5.01-6.01 GHz) 3-dB AR bandwidth and −10dB impedance bandwidth of 5.2%(5.67−5.97GHz), respectively. In addition, experimental results demonstrate that the designed antenna is very applicable to the RFID system.

Review of Wireless RFID Strain Sensing Technology in Structural Health Monitoring.

Strain-based condition evaluation has garnered as a crucial method for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of large-scale engineering structures. The use of traditional wired strain sensors becomes tedious and time-consuming due to their complex wiring operation, more workload, and instrumentation cost to collect sufficient data for condition state evaluation, especially for large-scale engineering structures. The advent of wireless and passive RFID technologies with high efficiency and inexpensive hardware equipment has brought a new era of next-generation intelligent strain monitoring systems for engineering structures. Thus, this study systematically summarizes the recent research progress of cutting-edge RFID strain sensing technologies. Firstly, this study introduces the importance of structural health monitoring and strain sensing. Then, RFID technology is demonstrated including RFID technology's basic working principle and system component composition. Further, the design and application of various kinds of RFID strain sensors in SHM are presented including passive RFID strain sensing technology, active RFID strain sensing technology, semi-passive RFID strain sensing technology, Ultra High-frequency RFID strain sensing technology, chipless RFID strain sensing technology, and wireless strain sensing based on multi-sensory RFID system, etc., expounding their advantages, disadvantages, and application status. To the authors' knowledge, the study initially provides a systematic comprehensive review of a suite of RFID strain sensing technology that has been developed in recent years within the context of structural health monitoring.

One for More: Sparse Group Lasso for Multitarget Device-Free Localization With Single-Target Fingerprint Database Under RFID System

One for More: Sparse Group Lasso for Multitarget Device-Free Localization With Single-Target Fingerprint Database Under RFID System

Formal Security Analysis of ECC-Based RFID in Logic of Events Theory

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a crucial component of the Internet of Things (IoT), and RFID using elliptic curve Cryptography (ECC) is a public key cryptosystem authentication approach that tackles the problem of electronic tag data encryption in RFID systems. The commercialisation and large-scale deployment of RFID systems has raised a number of security-related issues that suggest the need for security protocols. Logic of events theory (LoET) is a formal method for constructing and reasoning about distributed systems and protocols involving security concepts. This paper proposes three event classes, Compute, Retrieve, and Generate, and related axioms and inference rules to formally abstract the ECC session key generation function and formally institute the authentication process of both parties, and the ex-tended LoET is used to analyse the security properties of ECC-based RFID security protocols. Under reasonable assumptions, an ECC-based RFID mutual authentication scheme is shown to satisfy the strong mutual authentication feature. It is shown that extended logic of events theory may be used to prove the security properties of this class of ECC-based RFID protocols.

Capture-Aware Dense Tag Identification Using RFID Systems in Vehicular Networks.

Passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems have been widely applied in different fields, including vehicle access control, industrial production, and logistics tracking, due to their ability to improve work quality and management efficiency at a low cost. However, in an intersection situation where tags are densely distributed with vehicle gathering, the wireless channel becomes extremely complex, and the readers on the roadside may only decode the information from the strongest tag due to the capture effect, resulting in tag misses and considerably reducing the performance of tag identification. Therefore, it is crucial to design an efficient and reliable tag-identification algorithm in order to obtain information from vehicle and cargo tags under adverse traffic conditions, ensuring the successful application of RFID technology. In this paper, we first establish a Nakagami-m distributed channel capture model for RFID systems and provide an expression for the capture probability, where each channel is modeled as any relevant Nakagami-m distribution. Secondly, an advanced capture-aware tag-estimation scheme is proposed. Finally, extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed algorithm has strong adaptability to circumstances for capturing under-fading channels and outperforms the existing algorithms in terms of complexity and reliability of tag identification.

RFID BASED SMART LIBRARY

Library circulation is low because of the tedious and time-consuming nature of the institution's traditional management. In addition to being waterproof and anti-magnetic, the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) labels can be encrypted, have a huge storage capacity, and more. Using RFID as a foundation, we develop a comprehensive system architecture that takes into account the hardware and software requirements of the university library. The RFID system streamlines library operations by adding intelligence and automation. Using RFID middleware, the system is able to integrate RFID and library management in a natural way, resulting in a library management system that is both efficient and scalable. In order to demonstrate the system's overall functionality and each of its sub-functions, the use case diagram is a ground breaking concept. System for managing libraries and identifying books via radio frequency (RFID) The proposed system is based on RFID readers and passive RFID tags that are able to electronically store information that can be read with the help of the RFID reader. This system would be able to issue and return books via RFID tags and also calculates the corresponding fine associated with the time period of the absence of the book from the library database

The Indoor Positioning Method Time Difference of Arrival with Conic Curves Utilizing a Novel Networking RFID System

At present, the demand for accurate indoor positioning at a low cost is increasing. Based on the architecture of networking passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, research into passive location algorithms is important for finding a location solution with ultra-low cost, easy implementation, and no required maintenance. In this paper, TDACC (time difference of arrival with conic curves) based on signal propagation time is proposed, which breaks down the positioning problem into solving the intersection of an ellipse and a hyperbola. The results indicate that this method has a positioning error of 0 m in the absence of signal interference. When the time delay fluctuates to 1 ns and 2 ns, the average errors of TDACC are 0.19 m and 0.33 m, respectively. Different from other time-based localization methods, the proposed method only requires two distribution nodes without time synchronization, which reduces the system cost. These results will help to promote the deeper semantic communication level fusion of passive RFID. By improving the coordinate positioning in the semantic prior knowledge base, this method will lead to more efficient and accurate industry applications.

ANALYSIS OF RFID-TAGGING TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

In the oil and gas industry, one of the key tasks is to assess the current state of pipelines and equipment. Most of the existing methods used to assess depreciation are narrowly focused and expensive, for example, flaw detection of downhole equipment, tubing, rod and pumping equipment, which can eventually reach the cost of the equipment itself. To date, one of the main methods for assessing the equipment state is the analysis of its operation time, which directly depends on the identification accuracy. Various technological solutions are used as an identifier, for example, barcodes, seals with technical information, however, such controls are unreliable, wear out quickly, and, as a result, it becomes difficult to correctly identify them.
 The paper considers the technology of radio frequency identification (RFID) – «RFID-tags», describes the operation principle and its features. The basic scheme of the tags, conditions and purposes of application in the oil and gas field industry and, in particular, in the pipeline transport. The cases of technology implementation by different foreign and domestic companies are described, and some ways of their potential development are indicated. The analysis of technical solutions is given, the advantages achieved in the implementation of RFID systems are compiled.
 The key and promising factors for the use of this technology in pipeline transport are the possibility of minimizing risks in case of accidents and oil spills, minimizing environmental disasters for both organizations and the environment, since the cost of equipping RFID tags and RFID reading equipment can be insignificant in comparison equivalent.

Collision-free process technology for arrayed multipoint devices in coffee machines

Coffee machines have become very popular in recent years, but their lack of functionality still requires a great deal of manual maintenance, which inevitably has many hidden dangers. Coffee machines with radio frequency identification systems (RFID) are more effective in reducing losses due to manual labor, and increasing efficiency. However, collision problems in RFID systems can seriously affect the performance of the system. In this paper, we propose a specific solution to such problems by proposing a collision-free process technology for arrayed multipoint devices. And this technique is successfully applied in a coffee machine. Through design experiments, after 10,000 repeated tests, no collision error occurred. The problem of collisions in coffee machines with RFID mechanisms has been successfully solved.

Survey: An Overview of Lightweight RFID Authentication Protocols Suitable for the Maritime Internet of Things

The maritime sector employs the Internet of Things (IoT) to exploit many of its benefits to maintain a competitive advantage and keep up with the growing demands of the global economy. The maritime IoT (MIoT) not only inherits similar security threats as the general IoT, it also faces cyber threats that do not exist in the traditional IoT due to factors such as the support for long-distance communication and low-bandwidth connectivity. Therefore, the MIoT presents a significant concern for the sustainability and security of the maritime industry, as a successful cyber attack can be detrimental to national security and have a flow-on effect on the global economy. A common component of maritime IoT systems is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. It has been revealed in previous studies that current RFID authentication protocols are insecure against a number of attacks. This paper provides an overview of vulnerabilities relating to maritime RFID systems and systematically reviews lightweight RFID authentication protocols and their impacts if they were to be used in the maritime sector. Specifically, this paper investigates the capabilities of lightweight RFID authentication protocols that could be used in a maritime environment by evaluating those authentication protocols in terms of the encryption system, authentication method, and resistance to various wireless attacks.

Comprehensive Review on Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID Tag

This study reviews the multi-resonator-based chipless radio frequency identification technology. Radiofrequency (RF) waves are used in a wireless data collecting technique called radio frequency identification or simply RFID to automatically identify things. RFID is a promising technology that enables the identification and tracking of objects. Because of its benefits, including cheaper cost, smaller size, and higher security, chipless Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has become more and more attractive as a potential alternative to traditional RFID technology. Chipless RFID labels are minimal expense labels since they are not outfitted with ASIC. RFID transmits data between the RFID transponder, a device that carries data, and the interrogator using radio frequency (RF) waves. The system is completely passive and does not require any kind of outside power source to run. The major advantage of spectral signature-based chipless RFID is that it can encode data in both magnitude and phase. A transponder's essential parts are its transmitter, receiver, and multi-resonators. As a result, this article will evaluate different multi-resonator types, explore numerous chipless RFID applications, and discuss the basic operation of an RFID system. Additionally, this research studies the various coding systems because information coding is an essential part of this technology.

Implementation of a Low-Cost Chipless RFID System With Paper-Based Substrates Printed Tags for Traceability Applications in the Packaging Sector

Increasing competitiveness as well as levels of sustainability are some of the main challenges that the packaging sector is facing. The introduction of information and communication technologies provides new functionalities, such as traceability within logistic processes. In this context, RFID technologies can play a key role but can also pose hurdles, owing to increased cost, as well as to difficulties in relation with recycling and complying with product circularity. In this sense chipless RFID opens new possibilities, by avoiding the use of information coded chips, reducing costs in material and placement, as well by improving recyclability. In this work, a frequency based chipless RFID solution is presented, in which 2D geometrical patterns printed with conductive ink, resembling transmitive or reflective metasurfaces, are designed and integrated within paper-based substrates. An in-house reader system is implemented based on conventional Software Defined Radio platforms in the 0-6GHz and in the 0-12GHz range, in which received signal post-processing is performed to increase reader sensitivity, without the need of using Vector Network Analyzer equipment. Moreover, in order to reduce material waste, an automatic fault detection system based on artificial vision coupled to a robot arm is designed and tested. Different prototypes in paper substrates as well as in reference printed circuit boards have been fabricated and measured, showing good agreement. The proposed solution provides a feasible chipless RFID system with a portable low-cost reader which can be embedded in paper/cardboard materials in packaging applications.