Radical Process Research Articles

Site-selective editing of carbohydrate scaffolds to access rare sugars enabled by photoinduced radical processes

Herein, we summarize recent achievements via photoinduced radical-mediated strategies that enable the precise modification of carbohydrates.

Impact of anionic synthetic surfactants of lead ions and their combinations on the pigment profile of freshwater plant organisms Ceratophyllum demersum and Egeria densa

The development of human civilization inevitably leads to the development of production with increasing emissions of many chemicals into the environment. This is especially noticeable in relation to surface waters of fresh water bodies. A very alarming point is that the amount of toxic anthropogenic substances, including heavy metals, is growing every year and is increasingly disturbing the existing ecological balance. Plant organisms of water bodies are among the first to experience the effects of any anthropogenic pollutants and especially heavy metals and surfactants, the amount of which increases in the water of rivers and lakes. Very important in this is the complex of morpho-physiological adaptations associated with restructuring in the structure of chloroplasts. Changes in the content of photosynthetic pigments in plants of two species (Ceratophyllum demersum and Egeria densa) were assessed when they were exposed to very common technogenic substances (lead ions and a solution of anionic synthetic surfactants). In plants, there is a decrease in the activity of molecular transport, inhibition of H+-ATPase, leading to a decrease in the pH of the cytoplasm and activation of hydrolases, which enhance the breakdown of biopolymers. This leads to changes in the expression of individual genes and increased synthesis of a number of stress proteins. Under these conditions, the assembly of cytoskeletal elements is activated, the structures of membrane proteins and lipids change, the level of ATP decreases, free radical processes are activated and the intensity of photosynthesis is inhibited.

Plazas domeñadas. Impactos de la turistificación sobre el espacio público urbano

This paper analyses the processes of modification with a view to tourism that are currently taking place in the most emblematic public squares in the centre of Seville (Spain). These spaces have historically constituted the preeminent meeting places for collective use. However, as in other cities that are specialised in the tourist sector, Seville is undergoing a radical process of transformation of the public space embodied in its squares. The research, based on a bibliographical and documentary review and ethnographic fieldwork, reveals that the expansion of tourism has altered the secular multifunctional character of the squares anal‑ ysed as places of expression of life and social diversity. It finds that the intensification of tourism is eroding the traditional meanings, social uses and functions of these central spaces. To varying degrees, the increas‑ ing specialisation in tourism is gradually transforming the squares into “tamed” spaces, that is to say subject to the service of tourist activity. At the same time, this process is triggering new uses and functions, leading to newly shaped socio-cultural dynamics.

Radical cascade silylation/cyclization of 1,7-dienes to access silyl-substituted benzo[b]azepin-2-ones.

A novel silyl radical-induced cascade silylation/cyclization of 1,7-dienes has been realized employing readily available hydrosilanes as a silicon source and Cu(I) salt as a catalyst. This protocol introduces diverse silicon fragments into a challenging 7-membered ring structure and provides an efficient approach to a wide array of biologically important silyl-substituted benzo[b]azepin-2-ones. Several control experiments suggest that the reaction undergoes a free radical process. The gram-scale synthesis and late-stage transformations further demonstrate the scalability and applicability of the reaction in organic synthesis.

A silver-mediated radical process of β-keto sulfones for the synthesis of 2,3-diacyl furans.

A facile and efficient method for constructing 2,3-diacyl trisubstituted furans via a silver-mediated radical process of β-keto sulfones is developed. The reaction mechanism has been carefully investigated, revealing that the transformation proceeds through a radical pathway, leading to moderate to good yields of desired products.

Iridium(III)-catalyzed photoredox cross-coupling of alkyl bromides with trialkyl amines: access to α-alkylated aldehydes.

A C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross coupling approach based on an iridium-photocatalytic radical process has been developed enabling the synthesis of various α-alkylated aldehydes from easily available/synthesized alkyl bromides and trialkyl amines under mild photocatalytic conditions. The synthesized aldehydes are also explored as a functional handle for various useful products such as carboxylic acid, alcohol and N-heterocycle synthesis.

Academician Zarifa Aliyeva – 100

In 2023, the 100th anniversary of the outstanding Azerbaijani ophthalmologist, Honored Scientist, laureate of the M. Averbakh Prize, academician Zarifa Aliyeva, was celebrated. A significant chapter of academician Zarifa Aliyeva's illustrious scientific career, revealing her innate talent and unwavering dedication, is intrinsically linked to the Abdulla Garayev Institute of Physiology. In 1979, Zarifa khanum initiated and saw through the establishment of the laboratory “Physiology of the Visual Organ and Occupational Pathology." Her transition from an accomplished ophthalmologist to a pioneering theoretical scientist was a testament to her vision and leadership. The laboratory's early research focused on the topic of “Clinical-physiological and morphohistochemical characteristics of the visual organ in individuals working under the influence of various chemical factors." As a scientist, Zarifa khanum was committed to addressing the most pressing and significant issues of her era, particularly those concerning human well-being. At the time, Azerbaijan was considered a hub of the chemical industry in the former USSR. Consequently, her laboratory sought to comprehensively analyze the long-term, chronic impact of various chemical agents used in industrial settings on the visual organ, with a keen focus on early detection of associated changes. This pioneering work laid the foundation for a new direction in ophthalmology, not only in Azerbaijan but throughout the former Soviet Union, focusing on innovative approaches to studying and preventing occupational eye diseases. In recognition of her contributions, academician Zarifa Aliyeva was honored with the M.I. Averbakh Prize by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in 1981. This research unfolded on a grand scale, encompassing over 4,000 workers and approximately 500 agricultural specialists who participated in ophthalmological examinations. This exemplified the close alignment of science and production, a cornerstone of modern scientific inquiry, in the work conducted by Zarifa khanum five decades ago. Zarifa Khanum was an innovative scientist ahead of her time who introduced electrophysiological methods alongside extensive ophthalmological examinations in her research. Her studies delved into the effects of toxic substances on the functional state of the retina, free radical processes, and neurotransmitter levels. The results of her pioneering work continue to captivate and inspire numerous scholars in modern times. A special area of Zarifa khanum's scientific inquiry was the study of age-related changes in the visual organ. Her book, “Age-Related Changes of the Eye and Optic Nerve Tract," marked the genesis of a new field within ophthalmology, known as ophthalmological gerontology. This work remains highly pertinent today, especially in the context of ongoing gerontological research at our institute. It's worth noting that her laboratory's staff continued research in this vein after her passing. In the late 1980s, the laboratory's ophthalmologists actively participated in international scientific expeditions both in Azerbaijan and in regions of the former USSR, including Crimea, as part of the “Longevity Phenomenon” international cooperation program. They studied age-related changes in the visual organ among 900 individuals over 90 years of age, publishing several highly significant scientific articles that remain relevant to specialists today. In the 1990s, due to the challenging socio-political factors, Zarifa khanum's laboratory faced an unfortunate hiatus. In 2016, we took the initiative to reestablish this laboratory. A research group called “Physiology of Vision” was formed under the directorate to continue Zarifa khanum's legacy in the realm of physiology and age-related visual pathology. This group achieved remarkable scientific success in a short time, exploring intricate links between neurodegenerative diseases and the visual system's structures. With support from the Science Development Fund, the group launched international cooperation programs, enhancing its team and, ultimately, establishing the “Physiology of Vision and Neurodegenerative Processes” laboratory in 2021. Today, the laboratory is intently focused on studying the neurophysiological mechanisms of visual impairment during neurodegenerative diseases and pioneering innovative rehabilitation methods. The scientific ideas of academician Zarifa Aliyeva grow in relevance with time. Her scientific legacy perseveres, serving the cause of a healthier society. It is incumbent upon all of us to support this legacy and carry forward the scientific traditions of this eminent scientist. The International Conference "Physiology of vision and occupational pathologies: fundamental and applied aspects" and the 6th Congress of Azerbaijan Physiologists held on October 30-31, 2023, in Baku were dedicated to the 100th anniversaries of the National Leader of the Azerbaijani people, Heydar Aliyev, and the outstanding scientist, academician Zarifa Aliyeva. The current issue of the journal is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the academician Zarifa Aliyeva.

Islam in education: how marginalizing Islamic curriculum from Egypt's national education has contributed to religious extremism

This study investigates the impact of marginalizing religious curriculum in the public-school system on the tolerance levels among Egyptian youth. Unlike previous research associating religious instruction with radicalization, this study offers new perspectives on the detrimental effects of marginalizing religious education in fostering tolerance. It argues that a balanced religious education can prevent the radicalization of young individuals by extremist groups. The central question is whether education significantly influences the radicalization process. The argument suggests that the secularization of education has intensified interest in Islam, leading to polarization fueled by radical factions with pre-existing objectives. Using a qualitative methodology, specifically a case study design, the research conducted interviews with 57 participants from the national school background. Findings reveal that marginalizing Islamic curricula has adverse effects on promoting tolerance among youth. The study aims to provide education officials with insights into the negative consequences of marginalizing religious curricula, emphasizing the need for a nuanced approach to religious education within the broader educational framework. Recognizing and addressing these consequences can contribute to building a more tolerant and cohesive society

Synthesis of Selenooxazoles through Electrochemical Oxidative Selenocyclization ofN‐Propargylamides

AbstractAn electrocatalytic approach for the bromide‐mediated selenocyclization ofN‐propargylamides with diselenides is described, providing a synthetic route for the synthesis of various seleno‐oxazoles in 41–73% yields. The success of gram‐scale experiments demonstrate the potential value of this protocol in synthetic chemistry. Mechanistic investigations suggest that this selenocyclization protocol proceed through two possible pathways, including selenium cation and radical processes.

ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROPHYLACTIC COMPLEX WITH QUERCETIN IN OVARIECTOMIZED RATS

Introduction. Premature ovarian failure is characterized by the onset of menopause before age 40 and is accompanied by a decrease in estrogen levels in the body. This condition has a negative impact on almost all physiological systems of the body. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of patients with this pathology, which is associated with the spread of medical intervention in the reproductive sphere, environmental pollution, and stress. Aim. The purpose of this study was to experimentally clarify the state of such indicators of the antioxidant-prooxidant system as catalase, malondialdehyde, antioxidant-prooxidant index in blood serum, mucous membranes of the digestive tract, liver and alveolar process of the lower jaw of female rats after surgical menopause (ovariectomy) in in combination with a diet deficient in calcium and protein composition, as well as establishing the antioxidant efficiency of a complex based on quercetin, vitamins and macro and microelements. Methods. The research was conducted on 24 female Wistar rats aged 2.5 months, which were divided into 3 groups (8 in each): 1 – intact animals; 2 – animals in which surgical menopause was modeled by ovariectomy and kept on a diet with inferior composition; 3 – animals that, against the background of ovariectomy, were prophylactically administered a complex of quercetin, vitamins, macro- and microelements at a dose of 500 mg/kg. After 4 months, the animals were removed from the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, catalase activity, and antioxidant-prooxidant index (API) were determined in blood serum, homogenates of mucous membranes of the digestive tract, liver, and alveolar process. Results. The analysis of the data obtained by us showed that in the group of rats with which the pathology was modeled, there was a drop in the activity of the catalase enzyme in the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and liver from 5.61% to 38.49%, an increase in the MDA content from 25.78% to 50.00% and a decrease in the API index from 25.08 to 56.24% relative to the indicators of the group of intact rats with a high level of reliability (p < 0.05–0.001). The content of MDA in the blood serum increased by 31,91%, and in the bone tissue of the jaws – by 23,28%, API was lower in the blood by 16,45% and by 10,39% in the bone tissue (p < 0,05–0,001). The obtained data allow us to assert about the increased formation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of their inactivation processes. It should be noted that the activity of catalase in the blood serum and alveolar process of the jaws of animals with pathology, on the contrary, increased by 10.19% and 10.78%, respectively, which indicates compensatory antioxidant capabilities in these tissues. When using the biologically active complex, there was an increase in catalase activity in the mucous membranes of the digestive tract by 5,63–40,8%, a decrease in the activity of MDA by 17.84–23.03%, and an increase in the API index by 27,93–80,84% (p<0,05–0,001). In the bone tissue of the jaws of animals under the influence of the complex, the activity of catalase increased by 7,52%, and API – by 33,3%, while the content of MDA decreased by 19,43%. In the blood of animals with pathology, the complex of drugs contributed to a decrease in the MDA level by 17,38%, an increase in the activity of catalase by 6,16% and the API index by 28,44%. Based on the above, it can be stated that the complex developed by us has a powerful antioxidant effect in conditions of estrogen, dietary protein and calcium deficiency in female rats. Conclusions. Menopause of surgical genesis in combination with nutritional deficiency of protein and calcium contributed to suppression of antioxidant protection against the background of activation of pro-oxidant processes. The use of a biologically active complex with quercetin, vitamins, calcium citrate, macro- and microelements increased the activity of the antioxidant defense system directed against free radical processes.

Community Harm Risk Assessment Review Board and a Reflective Praxis Guide as a Radical Participatory Process for Harm Reduction in Participatory Action Research and Evaluation

This paper calls for the critical and ongoing examination of the often invisible harm that occurs in traditional participatory research (and evaluation) efforts. The authors argue that this harm is caused by and must be understood within the context of white supremacist and colonial systems that inform practice standards and norms. In response, we introduce a Community Harm Risk Assessment (CHRA) Reflective Praxis Guide grounded in principles of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Justice (DEIJ) and trauma-informed practices as a radical participatory process for harm reduction in evaluation and participatory research. This new approach is explored in the context of opening a Center to support the implementation of the CHRA and a Community Harm Risk Assessment Review Board (CHRARB), an initiative motivated by the lead author’s nearly two decades of experience in conventional participatory research (and evaluation) methods and observing how these methods and the misuse of these methods, can cause more harm than healing to individuals and communities intended to benefit through our work. This paper will provide an overview of the literature that speaks to observed limitations currently present in participatory research methods, share harmful practices present in participatory research (and evaluation) work, and introduce the Center, CHRARB, and CHRA reflective praxis guide for practitioners, applied researchers, and evaluators to address harm with more intentionality in their work, as well as strategically shift research and evaluation practices away from colonial and white supremacist norms.

Microwave-mediated ultrafast solid-state construction of O vacancies enriched cobalt oxide/nitrogen carbon aerogel toward efficient tetracycline degradation with peroxymonosulfate

A rapid microwave assisted carbonization of dicyandiamide and cobalt nitrate was developed for the first time to prepare cobalt oxide/nitrogen carbon aerogel materials, in which cobalt oxide species were uniformly loaded with the characteristics of multivalent Co species. Moreover, the rapid heating process introduced abundant oxygen vacancies and N containing heterocycles in Co@NC3A materials. The optimal Co@NC3A exhibited complete TC degradation within 10 min with a rate constant up to 0.8609 min−1 at 25 °C. Meanwhile, the Co@NC3A also had general applicability in various antibiotics and dyes degradation. Radical quenching experiment and EPR test revealed the coexistence of radical and non-radical activation process in Co@NC3A/PMS system. Multivalent Co species could activate PMS to facilitate the SO4•- and •OH production. In addition, 1O2 and direct electron transfer mediated non-radical pathways were accelerated with O vacancies and N containing heterocycle.

Methabolic reaction on the cerebral ischemia during carotid artery surgery

One of the ischemic stroke prevention methods is reconstructive surgery on the carotid arteries, during which there is a risk of ischemia-reperfusion phenomenon. Nevertheless, there is still a high risk of stroke at all stages of the surgery, which equally depends on the atherosclerotic plaque structure and on the technique and tactics of surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of redox homeostasis and nitric oxide production in the blood taken from the internal jugular vein in patients with carotid arteries pathology against the episode of cerebral blood flow restriction during carotid surgery. This prospective cohort study involved 56 patients which required carotid reconstructive surgery. The markers dynamics of oxygen metabolism, redox homeostasis and nitric oxide production in blood from the internal jugular vein on the side of surgery were studied. It was found that the activity of free radical processes is proportional to the level of jugular hypoxemia. Bidirectional dynamics of lactate concentration during intraoperative transient cerebral ischemia was revealed. In some patients, lactate production activates with an increase in free radical processes activity in proportion to the intensification of nitric oxide synthesis against a decrease in peroxynitrite production and activation of molecular compensatory mechanisms increasing concentrations of L-arginine and reduced glutathione. In others, the extraction of oxygen from the blood increases without lactate production, activation of nitric oxide synthesis and development of oxidative stress. This indicates good adaptive reserves against acute restriction of cerebral blood flow.

Countering reactionary co-radicalization (RC-R): using multi-representational ads

ABSTRACT This study analyses a prototypical ad for countering reactive co-radicalisation, a radicalisation process that occurs in one population segment as a response to radicalisation perceived in another population segment. We employ a multi-representational approach to develop an ad-based solution for undermining dehumanisation of perceived “others”. This “re-humanisation” process is illustrated within the context of the “Mad Mullah” stereotype, a traditional target of reactive co-radicalisation used by right-wing extremists. Using a combination of Critical Visual Theory (CVT) and Dimensional Qualitative Research (DQR), we reveal the structuration of empathy embedded within the re-humanised image of the Muslim “other” in the ad. This contributes to current understanding of attitudinal inoculation by explaining the importance of cultivating empathy in the process of re-humanising the dehumanised “other”.

Distal Functional Group Migration of Unactivated Alkenes with IMDN‐Tf Reagents

AbstractThe difunctionalization of alkenes involving 1,5‐functional group migration strategies for the conversion of versatile and readily available olefins into more structurally complex molecules has been greatly studied. However, the vast majority of the reported reactions rely on strongly oxidizing conditions and oxidizing fluoroalkyl radical reagents. In contrast, few reactions with reduced radical reagents have been reported. This work describes a photo / electroredox catalytic condition for difunctional modification of unactivated olefins via a radical process using IMDN‐Tf reagents with broad substrate scope and excellent tolerance.

The American agitator goes digital: Understanding the affective role of agitational aesthetics in the online fascist recruitment of youth

Given the rise in extremist radicalization using digital media, antifascist education must develop its own philosophy of digital technologies. The first half of this paper turns to Leo Löwenthal and Norbert Guterman’s theory of the American agitator as well as Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno’s notion of fascist projection and paranoia to provide groundwork for this project. Though written in the 1940s, Frankfurt School essays on agitation and projection can be thought of as early indications of the importance of affect in fascist politics, which has only become intensified with the advent of digital media. The paper then proceeds to apply a critical concept of “agitational aesthetics” to chan culture in the present day, highlighting the affective economy of memes in the radicalization process. In conclusion, a series of questions are posed to educators to help them think through the complexities of intervening before, during, and after the online agitation of proto-fascist tendencies in youth.

Efficient degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the landfill leachate by sludge biochar activated peracetic acid: Radical vs non-radical process

Peracetic acid (PAA) has been increasingly used as a disinfectant and oxidant in wastewater treatment. The activation of PAA was crucial for the oxidation of refractory contaminants in the wastewater. Herein, the sludge biochar (SDBC) was fabricated, and then used as the activator for PAA to degrade fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs). Results show that FQs underwent rapid degradation by SDBC/PAA system at neutral pH, and the first-order rate constant (kobs) of enrofloxacin (ENR, 0.0886 min−1) was higher than those of ciprofloxacin (CIP, 0.0313 min−1) and ofloxacin (OFL, 0.0327 min−1). FQs degradation conformed the first order kinetics. Scavenging experiments and EPR analysis indicated both radical and non-radical process contributed to FQs degradation, with non-radical process act as the dominant role. The abundant π electrons and carbon-containing functional groups on the surface of SDBC facilitated electron transfer, resulting in PAA activation for 1O2 generation; while the iron species on SDBC could also activate PAA to generate the organic radicals, i.e., CH3COO· and CH3COOO·. The degradation of FQs underwent the defluorination, decomposition and shedding of piperazine rings, and the toxicity of FQs was significantly diminished after treatment by SDBC/PAA. SDBC had excellent activity and reusability in PAA activation, and SDBC/PAA process could resist the interference by the complicated water matrices with wide pH adaptability. Hence, the non-radical dominated degradation of FQs by SDBC/PAA maintained high efficiency in the real landfill leachate. This work provides a promising strategy to eliminate antibiotics and its biological activity in the complicated water matrices.

Changes in the oxidative-antioxidant status of blood in freestyle wrestlers under the influence of physical exertion

Purpose of the study: to evaluate the “lipid peroxidation-antioxidant protection” system in freestyle wrestlers under the influence of intense physical activity in order to identify the nature of oxidative processes and the antioxidant status of the athletes’ body.Materials and methods: the study involved athletes — freestyle wrestlers, boys 18–22 years old, with sports qualifications: candidate master of sports or master of sports, regularly involved in freestyle wrestling. The control group consisted of students who did not have a sports category and were not involved in sports activities, comparable in gender, age, weight category with the comparison group. The material for the study was plasma and red blood cells. Blood sampling from athletes was carried out twice, at the end of the preparatory and competitive periods, in the morning, on an empty stomach from the ulnar vein, in accordance with generally accepted requirements. Components of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense were determined using spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods.Results: it was found that in athletes after intense physical activity (competitive period), there is a significantly significant decrease in substrates with double bonds by 61 %, primary products by 59 % and intermediate products by 44 %, an increase in the final products of lipid peroxidation by 25 % against the background of inhibition activity of antioxidant protection components: retinol by 40 %, superoxide dismutase by 7 % and reduced glutathione by 11 %.Conclusion: The level of free radical processes increases during physical activity due to the accumulation of oxygen in organs and tissues, and depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. In the course of the study, it was established that the preparatory and competitive periods, in comparison with the control group, among freestyle wrestlers, depending on the previous level of physical activity, are characterized by activation of lipid peroxidation processes and inhibition of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of antioxidant protection. The established changes are recommended to be taken into account when conducting comprehensive rehabilitation of athletes, when developing recommendations for improving the training process, as well as when using antioxidant complexes for athletes aimed at restoring various parts of the body’s antioxidant defense.

INVESTIGATING THE COMPARATIVE ANTIOXIDANT PARTITIONING IN FRIED OILS AND FRIED POTATOES: A SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION

Frying is a complex process that enhances the attractiveness and flavor of the final product. In this specific investigation, potato slices were subjected to frying using sun flower oil, and an antioxidant was introduced at a concentration of 200 ppm in accordance with FDA guidelines. Both the potato slices and the frying oil were analyzed to determine the levels of antioxidants after several frying cycles. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the distribution of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG) in the fried potato slices and the frying oils. To conduct the experiments, batches of 50 grams of sliced potatoes were fried at 180ºC for 3-5 minutes per batch. The results showed that TBHQ demonstrated a superior ability to retain antioxidants compared to the other two types. TBHQ experienced significant degradation at frying temperatures, which likely contributes to the stability of the frying oil. The by-products generated during this degradation process impede the radical chain elongation process. As a result, the effectiveness of the antioxidants followed this order: TBHQ > BHA > PG.

Comparison of radiation protection effects between epigallocatechin gallate and ascorbic acid

Ionizing radiation can originate from naturally occurring radiation sources on the earth or it can be from man-made sources. When interacting with cells and living organisms, ionizing radiation produces free radicals, impacting biological molecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA in the cell nucleus and membrane, leading to cell death or causing cell mutations. Epigallocathecin gallate (EGCG) and ascorbic acid (AA) are well-known natural antioxidants that have been studied and applied as potential radical scavengers. In this study, the radiation protection effects in the presence of EGCG and AA via the scavenging process of free radicals (mainly hydroxyl radicals) were examined. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells were grown in YDP liquid medium containing yeast extract, peptone, and dextrose/glucose that supplemented with EGCG and AA at different concentrations. Then, the cell cultures were irradiated with both low (gamma) and high (helium ion beam) linear energy transfer (LET) radiations to evaluate the radiation effect on the survival of the yeast cell. Both of EGCG and AA play effectively important roles as radiation-protective agent for yeast cells and the effectiveness in radiation protection of EGCG and AA at the same concentration was almost the same between these two additives.