Radical Cation Scavenging Activity Research Articles

LC-HRMS Profiling of Phytochemicals with Assessment of Antioxidant, Anticholinesterase, and Antimicrobial Potentials of Astragalus brachystachys DC.

This study provides the first comprehensive report on the chemical constituents and biological activities of an important medicinal plant, Astragalus brachystachys DC. The aerial part samples were collected from Adana, Türkiye, and an ethanol extract was prepared with these parts. The secondary metabolites of the extract were determined by an LC-HRMS analysis. The LC-HRMS analysis showed the presence of 39 different constituents, hyperoside (303.419±10.50 μg/g extract), p-coumaric acid (256.975±8.51 μg/g extract), and rutin (72.684±2.23 μg/g extract) were determined as major compounds in the aerial parts ethanol extract. Attributed to its high total phenolic (58.53±1.30 μg PEs/mg extract) and total flavonoid content (29.98±0.83 μg QEs/mg extract), the extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity according to three different assays namely DPPH free (IC50: 33.08±0.61 mg/mL), and ABTS cation radical scavenging (IC50: 15.39±0.72 mg/mL) and CUPRAC activity (A0.5: 36.25±0.28 mg/mL) methods. In vitro assays showed that cholinesterase inhibitory activity results were found to be exceptional with 85.95±0.52 % inhibition on acetylcholinesterase and 66.32±1.33 % inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase at 200 mg/mL. Regarding antimicrobial properties, Astragalus brachystachys DC extract was found to be effective against Enterococcus faecalis with a MIC value of 39.06 μg/mL.

Recovery of Phenolic Compounds by Deep Eutectic Solvents in Orange By-Products and Spent Coffee Grounds

Orange and coffee grounds by-products, rich in phenolic bioactive compounds, can be used in the food industry as antioxidants, colorants, flavorings and additives, mainly because they are solvents that are easy to prepare, have a lower cost, are thermally stable, biodegradable, renewable, and are considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe). Deep eutectic solvents, which are sustainable and have lower melting points, are effective for extracting these compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in extracting Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC), from orange by-products and spent coffee grounds. DES formed by citric acid: mannitol (CM-DES), and lactic acid: glucose (LG-DES), were evaluated by varying the following parameters: water content (10–50%), solid–liquid ratio (1:5–1:50 w/w) and temperature (40–50 °C). DES citric acid: mannitol presented the best efficiency in the extraction of TPC under the conditions of 10% water, 80 °C, and solid–liquid ratio 1:10 (w/w) for the orange by-products (1782.92 ± 4.50 mg GAE/L) and 1:15 (w/w) for spent coffee grounds (1620.71 ± 3.72 mg GAE/L). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extraction with CM-DES for both by-products in the three methods evaluated: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) (1.087 ± 0.004 and 1.071 ± 0.006 mol ascorbic acid/L), DPPH radical scavenging activity (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil—DPPH) (0.233 ± 0.003 and 0.234 ± 0.001 mol Trolox equivalent/L), and radical cation scavenging activity ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid—ABTS) (0.284 ± 7.16 and 0.319 ± 0.002 mol Trolox equivalent/L). Therefore, DES with citric acid: mannitol is a promising alternative to conventional solvents to recover phenolic compounds in agro-industrial by-products, such as orange by-products and SCG.

Solvent Effects on the Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Associated with Camellia polyodonta Flower Extracts.

Camellia polyodonta flowers contain limited information available regarding the composition of their bioactive compounds and activity. The objective of this study was to identify phenolic compounds and investigate the effect of different solvents (ethanol and methanol) on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity in C. polyodonta flowers. The analysis using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS revealed the presence of 105 phytochemicals and the most common compounds were flavonols, procyanidins, and ellagitannins. Interestingly, flavonol triglycosides were identified for the first time in these flowers. The study demonstrated that the concentration of the solvent had a significant impact on the total phenolic compound (TPC), total flavonoid compound (TFC), and total proanthocyanidin content (TPAC). The TPC, TFC, and TPAC showed a remarkable increase with the increasing concentration of the solvent, reaching their maximum levels (138.23 mg GAE/g DW, 421.62 mg RE/g DW, 60.77 mg PB2E/g DW) at 70% ethanol. However, the total anthocyanin content reached its maximum at low concentrations (0.49 mg CGE/g DW). Similar trends were observed in the antioxidant activity, as measured by the DPPH· assay (DPPH radical scavenging activity), ABTS·+ assay (ABTS radical cation scavenging activity), and FRAP assay (Ferric reducing antioxidant power). The maximum antioxidant activity was observed at 100% solvents and 70% methanol. Among the 14 individual phenolic compounds, 70% methanol yielded the highest content for 8 (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B4, epicatechin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, astragaline and quercitrin) out of the 14 compounds. Additionally, it was found that epicatechin was the most abundant phenolic compound, accounting for approximately 20339.37 μg/g DW. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that 70% methanol is the most effective solvent for extracting polyphenols from C. polyodonta flowers. These results provided chemical information and potential antioxidant value for further research in C. polyodonta flowers.

Phenylethanoid glycosides from Michelia champaca leaves

Chemical investigation on the leaves of Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) led to the isolation of five previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-acteoside (1), 4‴-O-(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-acteoside (2), 4‴-O-(6-O-E-caffeoyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-isoacteoside (3), 6""-O-E-feruloyl-echinacoside (4), and 6""-O-p-E-coumaroyl-echinacoside (5), together with eighteen known PhGs. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. All the known PhGs except acteoside (8) were not previously reported in the genus. Twenty-one PhGs exhibited more potent DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP than l-ascorbic acid (l-AA), and twenty-two PhGs showed better ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than l-AA. In addition, twelve PhGs displayed more potent cellular reactive oxygen species scavenging activity than curcumin. The results revealed that the leaves of M. champaca are a rich source of phenylethanoid glycosides and antioxidants.

CYTOTOXICITY SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY ASSESSMENT OF THE INNER PERIANTH SEGMENTS OF 14 RUMEX SPECIES GROWN IN TÜRKİYE

Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types worldwide. Antioxidant sources may prevent the occurrence of cancer. Natural sources rich in phenolics, thus, may provide alternate agents in the management of breast cancer. Rumex species are widely distributed in Turkish flora. Emerging evidence has pointed out the antitumoral property of Rumex species on a variety of cancer cells. In the present study, we propose to test the ethanolic extracts of the inner perianth segments of 14 Rumex species on four breast cancer cells with different origins. We also demonstrated their toxicity on healthy cells. Material and Method: We performed the resazurin reduction assay to examine the cytotoxicity and toxicity. Furthermore, we determined the phenolic contents of the extracts as an indicator of their antioxidant profile and ascertained their antioxidant activities by DPPH radical, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity assays. Result and Discussion: The ethanolic extracts of the inner perianth segments of Rumex species exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity profiles neither on breast cancer cells nor on healthy H9c2 rat myoblastoma cells. However, they usually displayed strong antioxidant activities due to possessing high phenolic content.

Flavonoid glycosides from the leaves of Michelia champaca

Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) was cultivated in large scale for flowers as cosmetic raw materials, whereas the value of its leaves remains to be discovered. Our chemical study on the leaves yielded four new flavonol diglycosides, champaflavosides A–D (1–4), together with twenty-three known flavonoid glycosides (5–27). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compounds 5–21 and 23–27 were not previously reported from the genus Michelia, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (22) was obtained from this species for the first time. All the compounds were evaluated for antioxidant activity by four in vitro assays. Compounds 3–12 and 20 showed more potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than l-ascorbic acid (l-AA). Compounds 2–23, 25, and 27 exhibited 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity superior to l-AA. The ferric reducing antioxidant powers (FRAP) of compounds 2–13, 17, and 19 were higher than l-AA. Further, eighteen compounds demonstrated cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, of which champaflavoside D (4), rhamnetin 3-O-neohesperidoside (8), quercetin 3-O-(6-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-neohesperidoside (9), and liquiritin (27) were more potent than curcumin. The results revealed that the renewable leaves of M. champaca are a rich source of flavonoids and antioxidants.

Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Novel Thiazole and Thiazolidinone Derivatives with Phenolic Fragments

In this work, a series of thiosemicarbazones with phenol fragments were used as starting compounds for the synthesis of new effective antioxidants containing both a phenol substituent and a heterocyclic fragment: thiazole and thiazolidinone. To determine the most stable conformation of thiosemicarbazone, a potential energy scan was used, along with NOESY NMR spectroscopy data. A number of thiazole derivatives were obtained due the interaction of thiosemicarbazones with several bromoketones: bromoacetophenone, bromodimedone, and bromoacetylcoumarin. The product yields varied from 71 to 94%. Thiazolidinone derivatives were obtained through the reaction between thiosemicarbazones and chloroacetic acid or maleic anhydride with good yields of 82–95%. The antioxidant activities of all the products were determined in vitro: the radical cation scavenging activity was estimated using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate), while the ferric reducing capacity was determined using the ferricyanide/Prussian blue method. It was found that the antioxidant activity of most synthesized substances in both tests exceeds the activity of 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, while derivatives with a fragment of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol have the highest activity.

Antioxidant activity, anti-tyrosinase activity, molecular docking studies, and molecular dynamic simulation of active compounds found in nipa palm vinegar.

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanogenesis and its inhibitors have become increasingly because of their potential activity as hypopigmenting agents which have less side effects. Nipa palm vinegar is an aqueous product that is normally used as a food supplement. The aim of this study was to study the determination of antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of aqueous extract of original nipa palm vinegar (AE O-NPV), nipa palm vinegar powder (NPV-P) and aqueous extract of nipa palm vinegar powder (AE NPV-P) were examined. Nipa palm vinegars were evaluated the phenolic and flavonoid content, and the active compounds which were submitted to molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation, chemoinformatics, rule of five, skin absorption and toxicity. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents in the AE O-NPV were 2.36 ±0.23 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and 5.11 ±0.59 mg quercetin equivalents/g, and the highest ABTS radical cation scavenging activity was also found. The AE O-NPV, NPV-P and AE NPV-P showed anti-mushroom tyrosinase activity. The HPLC analysis showed that there were vanillic acid and three flavonoids (catechin, rutin and quercetin). The molecular docking study revealed that the binding of the vanillic acid and three flavonoids occurred in the active site residues (histidine and other amino acids). Moreover, the number of hydrogen bond acceptors/donors, solubility, polar surface area and bioavailability score of the vanillic acid and three flavonoids were acceptable compared to Lipinski's Rule of Five. The molecular dynamic simulation showed that vanillic acid interacts with HIS284 through π-π stacking hydrophobic interactions and forms a metal-acceptor interaction with the copper molecule at the tyrosinase active site. All compounds revealed good skin permeability and nontoxicity. Nipa palm vinegar could be a promising source of a new ingredient for tyrosinase inhibition for cosmetics or pharmaceutical products.

Widely targeted metabolomics analysis of the main bioactive compounds of Ganpu tea processing through different drying methods

The flavor and biological components of Ganpu tea are largely affected by the drying process. In this study, Ganpu tea was selected as the research object, and the effects of different drying methods, including drying by sunlight, low temperatures and hot air, on the antioxidant activities, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase activities and metabolite profiles of Ganpu tea were investigated. The results suggested that the DPPH free radical scavenging activities of low temperature-dried Ganpu tea (GPTL), sunlight-dried Ganpu tea (GPTS) and hot air-dried Ganpu tea (GPTH) were 46.8%, 56.2% and 47.1%, respectively. The ABTS radical cation scavenging activity of GPTL, GPTS and GPTH were 45.2%, 51.4% and 46.3%, and the T-AOC activities among them were 14.3, 21.4 and 12.5 U/g, respectively. In addition, compared with GPTS and GPTH, GPTL increased α-glucosidase inhibition and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities. The widely targeted metabolomics analysis showed that low-temperature drying significantly increased corilagin and strictinin levels, which played an important role in the antioxidant activities of Ganpu tea. The results provide a novel method for drying Ganpu tea and help promote the quality control of Ganpu tea during processing.

Extraction, Isolation, Screening, and Preliminary Characterization of Polysaccharides with Anti-Oxidant Activities from Oudemansiella raphanipies.

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to find the optimal extraction process of Oudemansiella raphanipies polysaccharides (ORPs). The results showed that the optimal extraction parameters were an alkali concentration of 0.02 mol/L, a ratio of material to liquid of 1:112.7 g/mL, an extraction temperature of 66.0 °C, and an extraction time of 4.0 h. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of ORPs was raised to 16.2 ± 0.1%. The antioxidant activities of ORPs-I~V were determined and compared, and ORPs-V was further purified by chromatography, with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 18.86 kDa. The structure of ORPs-V was determined by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), monosaccharide analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The ORPs-V comprised fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, fructose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid at a ratio of 1.73:1.20:1.13:2.87:8.71:2.89:1.42:0.81. Compared to other ORPs, ORPs-V showed the strongest antioxidant activities (ABTS radical cation, hydroxyl radical and DPPH scavenging activities, and reducing power), and were able to significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glutathione peroxidase. However, they reduced the malondialdehyde content in mice fed a high-fat diet. These results indicate that ORPs-V may be good anti-oxidant agents to be applied in functional foods.

BIOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TRADITIONAL ROMANIAN FERMENTED DRINKS - SOCATA AND BORȘ - A REVIEW

Fermented beverages are products that involve biochemical changes during the microaerophilic processes under the action of microorganisms and their secreted enzymes. Food fermentations include four main processes: lactic fermentation, alcoholic fermentation, acetic fermentation (which is an aerobic process) and alkaline fermentation. In this paper we aim to review the studies carried out on two Romanian traditional non-dairy fermented beverages which have not benefited of the attention they deserve, such as elderflower (Sambucus nigra) fermented drink (socata) and sour liquid soup seasoning (borș). These drinks are derived from a sweetened infusion of elder flowers (socata) and wheat bran (borș) that are fermented by consortia of microorganisms. Socata was shown to be fermented by consortia of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Borș is produced by fermentation with heterofermentative LAB. These traditional fermented beverages are characterized as a source of probiotics. Previous research has demonstrated that both are a rich source of bioactive/antioxidant flavonoids and phenolic acids, minerals and vitamins. Several techniques are used for the determination of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, such as the determination of individual phenolic compounds using HPLC, determination of total phenolic content using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent, determination of ABTS and DPPH radical cation scavenging activity, determination of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay.

Comprehensive study of all Gundelia L. taxa exists in the globe: An insight on LC-MS/MS based phytochemical investigation and bioactivity potential of 22 species

Species from the Gundelia genus are among the important main therapeutic herbs widely used in Middle Eastern nations' traditional medicine. The emphasis of the current investigation was on the bioactive phytochemicals and biopharmaceutical efficacy of all 22 species of Gundelia taxa worldwide. Herewith, ethanolic extracts of root, stem-leaf and flower parts of twenty two Gundelia species were prepared and their bioactive phytochemicals were quantified by a comprehensive and validated LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) method. The results of the LC-MS/MS study revealed that, chlorogenic acid (0.042–93.52 mg/g extract), quinic acid (3.860–63.761 mg/g extract), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (0.019–42.737 mg/g extract), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (cymaroside) (0.013–34.017 mg/g extract), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (0.021–24.241 mg/g extract), apigenin-7-O-glucoside (0.006–15.859 mg/g extract), 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (0.014–4.827 mg/g extract) and caffeic acid (0.020–4.082 mg/g extract) amounts were remarkable in the overall assessment of the quantification results. Furthermore, bioactivities of the studied extracts were determined by evaluating total phenolic-flavonoid contents and ABTS (cation radical scavenging activity), DPPH (free radical scavenging activity) and CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) antioxidant test assays. With a few exceptions, all antioxidant test assays showed that the root ethanol extracts of the examined Gundelia species had stronger antioxidant activity than their flower and stem-leaf extract counterparts. Based on the results of the ABTS assay, it was discovered that the antioxidant capacities of root-ethanol extracts of G. purpurascens, G. dersim, G. armeniaca, G. armata, G. aragatsi, G. microcephala, G. tournefortii and G. tehranica (IC50 < 10 μg/mL) were at least as high as those of BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) (IC50: 11.35 ± 0.22 μg/mL) and α-tocopherol (IC50: 9.23 ± 0.12 μg/mL), which were used as the reference compounds. To conclude, this is the first study in which the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of different parts of all Gundelia taxa in the world were determined together. Moreover, in this study, the phytochemical quantitation and bioactivity of G. microcephala, G. cappadocica, G. tehranica, G. aragatsi, and G. tenuisecta species were evaluated for the first time.

Biopreservation and Bioactivation Juice from Waste Broccoli with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.

The content of polyphenols, lactic acid, and antioxidant properties in fermented juice increases more at 30 °C than at 35 °C during the lactic fermentation process in butanol extract and broccoli juice. The concentration of polyphenols is expressed by phenolic acid equivalents as gallic acid-Total Phenolic Content (TPC), ferulic acid (CFA), p-cumaric acid (CPA), sinapic acid (CSA), and caffeic acid (CCA). The polyphenols present in fermented juice exhibit antioxidant properties and the ability to reduce free radicals using total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay, while also the percentage of the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical scavenging activity. Lactic acid concentration (LAC), total flavonoid content as quercetin equivalents (QC), and acidity increases during the work of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum) in broccoli juice. The pH was monitored during the process of fermentation in both temperatures (30 °C and 35 °C). Densitometric measurements of lactic bacteria (LAB) showed increasing concentration at 30 °C and 35 °C after 100 h (~4 h), but the value concentration dropped after 196 h. The Gram staining showed only Gram-positive bacilli Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum for the fermented juice showed the characteristic carbon-nitrogen vibrations that may originate from glucosinolates or isothiocyanates. Among the fermentation gases, more CO2 was released from fermenters at 35 °C than at 30 °C. The biopreservation used Lactiplantibacillus plantarum to prevent the problem of food waste of plant origin. The probiotic bacteria used in fermentation have a very beneficial effect on health and the human body.

Towards a better understanding of commonly used medicinal plants from Turkiye: Detailed phytochemical screening and biological activity studies of two Teucrium L. species with in vitro and in silico approach

Ethnopharmacological relevanceSince ancient times, Teucrium L. species have been among the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants mainly in the Mediterranean region. From tackling gastrointestinal problems to maintaining the healthy functioning of endocrine glands, and from treating malaria to severe dermatological disorders, Teucrium species are known to have extensive therapeutic applications. Teucrium polium L. and Teucrium parviflorum Schreb. are the two members of the genus that have been used in Turkish folk medicine for various medicinal purposes. Aim of the studyTo determine the phytochemical compositions of the essential oils and ethanol extracts of Teucrium polium and Teucrium parviflorum collected from different locations in Turkiye along with the investigation of in vitro antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial activities, and both in vitro and in silico enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts. Materials and methodsEthanol extracts of Teucrium polium aerial parts and roots, and aerial parts of Teucrium parviflorum were prepared. Volatile profiling of the essential oils by GC-MS, phytochemical profiling of the ethanol extracts by LC-HRMS, antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, CUPRAC, and metal chelating activity assays, anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, antiurease, activities by different enzyme inhibitory activity assays, anticancer activity by SRB cell viability assay, and antimicrobial activity against a standard panel of bacteria and fungi by the microbroth dilution technique. Molecular docking studies were performed by Autodock Vina (Ver. 1.1.2). ResultsThe studied extracts were found to be quite rich in various biologically important volatile and phenolic compounds. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate, which is a molecule renowned for having great therapeutic potential, was the major compound of all extracts. Teucrium polium aerial parts extract was revealed as a great source for naringenin with 16327 ± 685.23 μg/g extract. All extracts exerted significant antioxidant activity by different methods. All extracts demonstrated antibutrylcholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities by in vitro and in silico assays. Teucrium polium roots extract stood out with remarkable tyrosinase and urease inhibitory and cytotoxic activities. ConclusionThe obtained results from this multi-disciplinary study proves that the traditional use of these two Teucrium species is justified, and the mechanisms behind are enlightened.

식물성 유지 및 수중유적형 유화계에서 육두구 종자 에탄올 추출물의 항산화활성 평가

The antioxidant ability of 80% ethanolic extract of nutmeg seed (NM80) was evaluated using in vitro assays and bulk oil and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion matrices. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging, and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) in vitro assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant ability of the extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL NM80 were 12.5, 20.9, 35.1, and 62.8%, respectively, while the ABTS cation radical scavenging activities were 2.7, 6.5, 30.5, and 29.8%, respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. The ORAC value was significantly higher at an NM80 concentration of 25 μg/mL than the positive control (p&lt;0.05). The conjugated dienoic acid (CDA), ρ-anisidine, and tertiary butyl alcohol values in 90-min-heated corn oil containing 200 ppm of NM80 were significantly reduced by 3.26, 16.94, and 17.34%, respectively, compared to those for the sample without NM80 (p&lt;0.05). However, the headspace oxygen content and CDA value in the O/W emulsion containing 200 ppm of NM80 at 60°C had 6.29 and 82.85% lower values, respectively, than those for the sample without NM80 (p&lt;0.05). The major volatile compounds of NM80 were allyl phenoxyacetate, eugenol acetate, and eugenol. NM80 could be an effective natural antioxidant in lipid-rich foods in bulk oil or O/W emulsion matrix.

LC/MS/MS Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) Inhibitory Properties of Ultrasound-Assisted Propolis Extracts.

Resinous beehive product propolis has many biological activities. It contains various aromatic substances that have great differences in their chemical composition depending on the natural flora. Thus, chemical characterization and biological properties of propolis samples is an important subject for the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the propolis samples collected from three cities in Turkey were prepared as methanol (MEP), ethanol (EEP), chloroform (ChlEP), hexane (HxEP), and ethyl acetate (EAEP) extracts using an ultrasonic assisted technique. The antioxidant capacities of the samples were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), cation radical scavenging activity (ABTS), and reducing activity (CUPRAC) and (FRAP). The strongest biological activities were detected in ethanol and methanol extracts. Enzyme inhibition of the propolis samples were determined against the human glutathione S-transferase (GST) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). IC50 values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples against the ACE were found as 13.9 μg/mL, 14.8 μg/mL, and 12.8 μg/mL, while against the GST IC50 values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples were as 5.92 μg/mL, 9.49 μg/mL, and 5.72 μg/mL. To know the possible causes of the biological test results advanced LC/MS/MS method was applied. trans-ferulic acid, kaempferol, and chrysin were found as the most abundant phenolic compounds in each sample. The propolis extracts obtained using the proper solvent have a good potential to be used in pharmaceuticals to treat the diseases related to oxidative damage, hypertension, and inflammation. Finally, the interactions between chrysin, trans-ferulic acid and kaempferol molecules with ACE and GST receptors were analyzed using molecular docking study. Selected molecules interact with active residues by binding to the active site of the receptors.

Radical cation scavenging activity of berberine bridge enzyme-like oligosaccharide oxidases acting on short cell wall fragments

Oligogalacturonide-oxidases (OGOXs) and cellodextrin-oxidase (CELLOX) are plant berberine bridge enzyme-like oligosaccharide-oxidases (OSOXs) that oxidize, respectively, oligogalacturonides (OGs) and cellodextrins (CDs), thereby inactivating their elicitor nature and concomitantly releasing H2O2. Little is known about the physiological role of OSOX activity. By using an ABTS·+-reduction assay, we identified a novel reaction mechanism through which the activity of OSOXs on cell wall oligosaccharides scavenged the radical cation ABTS·+ with an efficiency dependent on the type and length of the oxidized oligosaccharide. In contrast to the oxidation of longer oligomers such as OGs (degree of polymerization from 10 to 15), the activity of OSOXs on short galacturonan- and cellulose-oligomers (degree of polymerization ≤ 4) successfully counteracted the radical cation-generating activity of a fungal laccase, suggesting that OSOXs can generate radical cation scavenging activity in the apoplast with a power proportional to the extent of degradation of the plant cell wall, with possible implications for redox homeostasis and defense against oxidative stress.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. Peel Extract, Their Antioxidant, Antipathogenic, and Anticholinesterase Activity

The present work deals with the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Allium cepa (yellowish peel) and the evaluation of its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase activities. For the synthesis of AgNPs, peel aqueous extract (200 mL) was treated with a 40 mM AgNO3 solution (200 mL) at room temperature, and a color change was observed. In UV-Visible spectroscopy, an absorption peak formation at ~439 nm was the sign that AgNPs were present in the reaction solution. UV-vis, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, AFM, XRD, TG/DT analyses, and Zetasizer techniques were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. The crystal average size and zeta potential of AC-AgNPs with predominantly spherical shapes were measured as 19.47 ± 1.12 nm and -13.1 mV, respectively. Pathogenic microorganisms Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans were used for the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test. When compared to tested standard antibiotics, AC-AgNPs demonstrated good growth inhibitory activities on P. aeuruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus strains. In vitro, the antioxidant properties of AC-AgNPs were measured using different spectrophotometric techniques. In the β-Carotene linoleic acid lipid peroxidation assay, AC-AgNPs showed the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 116.9 µg/mL, followed by metal-chelating capacity and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 120.4 µg/mL and 128.5 µg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory effects of produced AgNPs on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric techniques. This study provides an eco-friendly, inexpensive, and easy method for the synthesis of AgNPs that can be used for biomedical activities and also has other possible industrial applications.

Biological activities of green synthesis silver nanoparticles by Plantago lanceolata L. leaves

In our study, silver nanoparticle (AgNP) was synthesized by green synthesis method using Plantago lanceolata L. leaves. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using energy-dispersive spectra (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The AgNPs were with an average size of 10–25 nm and mostly spherical. The antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was tested against some bacteria and a yeast culture by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The AgNPs were significantly inhibited all test culture except Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Antioxidant activities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging and 2,2'- Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) cation radical scavenging activity. The higher DPPH and ABTS of AgNPs were determined 33.20±0.50% and 39.37±0.54%, respectively. Thus, green synthesis AgNPs may be a new alternative therapeutic agent for infection therapy.

Ballota saxatilis from Jordan: Evaluation of Essential Oil Composition and Phytochemical Profiling of Crude Extracts and Their In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C.Presl from Jordan has been elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, aqueous methanol (BsA), Butanol (BsB) and water (BsW) extracts were screened for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities using the 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. The most potent extracts were screened for their phenolic acids and flavonoid content using liquid the chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique. The results indicated that the essential oil predominantly contained cis-pinane (14.76%), β-caryophyllene (8.91%) and allo-aromadendrene epoxide (6.39%). Among the different extracts investigated, the BsB fraction had the most TPC and TFC (455.79 ± 1.03 µg gallic acid/g dry extract; 272.62 ± 8.28 µg quercetin/g dry extract, respectively) and had the best radical and radical cation scavenging activities, as determined using the DPPH and ABTS methods. Quantitative and qualitative LC-MS analyses of BsA and BsB using LC-MS revealed each of the kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (30.29%), chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (7.93%) and luteolin 7-o-glucoside (7.76%) as the main constituents of the BsA fraction. The BsB fraction was rich in 7,4′-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone (34.68%), kaempferol-3,7,4′-trimethyl ether (29.17%) and corymbosin (9.66%) and lower concentration levels of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (1.63%) and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (0.51%).