Radiation Situation Research Articles

Радиационная обстановка в районе горного массива Бештау

The article presents the outcomes of the dead uranium mine inspection and its impact on the current radiation situation in the Beshtau area, as well as radiation doses to the people using the area as a recreation land. The Beshtau mounting uranium mine was in use from 1940s to 1990s. Several stages of the site remediation were conducted since the 1990s. For these purposes gamma dose rates, density of radon flux from ground surface and its products concentration in the atmospheric air, the content of natural radionuclides in the ground and groundwater were estimated. According to the measurements data it is seen that the area around the main mine facilities located in the southwestern and southern parts of the Beshtau mounting, is the mostly susceptible to radioactive contamination. The water from the springs in this area is not suitable for drinking because the levels of uranium and radon in the water exceed the control safe limits. According to radiation dose estimates in the considered area, it becomes evident that the radiation risk in the area depends mainly on the presence of the gas flows from the tunnel, radiation risk can be higher if the gas flow is not fully extinguished. The tunnels mouths in the study area are not completely extinguished, and the mine air is periodically blown out of them. Due to the current situation, the levels of radon and gamma radiation around the adit mouths exceed the permitted safe limits. If people stay in this area for 4 hours, they can receive radiation dose above 1.0 millisievert (mSv), that exceeds the recommended safe limit. In this regard, it would be advisable to implement measures to prevent or reduce the time people spend in the areas where the former tunnels mouths are located.

Assessment of the radiation risk to health caused by the intake of Cs-137 and Sr-90 radionuclides from food in the able-bodied population of the Samara region

Monitoring of the content of technogenic radionuclides (Cs-137 and Sr-90) in foods is one of the key areas in ensuring radiation safety of the population, taking into account the current radiation situation. The greatest risk to health is food produced or imported from the territories that have been subjected to man-made radiation accidents. The purpose of the research was to assess the radiation risk caused by oral intake of radionuclides based on the study of the actual nutrition of the adult population and contamination of food with Cs-137 and Sr-90 radionuclides. Material and methods. The specific activity of Cs-137 and Sr-90 radionuclides (median and 90 percentile) was assessed by gamma spectrometric method in 1235 samples of food produced in the Samara region and imported from outside. Data on the actual nutrition of 894 respondents aged 18 to 68 years (in the autumn-winter period) were obtained by the 24-hour dietary recall using the automated software package Nutri-prof (version 2.9). Based on the data obtained, effective annual doses of internal radiation were calculated, information was obtained on the risks of malignant neoplasms, including in the long-term period under various scenarios of internal radiation. Results. Radiometric studies of food samples did not reveal deviations from hygienic standards. The highest median values of Cs-137 specific activity were observed in samples of forest mushrooms (1.23 Bq/kg), wild berries (0.97 Bq/kg), fish and fish products (0.96 Bq/kg). The highest median values of Sr-90 specific activity were also observed in samples of forest mushrooms (3.86 Bq/kg), fish and fish products (2.71 Bq/kg). The radiation risk under various scenarios of Cs-137 intake was regarded as «negligible», while the risk was regarded as «small» when consuming food contaminated with Sr-90. The number of additional cases of malignant neoplasms at the admission of Cs-137 in the median values of specific activity is 0.38 per year, at maximum values - 0.57 per year, at the admission of Sr-90 - 2.04 per year and 3.30 cases per year, respectively. Conclusion. The implementation of radiation monitoring of food, especially those imported from areas of high radiation risk, is a necessary condition for ensuring radiation safety of the population. It is also necessary to take into account the stochastic effect of the influence of small doses of internal exposure on the organism when consuming food, which make a significant contribution to the formation of the dose of internal radiation.

Selection parameters in lines of Drosophila melanogaster Meig., obtained from populations living in territories with different levels of radiation pollution: approbation of the Crow’s method

Man-made disasters, such as the accidents at the Chornobyl NPP and the Fukushima NPP-1, have raised questions about the radiation risks associated with the use of atomic energy in a new and acute way. The purpose of the study was to investigate the features of the action of natural selection in the lines of Drosophila melanogaster Meig., obtained from natural populations living in territories with different levels of radiation pollution. One of the aims was to test Crow's method on a model object, such as Drosophila. This method makes it possible to estimate the total intensity of selection, as well as to determine the contribution of its individual components, such as differential fecundity and differential mortality. The study was carried out on three lines of Drosophila melanogaster Meig.: the Haidary line (radiation background in the territory from which the line originates: 0.12 μSv/h, β-radiation flux: 0 particles/cm2/min), the KhPTI line (radiation background: 0.12–0.20 μSv/h, β-radiation flux: 0 particles/cm2/min), the Chornobyl line (radiation background: 0.20–0.22 μSv/h, β-radiation flux: 7–8 particles/cm2/min). According to the obtained results, the lines did not differ among themselves in egg production of females. In terms of the number of adult offspring, the Chornobyl line was inferior to the Haidary and KhPTI lines by 48.9% and 57.8%, respectively. Mortality in the pre-reproductive period of development (indicator pd), which includes embryonic and pupal mortality, was the highest in the Chornobyl line and exceeded the pd value in the Haidary and KhPTI lines by 1.4 times. As a result, the Chornobyl line, obtained from the territory contaminated with radionuclides, significantly exceeded the Haidary and KhPTI lines, obtained from the territories where the radiation situation does not go beyond the norm, by both components of selection – both by the component of differential fecundity (If), and by differential mortality (lm). The total selection indices (Itot) were quite close in the Haidary and KhPTI lines, and in the Chornobyl line this index was 2,1–2,6 times higher than in the other two lines. The results of the study support the view that ionizing radiation can promote evolution by accelerating evolutionary change. They indicate an increased mortality rate, a reduced level of fitness and an increased selection pressure in the line of fruit flies, which originates from the population living in the radiation-contaminated territory in the Chornobyl exclusion zone.

Радиационная ситуация района расположения плавучей атомной теплоэлектростанции «Академик Ломоносов» в начальный период эксплуатации

The article considers the issues of energy supply to remote sparsely populated Arctic regions of the Russian Federation through the construction of low-capacity nuclear power plants. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by the successful commissioning in 2019 of a unique floating power plant in the town of Pevek (FNPP Akademik Lomonosov). At the same time, the operation of such facilities raises questions from the local population about possible radioactive contamination of the territory. The absence of a negative impact of FNPP can be confirmed by comparing the radiation characteristics before and after commissioning, as well as by direct measurements of the soil radionuclide composition in the zone of possible impact. To search for changes in the radioecological situation in 2021, screening studies were carried out at the plant location area. An analysis of the monitoring data for radioactive fallout and dose rate in Pevek showed that external exposure from the surface of soil and soil is due only to natural radionuclides of the decay chains of uranium, thorium and 40K. Artificial radionuclides characteristic of NPP emissions were not found in the surveyed areas. The range of values and maximum dose rate levels (µSv/h) before and after commissioning of the FNPP do not differ from each other and coincide with the results of the performed screening assessment of the radiation situation. The results were discussed with the residents of Pevek. The results of the study make it possible to inform the public about the absence of changes in the radiation situation at the FNPP location area in the first years of operation.

Tuning proportional integral controller to enhance the photovoltaic system performance

This paper presented a closed loop buck-boost converter controlled by using proportional and integral controller (PIC) for photovoltaic (PV) applications. The mathematical equations of design the solar panel type KC200GT and buck–boost converter is illustrated. The electrical behaviors of solar panel are examined at 1,000 light radiation and room temperature (25 °C) situation. A PIC tuning is difficult with conventional methods such as graphs and mathematical analysis, so for that reason two approaches are used for tuning and optimization of PIC, particle swarm optimization (PSO), and Zeigler–Nichols (ZN). The suggested closed loop application through the converter preserves the constant voltage in the output spite of alterations to the input voltage, decreases settling time, overshoot and ripple voltage to minimum value that enhancement the efficiency of the converter. The results show that the PSO approach is improved than the ZN approach. The proposed model is constructed by using SimPower system tool box in MATLAB package.

МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ РАДИАЦИОННЫХ АВАРИЙ НА АТОМНЫХ ПОДВОДНЫХ ЛОДКАХ СССР

Purpose: To analyze the health effects of onboard radiation accidents in the Soviet nuclear submarines. Results: Over the entire operation period of Soviet nuclear submarines, eight severe accidents occurred related to nuclear power installations. These accidents occurred in a confined space and the associated radiation situation is more complex than in other conditions; therefore, health effects of such accidents are more significant. There were two types of onboard accidents: thermal accidents (five cases) associated with a failure during heat removal from the reactor core; and accidents (three cases) caused by a partial chain reaction. The first type of accidents occurred during the route operation of nuclear submarine, and the second one – during repair work. Thermal accidents were associated with varying degrees of depressurization of the primary circuit of the reactor, which increased the gamma and beta background due to the entry into the compartment of a large amount of radioactive noble gases (hereinafter – RBGs) and radioactive aerosols. It has been shown that in the confined space of nuclear submarines, RBG isotopes (mainly 85Кr, 133Хе, 135Хе) make a significant contribution to the individual dose and the skin is a critical organ. Conclusion: An analysis of the health effects of thermal onboard accidents showed that radiation injuries were caused by external gamma- and beta-exposure, as well as the ingestion of radioactive aerosols. If accidents are accompanied by prolonged minor leaks leading to entry of RBG into the compartment, the main contribution is made by beta-exposure and the skin is a critical organ. If there is a simultaneous inflow of coolant into the compartment, combined radiation injuries are formed and, in this case, skin lesions aggravate the acute radiation sickness. In accidents induced by a partial chain reaction, the main radiation factor is external γ-n-exposure during an outbreak of a partial chain reaction, and in the case of a thermal explosion, a traumatic factor also affects a person, leading to injuries of varying severity in the victims.

Assessment of the Radiation Situation in Reference Areas of Agricultural Lands of Vladimir Oblast

Assessment of the Radiation Situation in Reference Areas of Agricultural Lands of Vladimir Oblast

Assessment of the Radiation Situation and the Presence of Heavy Metals in the Soil in the Poleski National Park

The aim of the research in the Poleski National Park was to determine the concentration of radionuclides and heavy metals in the soil and to evaluate the absorbed dose and the average annual effective dose as a result of external exposure to ground-based radiation sources. The spread of anthropogenic radionuclide concentration in the Poleski National Park was the highest. This is a first-of-its-kind study in Poland. The annual effective dose calculated for the Poleski National Park was over three times higher than the average worldwide value. Soil samples were subjected to mineralization using a TITAN MPS with a rotor. Subsequently, the metals in the obtained solutions were determined using the atomic absorption spectrometry method with flame atomization (AAS FM). The content of copper Cu, nickel Ni, lead Pb, cadmium Cd, and chromium Cr did exceed the average content neither in Europe nor around the world. The soils of the Poleski National Park are characterized by pollution with the tested heavy metals, especially cadmium Cd.

RESULTS OF CALCULATION OF THE EFFECTIVE DOSE FIELD OF IONIZING RADIATION IN THE CENTRAL ROOM OF THE IGR REACTOR

The characteristics of the effective dose field and the dose rate of the ionizing radiation formed in the room of the IGR reactor during its operation at a constant power of 100 MW for 40 seconds have been estimated.The value of the effective dose and its power in the experimental device has been determined in order to assess the level of the potential radiation load on the small-sized neutron detectors (fission chambers), which are supposed to be used to measure the local values of the fast neutron flux density during the irradiation of the device in the IGR reactor.To carry out the calculations, the models of the IGR reactor with an upper ceiling, concrete biological protection and two options for loading the central experimental channel of the reactor have been developed. Photon transfer modeling has been performed using the MCNP5 code and the libraries of ENDF/B-5,6 constants, while the characteristics of fission products, 235U decay processes and the processes of formation of gamma-quantum fields were described using the IAEA and JAEA nuclear data libraries.The validation of the proposed method for calculating the effective dose has been performed based on the results of the direct measurements of the effective dose in the reactor room. The validation results confirm the correctness of the proposed calculation models and techniques, and, accordingly, the admissibility of their application for assessing the radiation situation in the IGR reactor room.The obtained results will be used in the selection of the locations of secondary equipment for measuring the parameters of the experimental devices.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL VISUALIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION FIELDS USING A COMPLEX GAMMA SPECTROMETRIC METHOD

The article presents the results of approbation of the complex method of three-dimensional characterization of radioactive contamination, which allows to build maps with the fields of radioactive contamination of areas and objects in real time. The proposed γ-spectrometric method is optimized for the conditions of necessity to carry out prompt primary assessment of radiation situation at NFC enterprises and consists in carrying out γ-spectrometric measurements using horizontal and angular collimating protection for the detector. Measurements in this case are a successive set of γ spectra in the control measuring points that form a network of radiation survey of the facility.

Preliminary assessment of the radiological consequences of the hostile military occupation of the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone

The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russian military forces on 24 February 2022 put the radiological well-being of the people in Ukraine under unprecedented threat. Apart from the risks linked to operating nuclear power plants, there was substantial evidence of looting of facilities of all kinds, including those holding radioactive materials, as well as the scope for physical disturbance of radioactively contaminated areas and waste storage facilities. The actions of Russian military personnel invading Ukraine through the territory of the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (the ChEZ) were of serious concern. Before its shutdown a few days after the beginning of the occupation, the automated radiation monitoring system of the ChEZ recorded sharp increases in the gamma-background in several areas which indicated some non-typical processes taking place on its territory. The State Nuclear Regulatory Inspectorate of Ukraine (SNRIU) and its technical support organisation, the Scientific and Technical Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Safety (SSTC NRS), as well as the rest of the professional nuclear community in Ukraine and worldwide, recognised the potential for movement of the radioactive contamination (reaching 101–104 kBq m−2 Cs-137 in the most of the territory) by the Russian military machinery and personnel to areas outside the ChEZ, creating locally contaminated spots along the routes taken by the invaders towards Kyiv. Certain apprehensions were caused by the inventory carried out after the liberation of the ChEZ which revealed the theft of calibration sources and radioactive samples from laboratories located in Chornobyl. As soon as this information became available to the public, it caused a wide response and anxiety, as a result of which SNRIU made a decision to conduct a radiation survey of the liberated territories in the Kyiv region. The survey was conducted between June and December 2022 by SSTC NRS specialists with the support of DSA. The scope of the survey was limited by available time and resources; however, the total route of the survey was about 840 km, and covered more than 50 settlements and a limited part of the ChEZ. The radiation survey combined the continuous gamma-dose rate measurements by the detectors installed in the laboratory vehicle and additional manual measurements at specified points. As a result of the radiation survey, no deterioration of the radiation situation was observed in the liberated territories. No contaminated objects, radiation sources, or other radioactive material removed from the ChEZ were found either. Measurements of the Cs-137 soil contamination in the ChEZ, although limited, corresponded to the results which had been obtained before the war. It can be concluded that in the surveyed territories, the direct impact on the public in the form of additional radioactive contamination removed from the ChEZ in February-March 2022 was negligible. The same applies to the radiation consequences of forest fires that occurred in the ChEZ during its occupation. However, due to the damage of the radiation monitoring system, explosive hazard, and destruction of transport infrastructure, the consequences of the occupation of the ChEZ by Russian troops will be long-term.

Assessment of the Blue Light Ocular Hazard by Solar Measurements and the Impact of Selected Sunglasses Based upon the Limits of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Guideline.

A quantitative assessment of the blue light hazard for the human eye related to direct solar irradiation is presented. For six radiation situations, missing eye protection was compared to protection by nine different commercial sunglasses with and without an optimized blue light filter. Measurements of the solar irradiance were performed on Earth's surface as well as at an elevation of 12 km in the cockpit of an airliner. An irradiation time limit was calculated from the measurement data, within which the maximum blue light dose of 100 J m-2, recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and mandatory for the safe operation of lamps according to the norm ICE 62471, is reached. The results suggest that the blue light dose limit is violated within less than 3 s when looking without eye protection directly into the sun. For Category 3 sunglasses without the optimized blue light filter, time limits of 10 to 25 s on Earth's surface and 7 to 8 s at 12 km altitude were observed. The investigated Category 3 sunglasses with optimized blue light protection and suited for traffic use allow a time limit of more than 40 s on Earth's surface and 18 to 95 s in the airliner's cockpit. The outcome of the study is that the eye protection against blue light hazard related to solar radiation can be quantified using existing limits and that the choice of sunglasses is relevant: Traffic-worthy sunglasses optimized for protection against blue light hazard offer a better protection than non-optimized sunglasses.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КОНТРОЛЯ ЗА РАДИАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬЮ В ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ БЮДЖЕТНОМ УЧРЕЖДЕНИИ «ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ НАУЧНО-КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ ЦЕНТР МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ РАДИОЛОГИИ И ОНКОЛОГИИ» ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО АГЕНТСТВА

Purpose: To assess the state of radiation safety at nuclear facilities of the FSCCRO. Material and methods: The Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Medical Radiology and Oncology of the FMBA of Russia has three radiation-hazardous facilities on one site, which implies the need for strict compliance with all radiation safety requirements. As a part of the study, the analysis of reports based on the Safety Guidelines for the Use of Atomic Energy, was carried out in order to comply with the requirements of regulatory documents on radiation safety when performing work on the declared types of activities, taking into account the specifics of the institution’s “closed cycle” working mode. The article also presents the annual exposure doses of the category of personnel working with technogenic sources of ionizing radiation (group A) or being under the terms works in the field of their impact (group B) for the period from 2020 to 2022. The analysis of collective and mean radiation doses of the Group A personnel is done for the specified period. Results: A three-year analysis of the state of radiation safety at the Center showed that the radiation situation at nuclear facilities meets the requirements of the current legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of radiation parameters. There were no cases of exceeding the established control levels of personnel individual radiation doses for the period 2020-2022 as of March 3, 2023. Conclusion: There are no deviations from the requirements of regulatory documents on radiation safety when performing work on the declared types of activities. The experience of the radiation safety service of the Center can be used when commissioning similar facilities on the territory of the Russian Federation.

Creating an automated system for monitoring emergency situations with a radiation factor in Bryansk region

The article describes the structure and composition of an automated emergency monitoring system (AEMS) with a radiation factor designed to perform prompt emergency rescue operations in radioactively contaminated territories (RCT) in Bryansk region and to localize emergency zones (EZ). The study analyzed scientifi publications and patents on radiation control and environmental monitoring in case of radiation emergencies. Territorial automated systems for monitoring radiation situations (ASMRS) and mobile means for monitoring radiation situations (RS) using unmanned aerial vehicles were explored. The integrated monitoring system for protecting the population (KSM-ZN), including in radioactively contaminated areas, in Bryansk region was described. Functions and structure of AEMS means were described. It was concluded that the AEMS can improve the effi ncy of response to radiation emergencies and decisionmaking in protecting the population and territory by transmitting real-time data on RS monitoring in the emergency zone and current assessment of the emergency and environmental situation for prompt notification about the danger.

Exposure of students (pupils) and employees of educational institutions in the Leningrad region to natural sources of radiation. Part 1: Results of a comprehensive survey

Currently, there is no methodological support for radiation monitoring and sanitary and epidemiological assessment of radon concentration (or radon EEC) and other parameters of the radiation situation in existing operated buildings. The paper presents a review of the protocols for conducting measurements of indoor Leningrad region with previously found elevated levels of radon concentration using long-term measurements. The survey revealed that highest values of indoor radon ECC were obtained using instant measurements in several educational institutions both in the normal operation mode of the buildings (up to 1106 Bq/m3) and after leaving the premises for 12 hours with closed windows and doors (up to 1586 Bq/m3) according to the requirements of paragraph 6.5 of MU 2.6.1.2838-11. High values of radon concentration were also obtained using long-term and short-term measurements (up to 4900 and 1420 Bq/m3, respectively). In addition, high values of radon flux density were detected (up to 2030 mBq/(m2·s)). The established hygienic norms for ambient dose equivalent rate indoors and outdoors were not exceeded in the surveyed educational institutions. The levels of gross alphaand beta activities in tap water sampled from the surveyed educational institutions were below the control levels, and an exceedance of intervention level for activity concentration of radon in analyzed samples was not detected. The results of the survey will be used for hygienic assessment of doses and health risks for students (pupils) and employees of several educational institutions of the Leningrad region due to exposure to radon and its progeny and can be used to improve the method for indoor radon concentration monitoring in existing operated public buildings in the Russian Federation, which in turn will make it possible to obtain correct values of public doses and health risks.

Аналіз радіаційного стану в санітарно-захисній зоні та зоні спостереження дослідницького ядерного реактора ВВР-М Інституту ядерних досліджень НАН України у 2021 р.

The results of the analysis of the radiation state of environmental objects in the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) and surveillance zone (SZ) of the research nuclear reactor (RNR) WWR-M of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (INR) for 2021 are analyzed and compared with the data for previous years (from 2016 to 2020). The levels of total beta activity of sedimentary dust and atmospheric precipitation and wastewater from the main reservoirs of INR, the concentration of beta-active aerosols in the surface layer of atmospheric air, as well as the content of 137Cs radionuclide in soil and vegetation samples, were studied. The research was conducted in the laboratory of the Center for Ecological Problems of Atomic Energy of INR. The obtained results show that in 2021 there was no excess of the values of controlled parameters compared to previous years. There was also no significant difference in the specific activity of the radionuclide 137Cs in soil and vegetation samples from SPZ and ZS. Studies conducted in the period from 2016 to 2021, allowed to accumulate significant factual material on the radiation situation in the sanitary protection zone and surveillance zone and to substantiate the conclusion about the absence of man-made radioactive contamination of the environment due to the operation of RNR WWR-M of INR of NAS of Ukraine.

Creating an automated system for monitoring emergency situations with a radiation factor in Bryansk region

The article describes the structure and composition of an automated emergency monitoring system (AEMS) with a radiation factor designed to perform prompt emergency rescue operations in radioactively contaminated territories (RCT) in Bryansk region and to localize emergency zones (EZ). The study analyzed scientifi publications and patents on radiation control and environmental monitoring in case of radiation emergencies. Territorial automated systems for monitoring radiation situations (ASMRS) and mobile means for monitoring radiation situations (RS) using unmanned aerial vehicles were explored. The integrated monitoring system for protecting the population (KSM-ZN), including in radioactively contaminated areas, in Bryansk region was described. Functions and structure of AEMS means were described. It was concluded that the AEMS can improve the effi ncy of response to radiation emergencies and decisionmaking in protecting the population and territory by transmitting real-time data on RS monitoring in the emergency zone and current assessment of the emergency and environmental situation for prompt notification about the danger.

Assessment of Environmental Risk from Radioactive Pollution of the Environment

T e article presents a methodology for assessing the risk of radioactive contamination of the environment according to the data of radiation monitoring. T e methodology is based on the indicators of radiation exposure and control levels of radionuclides in environmental components, the non-exceeding of which ensures the safety of natural environment. T e risk assessment methodology uses three indicators: an environmental risk index, based on radiation dose rates to reference biota; an integral indicator of pollution of the territory; a generalized risk indicator, estimated in scores, considering both the area and time dynamics of pollution. Examples of methodology application are given, presenting risk assessment for Chernobyl contaminated territories, also risk assessment for radiation hazardous facilities. T e proposed risk assessment procedure can be used to analyzing and interpreting information about radiation risks on the territory of the Russian Federation based on radiation monitoring data, taking into account the requirements of environmental protection, assessment of the state and changes in the radiation situation under the inf uence of natural and anthropogenic factors, including radiation facilities. T e methodology produces reliable integral information about radiation impact on the environment and its interpretation based on the concept of environmental risk. T e results of the risk assessment from radioactive pollution of the environment are used in the development and decision-making on the need for environmental protection measures, and also make it possible to rank the factors of radiation exposure and rationally organize monitoring of the radiation situation.

Радиационная обстановка и дозы облучения в Российской Федерации в 2021 году

The article contains information about the radiation situation and radiation doses of the population, as well as occupational exposure in 2021 in the territories serviced by the FMBA of Russia. The distribution of the number of personnel working with sources of ionizing radiation or exposed to ionizing radiation by dose intervals for taking into account individual doses of radiation at facilities of different departmental affiliation, as well as the values of the collective dose are given. Information is provided on the structure, number of radiological procedures by types and groups of organs, collective and average radiation dose of patients received in 2021 in the territories serviced by the FMBA of Russia. There is a significant increase in the contribution of computed tomography to the collective dose compared to previous years.

Citizen monitoring of ambient dose rate: the SAFECAST project.

Citizen Science (CS) is research performed by citizens who are not professional scientists in general. SAFECAST was founded in Japan after the Fukushima accident 2011, motivated by distrust in the perceived biassed information by authorities about radiation situation. Measurements of ambient dose rate (ADR) performed by citizens were intended to verify and complement official data using bGeigieNano designed for purpose, recording ADR, GPS coordinates and date/time allowing projection on digital maps. The project expanded internationally, by mid-2022 containing ⁓180 million measurements. CS generates large amount of data as valuable source for science; it has educational value and serves communication between citizens and professionals. Problems consist in quality assurance (QA): citizens who are no trained metrologists are usually little familiar with notions of representativeness, measurement protocols and uncertainty that are the central QA topics. We discuss variability of response of instruments of the same kind under same ambient conditions and isotropy of response under field conditions.