Radical Movements Research Articles

The Rhetoric of Islamist Radical Organizations as a Method of Manipulating the Consciousness of Believers in the Late 20th – Early 21st Centuries

The article examines the influence of specific radical movements of Islam on their adherents through the linguistic attitudes. In the introduction, the author examines the general global reasons due to which a person in modern society is especially susceptible to various types of involvement in destructive cults. The main part of the article is devoted to the consideration of practical examples of verbal manipulations used by the Islamists. The paper also mentions extremist and terrorist organizations whose activities are prohibited on the territory of the Russian Federation and discusses their distorted interpretations of classical theological texts. By analyzing specialized literature in Russian and Arabic, as well as empirically, the research reveals the ways to influence the personality of a believer through the language. The author of the publication personally held many meetings in pre-trial detention centers with those under investigation and accused on extremist and terrorist charges and collected a large amount of empirical material. A conclusion is drawn about the main linguistic manipulations of Islamist organizations.

Peculiarities of the social structure of the electorate of left-wing parties in the EU countries

The article is devoted to the analysis of the political situation in the European Union, focusing on changes in support for left-wing parties in the context of global challenges. Transformations in the electoral preferences of EU citizens caused by economic and political turmoil and international conflicts are considered. The main focus is on the growing popularity of radical left populist parties. The analysis shows that traditional left-wing parties are losing support due to insufficiently radical proposals, which leads to fragmentation of their electorate. Radicalization of political sentiment is seen as a serious challenge, as radical movements are less predictable and can create political instability in the region. In this regard, analysts are faced with the question of possible changes in the political landscape, which is especially important in the context of tense international relations and sanctions pressure on Russia. The author emphasizes the need to understand political changes and forecast their consequences in order to develop effective electoral forecasts. The article considers the main results of the 2024 European Parliament elections, their impact on electoral preferences and changes in the EU political landscape. The theoretical approaches and empirical studies of leading domestic and foreign scholars in the field of studying party systems are analyzed, which allows us to assess current and future trends in European politics. The work also touches upon the issues of uniting left-wing forces in opposition to right-wing parties, as well as possible scenarios for the development of the political situation in the European Parliament and its impact on international relations and interstate interaction.

Circe, the female hero. First-person narrative and power in Madeline Miller’s Circe

Abstract This article analyzes Madeline Miller’s Circe in relation to the contemporary trend of women’s mythological retellings of marginalized female characters. Because of Circe’s first-person narrative, Miller’s book has been interpreted and marketed as empowering and feminist; however, Circe’s narrative structure rather reaffirms the ideological assumptions underlying the ‘masculine’ Bildungsroman, where the female character’s individual experience is defined by romance and she is ultimately excluded from the social scene. The dichotomy between the marketing rhetoric of empowerment and the novel’s actual narrative structure stimulates a broader reflection about the ideological implication of this novelistic trend as a whole. On the one hand, these novels exploit the well-established exemplary value of Graeco-Roman antiquity to offer a new version of the classical canon which accommodates the critiques of radical movements like feminism; on the other hand, they appropriate the progressive aura of such movements to secure a broader audience while in fact leaving power imbalances unquestioned.

Pastoral Care for Christian and Muslim Women Regarding Radicalism in Indonesia

Women are known as those who give birth to life and maintain life. However, the conflict that occurred in Indonesia has destroyed lives and made many women victims. In subsequent developments, women are not only victims but also perpetrators or victimizers, particularly in religious-based conflicts because of their involvement in radicalism movements. This happens a lot among Muslim women to defend their religion. The question that arises is whether the same thing also happens among Christian women as a result of the pressure and oppression they experience from the majority group, namely Muslims. Research on this topic was carried out using a mixed method between quantitative and qualitative research. This topic is reviewed from a feminist perspective. This research will be carried out in pastoral care to prevent women from being involved in radical movements and encourage them to become agents of peace who seek positive radicalism or peaceful radicalism.

Unwilling allies: the USSR, the Communist Party of Argentina, and the military dictatorship in Argentina, 1976–1983

The author of this article aims to explore the complex and contradictory relationship between the Communist Party of Argentina, the Soviet Union, and the military regime in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. It was a period of right-wing military dictatorship domination in the region, characterised by outright terrorist policies against left-wing forces, mass violations of human rights, which put the International Communist Movement in an ambiguous position due to the USSR’s close cooperation with the Argentine military junta. A unique situation of mutual interest between Soviet foreign policy and the military dictatorship developed in the USSR’s relations with the military regime in Argentina. The most important factor in this contradictory situation was the position of the Communist Party of Argentina, supported by the CPSU, on co-operation with a regime that other communist parties and leftist forces qualified as fascist, ultra-reactionary, and anti-communist. The USSR found moral and political justification for its cooperation with the Argentine regime in the policies of local communists who supported the regime, justifying its repression of leftist radical movements, especially the Montoneros. The Argentine Communist Party justified its policy by referring to the junta’s growing cooperation with the USSR. The article explores the reasons for this policy of the Communist Party, which caused tension in the international communist movement and the subsequent isolation of the Argentinian Communist Party. The specific political interests of the USSR were supported by the Argentine communists, who, in turn, saw in them a guarantee of their interests in the conditions of the harsh right-wing military regime in the country. For the first time in historiography, this paper, drawing on records from the archive of the CPSU Central Committee, documents the complex process of reconciling the USSR’s economic and political interests in Argentina during this difficult period of the Cold War.

‘O! awa wi sic sangs as aft hae been sung’: radical songwriting and the rethinking of Chartism

ABSTRACT Chartist songs, and the movement’s culture more generally, have received growing scholarly attention in recent decades. This article uses a case study of the many Chartist songs written to the tune of Robert Burns’s ‘Scots wha hae’ to explore the ways in which Chartist songwriters participated in the reworking of radical culture and ideas taking place in the 1830s and 1840s. These Chartist versions of ‘Scots wha hae’ – new words to an old tune – engaged in a conscious and creative dialogue between the Chartist present and the radical past. As such, they are an ideal source for exploring continuity and change in nineteenth-century radicalism, a topic of sustained historical controversy since the 1980s. Rather than indicating continuity, these re-writes of ‘Scots wha hae’ reveal how the Chartists saw themselves as a new phase of radicalism, facing novel political and economic challenges, appealing to broader constituencies of nationality, class and gender, and foregrounding working-class, rather than gentlemanly, leadership. Moreover, the act of showcasing this plebeian musical creativity on a scale unmatched by previous radical movements illustrates Chartism’s commitment to songwriting as both a key form of democratic activism and an innovative challenge to the cultural hierarchies of Victorian society.

Legal Politics of Religious Moderation and State Defense Policy at Public Universities

This study aims to discuss the policy of the Ministry of Religious Affairs through the Sub Directorate of Islamic Religious Education at Public Universities (PTU) in forming Griya Moderasi Beragama dan Bela Negara (MBBN) to strengthen the understanding of religious moderation and eliminate religiousness that often legitimizes violence as a manifestation of religious teachings during the rise of groups that claim to be the most correct. This study uses doctrinal law, political law, and critical analysis approaches. Data analysis was conducted by exploring moderation policy documents and legislation products. This study found that the legal politics of Religious Moderation and State Defence at PTU is a strategic government policy to strengthen the nation's life amid legal and religious plurality in the face of confrontation with radicalism groups. The government's strategic policy is synergized with national development, accelerating the realization of justice and welfare. The policy is also a firm step by the Indonesian government in contributing to the world according to the demands and developments of diversity in the era of globalization, especially in counteracting the massive movement of radicalism and intolerance in Indonesia.

Un ministro homicida: polémicas en la prensa norteamericana en torno al caso de Jacob S. Harden (1860)

This study examines the case of Jacob S. Harden, a young Methodist preacher who in 1860 was tried, convicted, and executed in a rural town in the state of New Jersey, United States, for the murder of his wife. The study focuses on the controversies raised in the North American press regarding the case, and how these controversies reflected some evolving ideas in the United Sates at the time: ideas regarding criminal psychology, the causes of criminality, the possibility of prison rehabilitation, the relationship between the clergy and radical movements of reform and social experimentation, and the relative value of public executions as a form of moral admonition for the masses.

Resistance and Change in Form and Content of International Law: A Third World Perspective on Commodity Form Theory of International Law

Can Marxists, especially in the Third World, use international law for progressive social change? Responding to the Soviet Union's context and its jurisprudential challenges in constructing socialism, Pashukanis's seminal work on commodity form theory is nihilistic, assuming the very nature of form of international law as bourgeois with limited possibilities of radical change as its new content. European Marxism, on the other hand, in its context of revolutionary defeat and consequent postmodernist pessimism of cultural Marxism, either relies on Pashukanis's nihilistic position or a pragmatist and realist posture, insisting on staying within the law's bourgeois form and being content with social democracy. As opposed to this, Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholars, while exploring the imperialist nature of international law and representing one variant of Third World Marxism, have been more optimistic, wanting to use international law to restrain and shield against powerful Western states, i.e., they believe that the content of Third World resistance can change the form of international law. This article deconstructs this class “content” of international law in the understanding of TWAIL and shows the postcolonial Third World states, and even in the yet to be independent states, were dominated by their dependent local elite, which had compromised by the ex-colonizers and had started blocking radical structural changes in Third World. Soon, the target of imperialism and the Third World elite became radical movements in the Third World, and this struggle of the marginalized shaped international law. Therefore, relying on the radical tradition of Third World Marxism and taking the right of self-determination as an example, this article argues that both the content and form of international law were simultaneously used, subverted, and changed in a dialectical and dynamic way by the resistance of the people of the Third World.

Prophetic Leadership as an Effort to Plant Moderate Value of Santri

The radicalism movement has become the main cause of the growth of terrorism cases in Indonesia. This movement has successfully spread to various educational institutions, one of which is pesantren (Islamic boarding schools). The entry of radicalism into pesantren is inseparable from the lack of internalization of religious moderation attitudes by pesantren leaders towards their students. The Kiai, through a prophetic leadership model, have a major role in internalizing religious moderation in their students through their influence in pesantren. This research aims to find the concept of prophetic leadership, prophetic leadership strategies in internalizing religious moderation, and the implications of prophetic leadership. This research uses a qualitative approach with a multisite study type. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis uses data condensation, data display, and making conclusions. The research results conclude that the concept of prophetic leadership is carried out through education, religious learning, and istiqamah (steadfastness) in worship. The strategy of internalizing religious moderation is carried out by exemplification, habituation, and understanding. The implications of prophetic leadership include strengthening the religious moderation of students, strengthening moderation education, and forming student morals.

Перспективы развития комплексной психолого-религиоведческой экспертизы

Broad distribution of pseudo-values in recent decades that contradict true spirituality, morality, cultural and historical traditions has resulted in barring theologians and religious scholars from participation in a comprehensive psychological and theological examination as experts. Thus, the opinion of a great number of professionals is disregarded. Representatives of traditional confessions in our country have a lot to say: they have extensive experience in the issue of translation of spiritual and moral values, evaluation of activities of intra-confessional radical movements, settlement of confl icts and diff erences.

The struggle for industrial democracy in Sweden: A sociological macro-meso analysis 1960–2020

Sweden has the reputation of being one of the most progressive countries in the world concerning work-life development and industrial democracy. In this article, an analytical overview of the development in these areas is provided, which includes the antecedents, major events, actor positioning and also the broad-term outcomes. Two major reform movements are described: one aiming to create a radically different work-life where workers control their own work with a power balance between labour and capital, and one a reformist movement aiming to create a degree of co-determination and a more engaging work-life without any major changes in power relations. The case shows that the radical movement was not able to generate radical change and that the reformistic movement achieved only partial success. The outcome over time has been a decreased interest in work-life development where co-determination practices are heavily institutionalized but perhaps do not provide better conditions for workers than in many other advanced industrial countries with a lesser degree of formal co-determination.

Claudia Jones and Black Power: A Close Reading of the West Indian Gazette and Afro-Asian Caribbean News

When Claudia Jones was deported to Britain in 1955, the U.S. Government likely expected that the Communist threat she presented was finally neutralized. Yet, from the shores of Britain, Jones continued her radical activism. The West Indian Gazette and Afro-Asian Caribbean News (WIG), created by Jones in 1958, became an effective bullhorn to foster unity and solidarity amongst Black migrants in Britain toward many causes – at home and abroad. She called upon her previously established transnational connections to bring news of international developments to her British audience. The WIG’s coverage of the U.S. Civil Rights and Black Power Movements throughout the 1960s was also significant. Linking the United States and the UK to global changes, Jones kept a finger on the pulse of radical movements across the world and amplified them to her audience in editorials about uprisings in the Congo in 1960, revivals of Garveyism in Jamaica, and revolution in Cuba, for example. Drawing closely from the WIG, this article will analyze some of the continuities that rippled throughout the activism of Claudia Jones into the period of the Black Power Movement, as well as the overlapping activists, their strategies, and the important discussions the WIG was able to platform during its run. It will highlight that the many crossovers observed through the pages of the WIG evidence how a generation of activists may have been influenced by the knowledge transmitted through the life and work of Claudia Jones.

Pietistic atheism and the modern breakthrough: on the narrative culture of secularity

ABSTRACT Secularity was first substantiated as a cultural practice constitutive of modernity in late-nineteenth-century fiction. The so-called Modern Breakthrough in Danish literature, taking place between 1871 and into the 1880s, is a prime case of a cultural radical movement that translated the modern criticism of religion into a literary and political program. Today, the Danish writer J. P. Jacobsen’s novel Niels Lyhne (1880) remains a classic of the atheistic literature of the period. Its portrayal of the psychological struggles involved in the transition from a tradition of faith to a modern secular society suggest it to be a core document of atheistic identity formation. To contemporaries, however, the psychology of the protagonist Niels Lyhne seemed fundamentally implausible, and his atheism overtly dramatic. By contextualising the literary work in its wider and highly contested narrative culture, this article discusses how narrative scripts first substantiated the modern religious vs secular distinction. In documenting the changing plausibility structures by which Jacobsen’s novel could become prescriptive of the emotional norms of a secular mind, the article explores how literary works shape cultural and emotional realities.

«THE STATE» AND «LEGALITY» IN THE DISCOURSE OF P.A. STOLYPIN DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY CRISIS OF 1905–1907

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to disclose the political and legal concepts used by P.A. Stolypin during the first Russian Revolution and the beginning of forming the constitutional political system in Russia. Solving this problem makes it possible to better understand the ideas of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, who played a significant role in developing the government’s reform program during the first Russian Revolution, and assess its compliance with historical time. The novelty of the research lies in studying the influence of historical circumstances on P.A. Stolypin’s ideological design of the course aimed at creating a state governed by the rule of law, as well as at identifying its political values, which determined the main tasks of its activities. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of historical circumstances on the ideological justification of P.A. Stolypin’s state activities during the years of the revolutionary crisis and transformation of the political system in Russia, in the analysis of his political discourse. Materials and methods of the study. The source base of the work was made up of speeches by P.A. Stolypin and deputies of the State Duma in 1906–1907. The work is carried out in the context of the theory of political modernization and the axiological approach, which obliges to identify the system of values that determined the worldview of a historical personality. Study results. In the new Russian historical conditions – the beginning of creating a constitutional state, arbitrariness of left–wing parties, criticism of government policy by Constitutional Democrats – the «healthy forces» in power actualized the task of creating the rule of law, offering their own version of its functioning: representative institutions are engaged in legislative work within their powers and recognize the prerogatives of the emperor. There was there is much concern about the authorities’ choice of means to combat to preserve the statehood and order. In Stolypin’s understanding, the priorities of the government should be to restore order in the interests of all compatriots. He disagreed with the liberals’ view that the government sought to govern on the basis of «exceptional laws,» saying that it was the duty of the authorities to preserve order. The government must fight destructive forces with all measures,» therefore, Stolypin believed, the government can resort to extraordinary means to prevent destruction of statehood and seizure of power by rebels. Conclusions. The formation of the political discourse of the Prime Minister Stolypin was influenced by such historical circumstances as creation of a constitutional political system in 1905–1906, emergence of «healthy forces» in power capable of carrying out reforms, the activities of liberal parties demanding the rule of law, activation of a left-wing radical movement focused on destruction of the existing system. Stolypin thought through and ideologically justified the program, which was based on indisputable national values: integrity and greatness of Russia, strong statehood, legality, welfare and education of people, preservation of culture created by many generations of ancestors. Stolypin’s discourse was defined by the era of transition from autocracy to the rule of law, when a conflict arose between the value system of traditionalists, liberals and radicals. Maneuvering, Stolypin simultaneously formed the ideological foundations of the rule of law and protection of the management system by repressive means.

Jan Pol Sartrın fəlsəfi sistemində insan proyekti

The 20th century is known as a period of awakening and radical movements in the history. New systems of thought emerged during this period. Some systems of thought expressed a direct return to man. The beginning of the return to man was set by S.Kierkegaard with his views related to existentialism. The emergence of existentialism as a philosophical system coincides with the period after the First World War. In this period, the loss of previous values, the problem of secularism, and the failure of the Enlightenment philosophy to justify itself are among the main problems. Existentialism began to take shape in Germany and France at about the same time, and in a short time it spread to many parts of the world - Italy, Spain, Latin America, India, England, the United States, Japan, etc. spread to countries. In Russia, the school of existentialism was created by N. Berdyayev and L. Shestov, and the German existentialism was created by Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers. The prominent representatives of French existentialism are Gabriel Marcel (1899), Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980), Simone de Bavoir (1908-1986) and Albert Camus (1913-1960). It was Jean-Paul Sartre who perfectly placed the idea of individual human freedom at the center of his work. There are two important points in Sartre's philosophy: existence in itself and existence for itself. Sartre writes that; what is generally called consciousness is individual. The purpose of consciousness is to make existence for us. This is the fundamental state of consciousness. The main issue that Sartre took into account is that it is impossible to look at the philosophical problems of the 20th century in the context of general concepts. According to the philosopher, the best existentialism is humanism. In addition to his philosophical novels, Sartre became famous for his existentialist philosophy, which he developed in a unique way. He was one of the thinkers who marked the 20th century with his formation of existential Marxism and his political activity. In the conditions of the Second World War, when the concept of humanity was questioned, the work "Being and Nothingness", which is original and intertwined with life in every way, explains the current state of humanity along with Sartre's philosophical ideas.

Traditions of maghrebi-saheli statehood and islamic radicalism in Early XXI Century

The significance of this research topic is due to the relevance of the problems of modern state-building in the public and political life of North and West Africa. The purpose of the research project is to analyze the causes and consequences of the emergence of radical movements of political Islam in the Maghreb and Sahel at the junction of the XX and XXI centuries and their connection with the shortcomings of national statehood inherent in both African regions. At the same time, the author focuses on the incompleteness of the state-building process, the weakness of institutions and the low level of justification for drawing state borders as concrete examples of such shortcomings that affected the socio-political climate in the Islamized areas adjacent to the Sahara. Based on the materials of sources and the theoretical model of regional security complexes (RSC), the author identified contradictions and diversity in the ideological and value views of the North African ruling circles, analyzed the methodological and spiritual and political foundations of the deeply rooted relationship between criminal and Islamist groups on the example of the activities of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) (аn organization included in the list of terrorist organizations in theRussian Federation is mentioned) and its leaders - Abd al-Malik Drukdel, Mukhtar Belmukhtar, etc. It is proved that “Islamist internationalism” in the Maghreb and Sahel of the 2000s began to take ethnocultural forms, which was caused by the ‘network’ and ‘umbrell’a nature of the AQIM (аn organization included in the list of terrorist organizations in theRussian Federation is mentioned) structure, in which there was no centralized administrative-territorial management scheme. In addition, the distinctive features of the security policy of modern Algeria are shown and the importance of studying interregional contradictions for characterizing the geopolitical and economic reasons for the strengthening of Islamic radicalism in Africa is revealed.

Laclau and Mouffe's Radical Hegemony and Democracy Thought: The Transformation of the Free Aceh Movement into the Aceh Party

The Free Aceh Movement (GAM) is a group that demands that the central government be part of a democracy. The group moved freely and radically with the aim of separating itself from the rest of Indonesia. The focus of this paper is on analyzing GAM's transformation into the Aceh Party, which is different from other radical movements in Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to understand the transformation through Laclau and Mouffe's ideas on radical hegemony and democracy. Radical democracy is a form of struggle in achieving autonomous authority on the basis of equality and equality. The author will use qualitative methods with literature study data collection techniques to strengthen problem analysis. The research results show that GAM is considered radical as it is in line with Laclau and Mouffe's ideas. They form a group to demand certain interests so as to create a state of antagonism and hegemony struggle. The formation of the Aceh Party is inseparable from a long journey to fight for the demands of the community and as a form of building political power in accordance with the environmental conditions of society in Aceh. Currently, the Aceh Party no longer implements radical democracy as it used to do with GAM.

Development of Anti-Radical Comics Electronic Media Based on Local Wisdom (Mekar-Bekal)

This research is motivated by as education develops, the challenges of the government and educators are also getting bigger to protect their students from the infiltration of wrong teachings or ideas about religious understanding, which in the end will lead to radicalism that triggers the emergence of radical movements among students. Facing the signs of intellectual degradation and the latest curriculum changes, there are several things that need to be followed up. The purpose of this research is to develop comics as an alternative learning media to counter radicalism. The research method used is research and development with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The resulting product is in the form of e-comic as a learning medium to strengthen the profile of Pancasila students The results show that the development of e-comic as a Civics learning medium on basic norms that apply in social life to realize justice has passed through four stages of development, namely needs analysis, product design, media production, validation and analysis, while for the product revision stage, testing product trial and final analysis and revision is done. The validation and analysis phase includes validation by material experts, media experts and MTs as resource persons. Eligibility of Civics e-comic In KD the norms that apply in social life to realize justice, in terms of material aspects, language, presentation, media effects on learning strategies and overall appearance. The results of the assessments from material experts, media experts and Civics teachers on all measured aspects stated the results of the assessment in the categories of Very Good and Decent.

Resolution of the Main Values of Wasathiyah Islam as an Effort to Counter the Movement of Religious Radicalism

This article specifically examines the resolution of the core values of wasathiyah Islam as an effort to counter the movement of religious radicalism, both directly in the community and in the digital space. Wasathiyah Islam as a form of rahmatan lil 'alamin is an understanding that needs to be disseminated in order to achieve harmony, security, and peace in religion. This article uses a qualitative method of descriptive analysis with library research steps sourced from books, journals, and other supporting data. The article argues that the nature of the value of wasathiyah Islam that consists of: Rahamutiyah (the flow and outpouring of affection without limitation, without discrimination and without pause), Insaniyah (humanity), 'Adliyyah (fairness), Mubadalah (equality), Maslahah (benefit), Mu'ahadah Wathaniyah (maintaining national ties), Dusturiyah (obeying the rules that have been agreed upon, for example the laws that apply in a country), Tasamuh (tolerance), and 'Urfiyah (not rejecting customs/traditions, and can even make them a component of the source of law) needs to be encouraged in various spaces of life, including on the internet. That way, the future of Indonesian Muslims will be protected from exposure to religious radicalism.