Radiation Protection Equipment Research Articles

Radiation Protection in the Orthopedics Department: Insights From a Cross-Sectional Study.

This study assesses radiation protection practices and knowledge among orthopedic surgeons in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study surveyed orthopedic surgeons in Saudi Arabia using an online standardized and pre-tested questionnaire. The data were analyzed using statistical software. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 participants. This survey revealed significant gaps in understanding safety protocols for radiation, as formal training in radiation protection was provided to only 3.9% of surgeons, whereas 7.8% had a basic awareness of the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle. Even though 67.6% of respondents reported the regular use of lead aprons, other radiation protective equipment, such as leaded eyeglasses and thyroid shields, was less frequently or rarely used; moreover, 80.4% of participants did not use dosimeters to monitor their radiation dose. The findings of the study comply with the global trends that may be traced in the investigations of other studies where inconsistent use of protective equipment and a lack ofcorresponding knowledge were prevalent. The current investigation accentuates the importance of mandatory radiation safety training and regular monitoring of the enforcement of protective equipment use; moreover, prioritizing these measures can protect surgeons from the enduring risks of radiation exposure, such as cataracts, cancer, and other radiation-induced disorders.

ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RADIATION SAFETY CULTURE AT RSIY PDHI

Government Regulation Number 45 of 2023 concerning Ionizing Radiation Safety and Radioactive Substance Safety states that every activity related to the use of nuclear energy must pay attention to radiation safety by building and developing a safety culture in all organizational activities. In addition, radiation workers and other personnel related to the use of nuclear energy are required to support the implementation of a safety culture. Based on this, it is essential to conduct periodic evaluations to determine the risk analysis of the implementation of radiation safety in every facility that utilizes radiation, including the Yogyakarta Islamic Hospital (RSIY) PDHI, which utilizes ionizing radiation for patient diagnosis and therapy. The type of research conducted at RSIY PDHI is qualitative research using case study analysis. The research was conducted from March to August 2024. Data was collected in three ways: observation, interviews, and document analysis. The study showed that radiation protection equipment showed consistent results with the "less" category during the six months of observation. Optimization and radiation safety implementation generally received a "good" score, except in June, which showed a decrease to the "less" category. Radiation protection and safety training was consistently in the "less" category. The interview results show several concrete steps have been taken to implement a radiation safety culture. It can be concluded that, although several aspects still need to be monitored and improved, RSIY PDHI has shown a solid commitment to implementing a radiation safety culture. Continuous evaluation and improvement are essential to ensure optimal safety for all parties involved. Keywords: radiation protection, radiation safety, radiation safety culture, assessment and continuous improvement.

BEST PRACTICE FOR OPTIMIZATION AND RADIATION SAFETY IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR CATHETERIZATION ROOM (CATHLAB) OF SENTRA MEDIKA CIBINONG HOSPITAL

Scattered radiation generated during fluoroscopy increases the potential for patients and staff to receive radiation doses, so it is necessary to take optimization steps for radiation safety to minimize the risk of exposure to scattered X-ray radiation. This study aims to implement radiation protection in cardiac and vascular catheterization laboratories and summarize best practices for implementing efforts to minimize radiation exposure. The method used was qualitative and quantitative from 2023 to 2024; with this qualitative approach, the supervision activities in TLD badges for radiation workers, the level of diagnostic guidance for patients, and the use of radiation protection equipment were observed. For the quantitative approach, measuring the dose rate was carried out, and optimizing the positioning of the distance between the patient's table and the radiation source was carried out by direct measurement. Based on research data, the observation results obtained that the apron is still by the minimum thickness, which is 0.35-0.5 mm Pb for intervention, the results of exposure tests around the cathlab room are around 0.08-0.12 μSv/hour still below the dose constraint value, Mapping the rate of exposure in the work area during the intervention procedure obtained an optimal safe distance of around 60-70 cm from the X-ray tube. The setup of the effective distance position for intervention patients is at a distance of 80 cm from the X-ray tube to the patient table, which can reduce the absorbed dose to the patient by around 30%, the use of low dose mode (7.5 fps) with pulsed fluoroscopy during the intervention obtained the absorbed dose received by the patient reduced by 70-72% for PCI procedures and 25-29% for the type of CAG procedure. It is hoped that the protocol that uses this best practice can minimize the risk of exposure to scattered radiation and optimize medical exposure. Keywords: cathlab, best practices radiation protection, dose rate, radiation exposure, patient radiation dose.

Radiation Protection in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Regional Survey.

Introduction Orthopaedic surgery frequently involves the use of intra-operative radiographs, commonly taken with surgeons standing in close proximity to the X-ray machine. Radiation training and appropriate radiation protection minimise the harm that surgeons can face from ionising radiation. This study evaluates the current state of radiation training and protective equipment available to orthopaedic surgeons in the East of England. Methods A digital questionnaire on Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA) was disseminated to regional orthopaedic surgeons between October 2022 and January 2023. Results Of the 75 respondents, 49% were consultants and 51% were trainees at various stages. Regarding training and risk assessment, 62% of surgeons lacked radiation protection training, 45% of female trainees didn't undergo radiation risk assessments during pregnancy, and none did while breastfeeding. Concerning radiation protection, all respondents inadvertently X-rayed their hands; lead gloves and glasses were scarce, and X-ray gowns were in poor condition and in a limited range of sizes. Most surgeons were unwilling to purchase their own dosimeters, lead gowns, thyroid guards, and lead glasses, despite their limited availability, inadequate size range, and poor condition. No significant differences were observed between consultant and registrar responses. Conclusion The study reveals inadequate training and mitigation against radiation exposure in orthopaedics. The lack of radiation training prompted its inclusion in this year's trainee inductions. The shortage of proper radiation protective equipment exposes surgeons to radiation risks. Orthopaedic surgeons should not have to choose between workplace health and safety and affordability. Greater financial support and investment in radiation protection should be prioritised to minimise radiation-induced harm. We aim to raise awareness and encourage key decision-makers to address this critical issue.

Measuring Spatial Radiation Dose Distribution During Abdominal Computed Tomography Scanning with Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters

PurposeAs the proportion of medical radiation exposure increases, the exposure dose has received increasing attention. When performing interventional radiological diagnosis, examiners are often exposed to radiation. Therefore, patients and medical personnel are exposed to higher amounts of radiation dose. Accordingly, we used optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) to measure the ambient air kerma during abdominal CT scanning to observe the spatial distribution of the doses.MethodsAn abdominal CT scan under a voltage of 120 kVp was performed, and OSLDs were used for the measurement. The measurement range extended from the examination couch that serves as the center point to the walls and was divided into four areas. The OSLD measurements were undertaken at three different heights (i.e., 85, 140, and 150 cm from the floor) for spatial dose detection. The OSLDs were fixed up to lines at the three height levels. Each dosimetry point was 50 cm apart. In addition, the surface incident doses of the prosthesis's mammary gland, liver, and gonad were estimated.ResultsAccording to the spatial dose distribution at the three different heights, the maximum dose and minimum dose in front of the bore were 0.194 ± 0.008 and 0.006 ± 0.001 mGy, respectively; 2 m away from the bore, the dose reduced to 9% of the maximum dose. The surface incident doses of the mammary gland, liver, and gonad were 1.321 ± 0.121, 13.083 ± 0.642, and 13.441 ± 0.658 mGy, respectively.ConclusionThe spatial dose distribution revealed that the dose was the highest at the height of 140 cm and in front of the bore. The dose on the left side was higher than that on the right side. In addition, the dose was inversely proportional to the square of the distance. If the examiners must perform interventional radiological diagnosis during CT scanning, they should put on radiation protection equipment and stand behind the bore to minimize the radiation exposure.

Uji Kelayakan Alat Pelindung diri Lead Apron di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit Daerah Mangusada Badung

Lead apron is a type of personal protective equipment in the form of an apron and made of lead which is designed to protect the body from the dangers of radiation. Menurut Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 1250/MENKES/SK/XII/2009 regarding Quality Control Guidelines to protect the density and physical condition of the lead apron, testing is required once a year and may be carried out before one year if necessary. To maintain the quality of the lead apron, it needs to be stored in a good manner and avoid stacking and folding it. Because it can cause damage which will reduce its function as radiation protection equipment. Lead apron storage should be stored flat without folds or on a special shelf. The aim of this research is to test lead aprons in the Radiology Installation of Regional Hospitals Mangusada Badung to determine the feasibility of the lead apron. The type of research used is descriptive quantitative research with a survey approach, observation, namely by carrying out testing, measurement and documentation. This research was conducted in July. The results of this study indicate that lead apron testing in the Radiology Installation of Regional Hospitals Mangusada Badung What has been done is that the four lead aprons are still in good condition and still suitable for use.

Assessing the Use of Radiation Protection Equipment: A Cross-Sectional Survey Among Dental Students

Background: Proper radiation protection is crucial for minimizing exposure risks in dental radiography. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and practices of dental students regarding radiation protection equipment. Methods: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted with 100 dental students, including third-year students, final-year students, interns, and postgraduates. The questionnaire assessed participants' understanding of radiation protection principles, use of protective equipment, and attitudes toward radiation safety. Data were analyzed using statistical methods, including chi-square tests. Results: The study found that 73% of participants had good knowledge and awareness of radiation protection equipment and radiation dosage. Despite this, adherence to recommended practices was poor. A significant association was observed between gender and the use of lead aprons during radiographs (p-value = 0.03), indicating a difference in practice based on gender. Conclusion: While dental students generally exhibit strong knowledge and awareness of radiation protection, there is a notable gap in the practical application of protective measures. The findings highlight the need for improved training and adherence to radiation safety practices to ensure the well-being of both patients and practitioners.

Prediction Model for Defects in Lead and Lead-free Aprons.

Personal radiation protective equipment (PRPE) is prone to defects in the attenuating layers, resulting in inadequate protection. Hence, quality control (QC) of PRPE is needed to assess its integrity. Unfortunately, QC of PRPE is laborious and time consuming. This study aimed to predict the QC outcome of PRPE without x-ray imaging based on readily available predictors. PRPE QC data of a general hospital from 2018 to 2023 was used for both prediction models based on logistic regression and random forests (RF). The data were divided into a training set containing all data from 2018 to 2022 and a holdout set containing the data from 2023. The predictors were brand, age, size, type, visual defects, and department. The prediction performances were compared using confusion matrices and visualized with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Prediction accuracies of at least 80% were achieved. Further model tuning especially improved the RF model to a precision up to 97% with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 86%. All predictors, except visual defects, significantly impacted the probability of passing. The predictor brand had the largest contribution to the predictive performance. The difference in pass probability between the best-performing and the worst-performing brand was 35.1%. The results highlight the potential of predicting PRPE QC outcome without x rays. The proposed prediction approach is a significant contribution to an effective QC strategy by reducing time consuming x-ray QC tests and focusing on garments with higher probability of being defective. Further research is recommended.

DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS FOR ASSESSING THE LEVEL OF PREPAREDNESS OF EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL TECHNICIANS FOR PUTTING ON A SET OF ARMOUR AND RADIATION PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

An urgent and unsolved part of the problem of humanitarian demining of radiation-affected areas by specially trained specialists is the scientific and methodological apparatus of substantiation of standards for assessing the level of preparedness of explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) technicians for putting on a set of armour and radiation protection equipment. According to the results of an experimental study, the authors established that the change in the time of putting on a set of armour and radiation protection equipment is exponential depending on the level of readiness of EOD technicians preparing for humanitarian demining in a radiation-contaminated area. The experiment participants put on a set of armour and radiation protection equipment consecutively for six days (one attempt each day). It is worth noting that with a significance level of a = 0.05, starting from the third attempt, the time EOD technicians put on armour and radiation protection equipment can be considered constant. Based on the experimental results obtained in the third and fourth attempts, we developed standards for assessing the level of preparedness of EOD technicians of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine for putting on a set of armour and radiation protection gear. For this, we used an adapted statistical method for substantiating the standards, which featured the use of weighted average estimates of the fractions (frequencies) of the performance time that fall within the intervals of the excellent standard, as well as between the ‘excellent’ and ‘good’ and ‘good’ and ‘satisfactory’ standards. We determined that for the case of a combination of an L-1 protective suit, armour protection such as a protective vest of the IV protection level, an armoured helmet of the III-A protection level, and a filter gas mask of the GP-5 type, the time for executing this operation could be estimated starting from the third attempt using the following standards: ‘excellent’ – 155 seconds, ‘good’ – 185 seconds, and ‘satisfactory’ – 220 seconds. Keywords: standard, armour and radiation protection equipment, demining, radioactive contamination, experiment.

Factors influencing radiologic technologists’ commitment to radiation protective equipment utilization in fluoroscopy units: an analysis using the health belief model scale

Objective: This study aimed to assess the perceptions of radiologic technologists towards the use of radiation protective equipment (RPE) in fluoroscopy units and to identify the Health Belief Model constructs, “perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy”, that predict RPE utilization among radiologic technologists. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 228 radiologic technologists in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that included socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of RPE utilization, and the Health Belief Model. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of RPE utilization. Results: The findings indicate that 63% of radiologic technologists reported always being committed to using RPE, while 37% reported not fully committed. Perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy showed significant associations with RPE utilization between the two groups of radiologic technologists: those who always use RPE and those who are not fully committed (p < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that perceived benefits were a significant predictor of RPE utilization (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.60–0.67, p = 0.009), and type of hospital was also a significant predictor (AOR=0.09, 95% CI: 0.1–0.97, p = 0.047). Conclusion: The study highlights the need for interventions to improve the consistent use of RPE among radiologic technologists in fluoroscopy units. Emphasizing the importance of RPE usage, addressing barriers, and providing adequate cues to action can help enhance radiologic technologists’ commitment to using RPE and reduce radiation exposure risks. Tailoring interventions to the specific hospital setting and considering the perceived benefits of using RPE are crucial for promoting a culture of safety and accountability in different healthcare settings.

Implementasi Pemanfaatan Sumber Radiasi Pengion pada Ruang CT Scan ditinjau berdasarkan Peraturan BAPETEN No. 4 tahun 2020 di Instalasi Radiologi Rumah Sakit type B di Wilayah Kabupaten Sumedang

Background: Occupational safety and health (OSH) management is the main factor in hospital services, which aims to control and minimize potential dangers due to radiation. One of the evaluations used is the implementation of OSH management requirements based on the Republic of Indonesia Ministry of Health Regulation No. 1014 of 2008 and Bapeten regulation no. 4 of 2020. The aim of this research was to determine the extent of implementation of OSH management in terms of completeness of management requirements, radiation protection, room design and personal protective equipment (PPE) implemented in Radiology Department in hospital type B, Sumedang Regency.Methods: This research was a descriptive qualitative by conducting direct observations, interviews and documentation.Results: The results of the research on the design of the room without ventilation outside the CT Scan room, this aims to minimize the dose of scattered radiation that comes out, decentralization and good air circulation, has warning signs and directions for radiation danger areas, the radiation protection equipment is quite complete. Implementation of radiation management has been carried out, but not completely, there is no health monitoring at the end of the work period and upon termination of work. Radiation safety verification has been carried out periodically, quality control is only carried out externally, so it does not meet standards, internal quality control cannot be carried out because there is no survey meter.Conclusions: This research was conducted in Radiology Department room in August 2023, the results showed that in the CT Scan room there was no air ventilation, there was radiation dose monitoring for staff, overall, Radiology Installation hospital type B in Sumedang Regency area had implemented occupational safety and health.

Current status of occupational radiation exposure and protection among medical interns and residents

Background: While individuals exposed to radiation in hospitals are typically registered as radiation workers, with regulated exposure levels, many interns and residents who are not registered as radiation workers are occupationally exposed to radiation. This study aimed to assess the current status and awareness of radiation exposure and related protective practices among interns and residents.Methods: An online survey was conducted nationwide from June 3 to June 16, 2023, engaging 262 interns and 799 residents. Descriptive analyses were conducted to summarize the status of occupational radiation exposure and radiation protection practices.Results: Approximately 6% of interns and 18% of residents reported receiving personal dosimeters, and 6% and 20%, respectively, were registered as radiation workers. In contrast, compliance with personal radiation protection equipment, such as lead aprons and thyroid shields, exceeded 85% during tasks involving radiation exposure. On average, interns spent 7 months (standard deviation [SD], 2.1) and residents 8.1 months (SD, 4.8) in main departments with potential radiation exposure. While overall safety performance showed improvement, the provision of personal dosimeters and radiation worker registration remained low (14.7%, 16.6%).Conclusion: Despite improvements in radiation protection education and the provision of personal protective equipment, the registration rate for radiation workers among interns and residents remains low. Ensuring these medical professionals are registered and managed as radiation workers is crucial for prioritizing their safety and well-being.

INVESTIGATION OF LINEAR AND MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT OF OZANOGOGO KAOLIN, AGBOR, DELTA STATE

This study investigates the linear and mass attenuation coefficients of Ozanogogo Kaolin, a material with unique physical and chemical properties, across varying radiation energies. The study aims to contribute to understanding how Ozanogogo Kaolin interacts with radiation, particularly in fields such as medical imaging, radiation therapy, and industrial applications. The research thoroughly explores the material's characteristics, including density, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength. The linear attenuation coefficient (μ) and mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) are fundamental parameters measured experimentally through a transmission-based technique. The experimental setup includes a radiation source, Ozanogogo Kaolin samples, a radiation detector, and appropriate shielding. The values of attenuation coefficients obtained at different radiation energies are presented, indicating a linear decrease in attenuation with increasing energy. The research discusses the implications of the findings for practical applications, emphasizing Ozanogogo Kaolin's potential in radiation shielding materials and protective equipment. Possible sources of error in the experimental procedure are identified, and recommendations for future research are proposed, including investigations into sample characteristics, comparative studies with other shielding materials, and examinations of material behaviour at higher energies. In conclusion, this study enhances the understanding of Ozanogogo Kaolin's attenuation properties and highlights its potential in diverse applications related to radiation attenuation. The research findings contribute valuable insights for developing improved radiation shielding materials and equipment.

Compliance with the Use of Radiation Protection Equipment in the Panoramic Room of the Radiology Installation at Ken Saras Hospital

Compliance with the Use of Radiation Protection Equipment in the Panoramic Room of the Radiology Installation at Ken Saras Hospital

Properties of cement Portland composite prepared with Barium sulfate and Bismuth oxide for radiation shielding

Radiation is useful but can be harmful to humans if used carelessly. Therefore, radiation protection equipment is necessary for workers. In this paper, we aim to study a cement composite with BaSO4/Bi2O3 for protection against X-rays and gamma rays. The shielding ability was measured using a diagnostic X-ray with energies of 60–120 keV and gamma rays of Cs-137, Ba-133, Co-57 and the morphology structure was determined including radiation protection properties. The results showed that Portland cement with a high concentration of BaSO4/Bi2O3 had the ability to absorb radiation from X-rays in the range of 95.54–99.87% and gamma energy in the range of 93.37–98.88%. Moreover, the composite of BaSO4/Bi2O3 induced a homogenous structure of Portland cement possibly affecting the strength of the material. In addition, Portland shielding can be designed for use in related applications in various energy ranges including ones that are environmentally friendly and suitable for the development of radiation protection in the future.

Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure on Cataract among Radiation Workers of Interventional Cardiology in Indonesia

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiation-induced cataracts and its correlation with radiation exposure dose and radiation protection equipment use among radiation workers of interventional cardiology. Methods This is a cross-sectional and retrospective case–control study. We included 180 subjects. The prevalence of radiation-induced cataracts was assessed using Scheimpflug analysis on the Pentacam-Oculus device. Individual cumulative radiation exposure dose and radiation protection equipment use were identified from questionnaires and personal dosimeters. Results The prevalence of radiation-induced cataracts was 16.7%. The median cumulative radiation dose was 0.8 (0.1–35.6) Gy. A positive correlation was found between cumulative radiation dose and lens density (R Spearman = 0.64). We found 83.9% of subjects used ceiling-suspended shields in 71 to 100% of their working period. However, most subjects (40.6%) did not wear protective eyewear. There was a statistically significant increasing risk of radiation-induced cataracts and unresponsive use of radiation protection equipment. Subjects using ceiling-suspended shield in only 31 to 50% of their working period increased their cataract risk by 10.8 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–111.49, p = 0.044). Meanwhile, subjects using protective eyewear in only 51 to 70% of their working period increased their cataract risk by 8.64 times (p = 0.001). Subjects who did not wear protective eyewear had an odd ratio of 164.3 (95% CI: 19.81–1363) compared to those who did. Conclusion Radiation-induced cataracts among radiation workers of interventional cardiology depended on the radiation exposure dose and the use of radiation protection equipment.

BEST PRACTICE PERAN TIM PETUGAS PROTEKSI RADIASI (PPR) DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KESELAMATAN RADIASI DI MANDAYA ROYAL HOSPITAL PURI

Utilizing ionizing radiation sources at Mandaya Royal Hospital Puri requires strict implementation of radiation protection measures. The principles of radiation protection must be applied meticulously, considering the potential effects. The hospital has a team of radiation protection officers (RPO) comprising radiographers and medical physicists responsible for ensuring radiation safety and implementing radiation protection measures. The RPO team has conducted various radiation protection activities between January and July 2023, including monitoring radiation worker doses, optimizing patient radiation doses, conducting internal and external quality control, checking radiation protection equipment, monitoring supporting equipment related to radiation safety, socializing radiation protection across all hospital departments, and testing room radiation exposure. The RPO team has been executing their 2023 program, adhering to the best practices. The hospital management plays a crucial role in carrying out radiation protection activities, and their support and commitment are vital to the practical and sustainable implementation of the RPO team's activities. Keywords: Radiation protection officers (RPO), radiation safety culture, radiation dose, radiation protection.

Operator Intracranial Dose Protection During Fluoroscopic-Guided Interventions.

We utilized an anthropomorphic model made with a human skull to determine how different personal protective equipment influence operator intracranial radiation absorbed dose. A custom anthropomorphic phantom made with a human skull coated with polyurethane rubber, mimicking superficial tissues, and was mounted onto a plastic thorax. To simulate scatter, an acrylic plastic scatter phantom was placed onto the fluoroscopic table with a 1.5mm lead apron on top. Two Radcal radiation detectors were utilized; one inside of the skull and a second outside. Fluoroscopic exposures were performed with and without radiation protective equipment in AP, 45-degree RAO, and 45-degree LAO projections. The skull and soft tissues reduce intracranial radiation by 76% when compared to radiation outside the skull. LAO (308.95 μSv/min) and RAO projections (96.47μSv/min) result in significantly higher radiation exposure to the primary operator when compared to an AP projection (54 μSv/min). All tested radiation protection equipment demonstrated various reduction in intracranial radiation when compared to no protection. The hood (68% reduction in AP, 91% LAO, and 43% in RAO), full cover (53% reduction in AP, 76% in LAO, and 54% in RAO), and open top with ear coverage (43% reduction in AP, 77% reduction in LAO, and 22% in RAO) demonstrated the most reduction in intracranial radiation when compared to the control. All tested equipment provided various degrees of additional intracranial protection. The skull and soft tissues attenuate a portion of intracranial radiation.

Vascular and cardiac ultrasound as the primary imaging tool to safely deliver pacing leads while implanting single-chamber permanent pacemakers: A single-operator experience in a tertiary cardiac center

The use of fluoroscopy to visualize leads used for permanent pacemakers (PPM) has cumulative effects not only on patients but on operators and lab staff including malignancy risk, cataract, hypercholesterolemia, and musculoskeletal injuries due to the weight of radiation protection equipment.( 1 Karatasakis A. Brilakis H.S. Danek B.A. Karacsonyi J. Martinez-Parachini J.R. Nguyen-Trong P.J. et al. Radiation-associated lens changes in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: Results from the IC-CATARACT (CATaracts Attributed to RAdiation in the CaTh lab) study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018; 91: 647-654 Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar , 2 Andrew S. Abdelmonem M.R. Kohli S. Dabke H. Evaluation of Back Pain and Lead Apron Use Among Staff at a District General Hospital. Cureus. 2021; 13e18859 PubMed Google Scholar )

A Review of Radiation Protection Standards for Workers in Hospital Radiology: A Narrative Literature Review

One of the goals of radiation protection is to prevent stochastic effects from occurring and to limit the chances of stochastic effects occurring to a limit value that is acceptable to society. This literature review aims to describe radiation protection standards for workers in hospital radiology. To prevent non-stochastic effects, a limit of 0.5 Sv (50 rem) in 1 year was used for all tissues except the lens of the eye. For eyepieces, the recommended annual limit is 0.15 Sv (15 rem). This limit value is used either for radiation reception by a single tissue or for radiation reception by multiple organs. To limit stochastic effects, the annual effective equivalent dose (HE) limit for whole-body radiation reception is 50 mSv (5 rem). The radiation protection equipment that must be available at a radio diagnostic facility is a lead apron, thyroid shield, gonad protectors, gloves, Pb goggles, and lead curtains. In conclusion, radiation protection equipment must be provided by radiology facility operators and used by radiation workers, especially radiologists and other competent doctors. Periodic inspection and standardized maintenance of radiation shields must be carried out for the sake of public safety.