Radio Antenna Research Articles

In situ ground-based mobile measurement of lightning events above central Europe

Abstract. This article describes the equipment (and the advantages of the equipment) used for in situ ground measurements of thunderstorm phenomena with measuring cars. By using all-sky high-speed cameras, radio receivers, and electric field measurements, typical lightning discharges in the central European region have been characterized. Measurements of ionizing radiation during storms using a gamma spectrometer were also performed. At ground level, no ionizing radiation originating from storm clouds was detected, although during other experiments (using the same equipment at lower altitudes corresponding to the lower part of storm clouds) ionizing radiation was detected. We showed that radio antennas with appropriately constructed receivers and all-sky high-speed cameras are devices that can significantly contribute to the understanding of processes taking place in storm clouds during lightning discharges. On the contrary, measurements of the vertical electric field did not provide any new information about the processes occurring in thunderclouds.

Active manipulation of radiated fields by a magnetoplasmonic half-wave dipole nanoantenna.

We demonstrate a concept for the active manipulation of radiated fields by a magnetoplasmonic half-wave dipole nanoantenna. Our idea comprises a two arms nanoantenna, made of metallic ferromagnetic cobalt-silver alloy (Co6Ag94), inspired by the analogous radio frequency half-wave dipole antenna design. Numerical results, obtained under the magnetization saturation condition, indicate a tilting of the radiated beam depending on the magnitude and sense of the magnetization of the ferromagnetic material. Significantly, we obtained tilting angles as large as ±9.7∘ around the y axis for the magnetization placed along the x or z axes, respectively. Results in this work not only open up a new, to the best of our knowledge, way to dynamically manipulate the beam steering at the chip-scale, but also contribute to unveil novel magneto-optical effects at the nanoscale.

A Novel Integrated UWB Sensing and 8-Element MIMO Communication Cognitive Radio Antenna System

In this article, a cognitive radio (CR) integrated antenna system, which has 1 sensing and 24 communication antennas, is proposed for better spectrum utilization efficiency. In the 24 communication antennas, 3 different operating band antennas are realized with an 8-element MIMO configuration. The sensing antenna linked to port 1 is able to sense the spectrum that ranges from 2 to 12 GHz, whereas the communication 8-element MIMO antennas linked with ports 2 to 9, ports 10 to 17 and ports 18 to 25 perform operations in the 2.17–4.74 GHz, 4.57–8.62 GHz and 8.62–12 GHz bands, respectively. Mutual coupling is found to be less than −12 dB between the antenna elements. Peak gain and radiation efficiency of the sensing antenna are better than 2.25 dBi and 82%, respectively, whereas the peak gains and radiation efficiencies of all communication antennas are more than 2.5 dBi and 90%, respectively. Moreover, diversity characteristics of the MIMO antenna are assessed by parameters such as DG, ECC and CCL. It is found that ECC and CCL are less than 0.42 and 0.46 bits/s/Hz, respectively, and also DG is more than 9.1 dB.

Study on applications of radio frequency nano antenna energy conversion and supercapacitors

In this paper, the study on applications of radio frequency nano antenna energy conversion and supercapacitors is presented. Radio Frequency (RF) signals are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths greater than 3 meters. Initially used in wireless communication devices like radios and walkie-talkies, RF signals have found their way into energy conversion and storage applications. When RF signals are received by an antenna with coupled capacitors and a rectifier circuit, they generate a potential difference of a few millivolts. This potential difference can be used as a stable source of energy to power low-voltage applications through ambient RF radiation, and excess energy can be stored in electrochemical storage systems like supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. While this technology is currently limited to low-power applications, it has immense potential in various fields such as medicine, automotive industry, military applications, and more. Researchers are currently working to improve the energy density of supercapacitors by modifying their electrode materials using nanotechnology. One promising material is lignin, derived from wood fibers, which has shown great performance in tests and is expected to be a low-cost solution for high-performance batteries and supercapacitors. As the renewable energy sector continues to advance, we can expect to see more useful applications based on RF nano antennas and micro/nano-sized supercapacitors. The work done & presented in this paper is the result of the mini-project work that has been done by the first sem engineering students of the college and as such there is little novelty in it and the references are being taken from various sources from the internet, the paper is being written by the students to test their writing skills in the starting of their engineering career and also to test the presentation skills during their mini-project presentation. The work done & presented in this paper is the report of the assignment / alternate assessment tool as a part and parcel of the academic assignment of the first year subject on nanotechnology & IoT.

High Gain Multiband Microstrip Antenna for LTE, WLAN, Amateur Radio, and Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications

High Gain Multiband Microstrip Antenna for LTE, WLAN, Amateur Radio, and Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications

Design of Compact Antenna Array for MIMO Implementation Using Characteristic Mode Analysis for 5G NR and Wi-Fi 6 Applications

In this paper, we present a compact antenna for 5G new radio (NR) and Wi-Fi 6 applications. Using characteristic mode analysis (CMA), two orthogonal modes have been separated and then a gapcoupled shaped feed-line has been used to excite the radiator. An open stub is added to achieve the wide operating bandwidth of the antenna. The size of a single antenna element and the 1×2 array-unit (AU) are 20×21.5 mm2 and 40×21.5 mm2, respectively. The operating and fractional bandwidths (FBW) of the AU are 5.18-7.71GHz and 39.25%, respectively. The proposed AU is used to develop a number of radiating element-independent multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antennas comprising of 2AUs, 4AUs, and 8AUs with identical electrical characteristics and good isolation (I).18.8 dB. All the AUs have realized gain 3.0 dBi, and the total antenna efficiency 70% making it suitable for the single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) and multiple users MIMO (MU-MIMO) needed for Wi-Fi 6 applications. To show the application of these antennas, the deployment scenario of a 16AUs MIMO antenna on a large size ground plane which mimics the smart TV panel and router chassis, etc., is also presented. These AUs may find potential applications in radiator-number independent MIMO systems.

Application of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible substrate for wireless body and local area network antenna with CSRR integration

Application of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a flexible substrate for wireless body and local area network antenna with CSRR integration

Reactively Loaded Stripline Fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for Wireless and Biomedical Applications

Reactively Loaded Stripline Fed Rectangular Patch Antenna for Wireless and Biomedical Applications

The depth of the shower maximum of air showers measured with AERA

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA), as part of the Pierre Auger Observatory, is an array of radio antennas probing the nature of ultra-high energy cosmic rays at energies around the transition from Galactic to extra-galactic origin. It measures the MHz radio emission of extensive air showers produced by cosmic rays hitting our atmosphere. The elemental composition of cosmic rays is a crucial piece of information in determining what the sources of cosmic rays are and how cosmic rays are accelerated. This composition can be obtained from the mass-sensitive parameterXmax, the depth of the shower maximum. We reconstructXmaxwith a likelihood analysis, by comparing the measured radio footprint on the ground to an ensemble of footprints from Monte-Carlo CORSIKA/CoREAS air shower simulations. We compare ourXmaxreconstruction with fluorescenceXmaxmeasurements on a per-event basis, a setup unique to the Pierre Auger Observatory, and show the methods to be fully compatible. Furthermore, we extensively validate our reconstruction by identifying and correcting for systematic uncertainties. We determine the resolution of our method as a function of energy and reach a precision better than 15 g cm−2at the highest energies. With a bias-free set of around 600 showers, we find a light to light-mixed composition at energies between 1017.5to 1018.8eV, also in agreement with the Auger fluorescence measurements.

New approaches for gamma-hadron separation at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory located at the geographic South Pole is composed of two detectors. One is the in-ice optical array, which measures high-energy muons from air showers and charged particles produced by the interaction of high-energy neutrinos in the ice. The other is an array of ice-Cherenkov tanks at the surface, called IceTop, which is used both as veto for the in-ice neutrino measurements and for detecting cosmic-ray air showers. In the next decade, the IceCube-Gen2 extension will increase the surface coverage including surface radio antennas and scintillator panels on the footprint of an extended optical array in the ice. The combination of the current surface and in-ice detectors can be exploited for the study of cosmic rays and the search for PeV gamma rays. The in-ice detector measures the high-energy muonic component of air showers, whereas the signal in IceTop is dominated by the electromagnetic component. The relative size of the muonic and electromagnetic components is different for gamma-and hadron-induced air showers. Thus, the gamma-hadron separation of cosmic rays is attempted using machine learning techniques including deep learning. Here, different approaches are presented. Finally, the prospects for the detection of PeV photons with IceCube-Gen2 will be discussed.

Wireless Antenna Sensors for Biosimilar Monitoring Toward Cyber-Physical Systems: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects

Wireless Antenna Sensors for Biosimilar Monitoring Toward Cyber-Physical Systems: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects

A highly sensitive and miniaturized wearable antenna based on MXene films for strain sensing

With the prosperous development of wearable electronics, flexible radio-frequency wireless antenna sensors have attracted considerable interest due to their various applications in the Internet of things (IoT).

DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL GSS PAYLOAD FROM LIGHT CURVES

They are offered reflective features to external surface geostationary satellites on which possible identify the separate external construction geostationary satellites. Such constructions can be; the type and forms radio antennas, solar panels, thermo film on surfaces of the platform. They are given to recommendations and specified moments of time, condition, under which possible find the external payload. The paper presents the results of colorimetric observations of 5 GSS of multipurpose operation, on the platform of which an external payload in the form of several radio antennas was found, and in some cases the orientation and technical characteristics of the GSS were estimated

Fractional-Order Active Disturbance Rejection Controller Design for Large Radio Telescope Antenna

large radio telescope antennas are required in current astronomical research and deep space communication applications. The wind disturbance becomes a serious problem with an increase in the size of the antennas. Based on the typical antenna model, this work aims to design a fractional-order active disturbance rejection controller (FOADRC) for improving the accuracy of the antenna pointing mechanism in wind disturbance. First, the fractional-order active disturbance rejection control scheme is chosen to estimate and compensate both the wind disturbance and other uncertain mechanical dynamics. Afterwards, the relationship between the parameters of fractional-order extended state observer and the performance of disturbance suppression and noise immunity is revealed. The stability of fractional-order extended state observer is proved under similar assumptions as an integer order extended state observer. In addition, a stability region boundary calculation method is presented to simplify the parameter setting procedure. Finally, we perform simulations to verify the superiority of FOADRC in the antenna control system under wind disturbance. The results demonstrate that FOADRC has a good capability of resisting wind disturbance; at the same time, it limits the response overshoot and converges faster compared to other industrial controllers.

Time Domain Measurement System for Electric Field of Radio Interference Generated by Corona Discharge

When corona discharge occurs around the wire, it will be accompanied by the movement of space charge, and then generate corona discharge effects such as radio interference and audible noise. In order to reveal time domain characteristics of the electric field of radio interference generated by corona discharge, a set of time domain measurement systems for radio interference, including oscillator antenna, sampling resistance, and data acquisition system, is developed. Based on the characteristics of corona-generated radio interference and antenna theory, the size of the antenna, the equivalent circuit model, and the selection of sampling resistance are discussed carefully to satisfy the requirements for the measurement of corona-generated radio interference. To verify the effectiveness of the measurement system, an experimental platform with a single corona source is built, and the time domain waveforms of corona current and radio interference are simultaneously measured. Besides, the attenuation law of radio interference is obtained by using a time domain measurement system. The results show that the amplitude of the measured voltage of radio interference decreases exponentially with distance. The time domain measurement system presented in this paper can lay a solid foundation for the time-domain evaluation of the radio interference level generated by corona discharge.

Adaptive Hybrid Precoding With High Energy Efficiency for Millimeter Wave Communication Systems

Conventional hybrid precoding architectures for millimeter wave systems can be classified into two categories: fully-connected (FC) and subconnected (SC). However, due to the large number of phase shifters (PSs), the conventional hybrid precoding architectures often suffer from high power consumptions. To this end, two novel energy-efficient architectures are proposed, which are, respectively, named as adaptive FC (AFC) architecture and adaptive SC (ASC) architecture. The proposed architectures can adapt the connections between the radio frequency chains and antenna elements according to the channel environment, so that the hardware overhead can be reduced remarkably compared with the conventional counterparts. Afterwards, two novel hybrid precoding algorithms are proposed based on the AFC and ASC architectures. Particularly, in the proposed algorithm, a subspace projection-based branch-and-bound method is developed to derive the switch precoding matrix, thereby the computational burden can be reduced by more than two orders of magnitude in comparison to the traditional branch-and-bound method. Additionally, the problem of PS precoding matrix is reformulated as a positive semidefinite quadratic form via an elegant diagonal loading factor, so that the PS precoding matrix can be obtained easily. Simulation results verify that the proposed architectures and algorithms can offer both high energy efficiencies and spectral efficiencies.

Dynamic Joint Functional Split and Resource Allocation Optimization in Elastic Optical Fronthaul

Dynamic reconfigurability in optical and mobile networks can facilitate heterogeneous service provisioning while utilizing minimal resources. This allows cost-efficient service delivery resulting in high revenues for network operators. Deployment of elastic mobile and optical networks is a key driver for enabling reconfigurability in modern networks. Elastic optical networks can be exploited as the fronthaul portion of new generation of mobile networks. Such elastic optical fronthaul networks facilitate joint reconfiguration of flexible radio and optical elements and provide considerable performance improvements. In this paper, we focus on the joint dynamic selection of functional splits and configuration of optical transponders and illustrate that designing a converged network with optical and radio elements improves network power efficiency. A time-averaged stochastic optimization problem is formulated and its solution is derived using a modified version of the Lyapunov drift technique. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can reduce the average power consumption by up to 70% compared to a cloud radio access network with a traditional optical fronthaul. Further, the results show that the modified Lyapunov technique can afford stringent fronthaul delays below 250 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . We also discuss how future technology upgrades such as increasing the number of radio antenna ports and decreasing the granularity of fiber spectrum grid may influence the results.

A new network of electric field mills at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the largest ground-based experiment for the detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In a hybrid approach, many detectors – including radio antennas – observe the extensive air showers induced by cosmic rays. As part of the AugerPrime upgrade, new antennas will be installed on each of the surface-detector stations covering a total area of around 3000 km2. This will allow us to study the mass composition of cosmic rays arriving with large inclination angles.The radio emission of air showers is heavily influenced in the presence of strong atmospheric electric fields during thunderstorm conditions. In that case measured data are difficult to interpret and therefore the atmospheric electric field over the array has to be monitored. We present the design and status of a new network of electric field mills (EFM) that will be used to take on this task. We show how we plan to perform the measurements with an absolute calibration. In addition, the electric-field data will be useful for other studies related to atmospheric electricity.

Development of large-aperture radio telescopes and applications of coupled structural-electromagnetic theory

<p indent="0mm">The smooth operation of radio telescopes is essential in radio astronomy. This paper establishes the importance of radio telescopes via examples of the discovery of gravitational waves, the merger of neutron stars, and the first black hole photograph. As radio astronomy advances, radio telescopes require larger apertures and higher pointing accuracy, resulting in a closer structural-electromagnetic coupling. To solve the coupled structural-electromagnetic problem of radio telescopes, the development of a coupled structural-electromagnetic theory is key to the smooth and efficient operation of large-aperture radio telescopes. To this end, this paper describes the development of radio telescopes built and put into operation in the last decade, as well as those under construction and to be built, and emphasizes the importance of coupled structural-electromagnetic theory in the design, manufacture, and operation of radio telescopes. Then, the paper systematically summarizes the application of coupled structural-electromagnetic theory in radio telescopes. Finally, future research hotspots of electromechanical coupling are proposed based on the development of radio astronomy and the performance requirements of large-aperture radio telescope antennas.

Ultra Wideband THz IRS Communications: Applications, Challenges, Key Techniques, and Research Opportunities

Terahertz (THz) communication is a promising technology for future wireless networks due to its ultra-wide bandwidth. However, THz signals suffer from severe attenuation and poor diffraction capability, making it vulnerable to blocking obstacles. To compensate for these two shortcomings and improve the system performance, an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) can be exploited to change the propagation direction and enhance the signal strength. In this article, we investigate this promising ultra wideband (UWB) THz IRS communication paradigm. We start by motivating our research and describing several potential application scenarios. Then we identify major challenges faced by UWB THz IRS communications. To overcome these challenges, several effective key techniques are developed: the time delayer-based sparse radio frequency antenna structure, delay hybrid precoding, and IRS deployment. Simulation results are also presented to compare the system performance for these proposed techniques, thus demonstrating their effectiveness. Finally, we highlight several open issues and research opportunities for UWB THz IRS communications.