Radiated Immunity Test Research Articles

Research on Key Projects of Electromagnetic Compatibility Field Testing for Large Medical Robot

The present study aims to investigate the electromagnetic compatibility testing method for large medical robots. This paper explores the operational mode and fundamental performance of large medical robots in electromagnetic compatibility testing, based on the working principle and structural composition of a sampling robot. Furthermore, it focuses on analyzing the field detection methods for radiation emission test and radiation immunity test of large medical robots. Ultimately, this research provides valuable insights for conducting electromagnetic compatibility field tests on large medical robots.

A 20-180MHz frequency band electrically tunable antenna for radiation immunity testing

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is an essential part in today’s society and there are more products around us that emit electromagnetic waves than ever before. To make sure that all these products function properly under all circumstances EMC testing is needed. One test that is conducted is radiated immunity testing. A susceptibility antenna is needed to perform immunity testing. This research work aims to show that a tuneable antenna could be used for immunity testing in the frequency band 20-180 MHz and in the future replace the current antenna, which is not tuneable, used at SAAB Support and Services EMC. A simulation program called EZNEC+ was used to simulate different antennas that were tested in the semianechoic chamber at SAAB. Two antenna types showed better efficiency and reached lower in frequency than SAAB’s current antenna. These antennas were a bowtie antenna and an x-shaped antenna, both extending in

Research on Radiated Immunity Test Methods for ADAS Functions Considering Vehicle In-the-Loop

The radiated immunity of passenger cars and commercial vehicles is validated using electromagnetic interference from off-vehicle radiation sources in an anechoic chamber according to the procedure in ISO 11451-2. Common electrical or electronic vehicle systems, including dual flash, monitors, and entertainment systems, must be validated using a standardized immunity evaluation procedure. However, Automated Driver Assistance System (ADAS) functions often lack verification in complex electromagnetic fields, which might create potential risk due to electromagnetic compatibility problems. For example, radar and camera sensors based on autonomous emergency braking (AEB), adaptive cruise control (ACC), or lane departure warning (LDW) functions may be ineffective in the real world if subjected to electromagnetic interference. This paper presents a new methodology to evaluate vehicle immunity performance based on the main ADAS functions. A target simulator and a virtual driving environment are designed to trigger AEB, ACC, and LDW functions in an anechoic chamber. Moreover, the vehicle In-the-Loop (VHIL) conception is also applied by acquiring and analyzing key ADAS-related signals. The reliability of ADAS functions at the whole-vehicle level can be evaluated and improved using standardized external radiation sources.

Near-field characteristics of a TEM horn used for radiated immunity tests

Near-field characteristics of a TEM horn used for radiated immunity tests

Concept to Evaluate and Quantify Field Inhomogeneities in Coaxial TEM-Cells

The quality of a field probe calibration directly affects the uncertainty statement of radiated immunity tests. Therefore, precise field calibration is required. An often-used field generator is a transversal electromagnetic (TEM) cell. The IEEE Std 1309 provides three methods to calibrate a field probe. Method B, also known as the standard field method, uses a calculated reference field based on the geometry of the measurement environment and its input parameters. However, in reality, mechanical tolerances and misalignment can decrease the field quality. The results of the calculated model and the actual system may differ. Hence, this contribution proposes an approach for computing electromagnetic (EM) fields inside a TEM-cell considering mechanical tolerances and unknown input parameters. It is accomplished by projecting Maxwell’s equations onto eigenfunctions resulting in an infinite-dimensional differential equation system, the so-called generalized telegraphist’s equations (GTEs). Since this method starts with Maxwell’s equations, it can be used for a variety of applications. The proposed concept is applied on a coaxial TEM-cell with a circular cross-section with random imperfections. Based on the semi-analytical method and an input–output model for the uncertainty propagation, the combined uncertainty can be calculated following the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM).

Field Uniformity Measurements of Flat Broadband Dipoles Used for Near-Field Immunity Testing

Near-field immunity tests have become very popular in the last years. Especially in automotive EMC-applications (ISO 11452-9 and many automotive manufacturer standards), new test methods for immunity tests against portable transmitters have been introduced since 2009. In contrast to widely applied radiated immunity tests according to EN 61000-4-3 or MIL-STD-461G, which are typically performed at distances of 1 m to 3 m between antenna tip and equipment under test, the near-field immunity test methods are done at very close spacings of 5 to 50 mm and on component test level only. The small separation between radiating elements and the surface of the equipment under test leads to a very efficient power to fieldstrength conversion. The characterisation of the generated near-field was done using separate miniaturized scanning probes for E-field and H-field. Measurements of the field uniformity are presented in cartesian coordinates with contour lines as “heatmaps”. The frequency range for these near-field tests is 360 MHz to 2.7 GHz, currently (2020) being extended up to 6 GHz.

Vision Emulation Methods for Intelligent Vehicle Radiated Immunity Test in Anechoic Chamber

Lane departure warning system (LDWS) application helps enable a safer driving experience for drivers. This application provides additional information about the movement of the vehicle to the driver through front view system, and can warn the driver of dangerous situations through lane departure warning. The warning information is provided through varies sensors such as cameras, analogue and digital interfaces, machine-vision processors. This means that every sensor and every process is safety-relevant and has to be comprehensively tested under the electromagnetic environment. A method to activate and conduct LDWS installed in Vehicle is put forward to test the electromagnetic immunity performance. A virtual vision emulation system which can activate LDWS warning repeatedly and continuously is built and based on the principle of camera imaging. Moreover, it is proved to be feasible for various vehicle by the proper adjustment. With this system, the radiated immunity test for LDWS and other applications based on front camera of intelligent vehicle can be performed in the anechoic chamber.

Vision emulation methods for intelligent vehicle radiated immunity test in anechoic chamber

Lane departure warning system (LDWS) application helps enable a safer driving experience for drivers. This application provides additional information about the movement of the vehicle to the driver through front view system, and can warn the driver of dangerous situations through lane departure warning. The warning information is provided through varies sensors such as cameras, analogue and digital interfaces, machine-vision processors. This means that every sensor and every process is safety-relevant and has to be comprehensively tested under the electromagnetic environment. A method to activate and conduct LDWS installed in Vehicle is put forward to test the electromagnetic immunity performance. A virtual vision emulation system which can activate LDWS warning repeatedly and continuously is built and based on the principle of camera imaging. Moreover, it is proved to be feasible for various vehicle by the proper adjustment. With this system, the radiated immunity test for LDWS and other applications based on front camera of intelligent vehicle can be performed in the anechoic chamber.

Evaluation of a TEM horn antenna for radiated immunity tests in close proximity

Evaluation of a TEM horn antenna for radiated immunity tests in close proximity

Evaluation of radiated immunity tests using adjusted pulse modulated signals

The main goals of an engineering test are reproducing a real scenario in a controlled environment and monitoring a device under validation when exposed to such condition. In this context, some recent studies have indicated misalignments between the waveforms suggested by the Radiated Immunity standards and the real telecommunication signals. Reproducing an actual signal in an electromagnetic compatibility laboratory might, however, be an expensive task, since it demands more sophisticated hardware. In this study, a simple solution for this problem is proposed based on adjustments applied to the standardised pulse modulated waveform. The objective is to develop an alternative to the traditional procedures, in an attempt to provide the manufacturers a more realistic test environment for their products. Mathematical manipulations indicate that a good agreement between the adjusted waveforms and a digital television signal cannot be simultaneously achieved in both time and frequency domains. Multiple trade-off solutions are then generated and analysed through electromagnetic simulations. Results show that, in the 210-216 MHz frequency range, the pulse modulated signals model the digital television interference capability better than the classical continuous wave does.

Improving the Reproducibility of Radiated Emission and Immunity Tests Through the Use of the CMAD

The use of the common-mode absorption device (CMAD) for improving the reproducibility of radiated immunity tests carried out according to the standards CISPR 16-2-3 and IEC 61000–4–3 is investigated here. Electromagnetic field simulation software is used to analyze several test setups in the frequency range from 30 to 200 MHz, where the CMAD is designed to be effective in reducing resonances of the common-mode current along cables. Both vertical and horizontal polarizations of the electric field are investigated. The cable transfer impedance is accounted for by the simulations in order to quantify the interference induced in inner circuits. The measured S -parameters of a commercial CMAD, complying with the requirements of the standard CISPR 16–1–4, are effectively integrated into the numerical computation. It is demonstrated that the use of the CMAD on cables leaving the test volume significantly damps the peak of resonances of the radiated disturbance (in emission testing) and the induced interference (in immunity testing) in the full frequency range from 30 to 200 MHz.

Near-Field Immunity Test Method for Fast Radiated Immunity Test Debugging of Automotive Electronics

This study presents a near-field immunity test (NFIT) method for the fast debugging of radiated susceptibility of industrial devices. The proposed approach is based on the development of an NFIT setup which comprises of developed near-field electric and magnetic field probes and device under test (DUT). The developed small-size and handy near-field testing probes inject the high electric (up to 1000 V/m) and magnetic (up to 2.4 A/m) fields on the DUT in the radar pulse ranges (1.2 to 1.4 GHz and 2.7 to 3.1 GHz) with the lower fed input power (up to 15 W) from the power amplifier in the developed NFIT setup. The proof of concept is validated with the successful near-field immunity debugging of an electric power steering (EPS) device used in the automotive industry with the developed NFIT setup. The radiated susceptibility debugging test results of developed NFIT method and conventional method of ISO 11452-2 test setup turned out to be close to each other for the tested DUT in immunity performance. The proposed procedure has advantages of industry usefulness with fast, handy, and cost-effective radiated immunity debugging of the DUT without the requirement of large antenna, high-power amplifiers, optical DUT connecting harness, and an anechoic chamber as needed in ISO 11452-2 standard setup for the debugging analysis.

Black-Box Modeling of the Maximum Currents Induced in Harnesses During Automotive Radiated Immunity Tests

This letter presents a black-box modeling approach for the prediction of the spectrum of the maximum currents induced on a generic linear load in an automotive radiated immunity test. The proposed approach relies on a parametric Thevenin-based circuit equivalent built from a limited set of measured or simulated data. The frequency-domain behavior of the equivalent voltage source is provided via a metamodel by combining the support vector machine (SVM) regression with a regularized Fourier kernel with a simple adaptive algorithm. The latter allows defining the minimum number of training samples needed to accurately predict the maximum values of the currents induced on a generic linear load for different azimuth directions of the excitation field. The accuracy and the strength of the proposed approach are demonstrated for an example, by comparing the model predictions with the results of a parametric full-wave electromagnetic simulation.

Simulation Study on Radiated Immunity Test of Active Implantable Medical Device

In the electromagnetic compatibility standards of active implantable medical devices such as ISO 14117,radiated immunity test above 450 MHz frequency is recommended to be carried out in the electromagnetic shielding room.However,different test locations and the shape/size of the shielding room may lead to very different electromagnetic field distribution in the radiation exposure area of the sample,thus affecting the consistency of the test.With the model built by COMSOL software,this paper analyzes the impact of different parameters,such as size of the room and position of torso simulator on the distribution of field intensity,and reaches results about the distribution of field intensity on the torso simulator area under tow sizes of shielding rooms and two typical test positions.The results show that the experimental consistency of the electric field intensity on the surface directly below the center of the antenna is not good enough,which may affect the repeatability of the test.

Research on Field Strength of Radiated Immunity Test for Active Implantable Medical Devices

In order to compare the radiation immunity test level of ISO 14708 series standards and the domestic and international environmental radiation standards and then to ascertain whether the radiated immunity test level has reached the limit of the radiation strength in the relevant radiation environmental standards, this paper calculated the radiation field intensity and power density according to the radiated immunity test of ISO 14708 standards, and compared with the limit of ICNIRP 1998 and GB 8702-2014.

Testing designing an electrical device compliant with the electromagnetic compatibility directive

The goal of presented work was to build an electronic device in order to test the effectiveness of different EMC-improving solutions. Three EMC tests were done in order to check the created device compliance with the electromagnetic compatibility directive. Each of them was conducted for both industrial and non-industrial parameters (voltage and field strength), according to IEC PN-EN 61000 standards. Three tests were done: conductive immunity test in EM clamp, radiated immunity test in GTEM chamber, radiated emission test in GTEM chamber. Firstly, the device’s conductive immunity was examined. The set of possible solutions was created by examining existing designs, papers, books and producers’ recommendations. In result, different component configurations were chosen to determine the most EMC-effective one. Next, electromagnetic compatibility of proposed device configurations was tested in the GTEM chamber (radiated immunity and radiated emission). Tests results are presented on charts and analysed in order to verify if designed device face requirements of the electromagnetic compatibility directive. It was verify which of proposed electromagnetic compatibility improving solutions can solve problems with electromagnetic compatibility.

Metabonomics studies on serum and urine of patients with breast cancer using 1H-NMR spectroscopy

// Jianping Zhou 1 , Yanxia Wang 1 , Xinli Zhang 1 1 Radiation Immunity Test Center, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi'an, China Correspondence to: Xinli Zhang, email: kallyyue@sina.com Keywords: breast cancer, 1 H-NMR, metabonomics, serum, urine Received: February 06, 2017      Accepted: March 03, 2017      Published: March 15, 2017 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe a metabolomic study of breast cancer using 1 H-NMR combined with bioinformatics analysis. 1 H-NMR spectroscopy combined with multi-variate pattern recognition analysis was used to cluster the groups (serum and urine samples from breast cancer patients and healthy controls) and establish a breast-cancer-specific metabolites phenotype. Orthogonalpartial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was capable of distinguishing serum and urine samples from breast cancer patients and healthy controls and establishing a breast-cancer-specific metabolite profile. A total of 9 metabolites in serum concentration and 3 metabolites in urine concentration differed significantly between breast cancer patients and healthy controls. Serum samples from breast cancer patients were characterized by decreased concentrations of choline, glucose, histidine, valine, lysine, acetate, tyrosine and glutamic, accompanied by increased concentrations of lipid relative to healthy controls. In urine samples, the level of phenylacetylglycine and guanidoacetate was significantly lower, while the level of citrate was significantly higher in breast cancer patients relative to healthy controls. In conclusion, this study reveals the metabolic profile of serum and urine from breast cancer patients. NMR-based metabolomics has the potential to be developed into a novel clinical tool for diagnosis or therapeutic monitoring for breast cancer. However, because of limitations of methods and technique, further research and verification is needed.

Investigation of different alternative radiated immunity test methods

Radiated immunity measurements are commonly performed by using field uniformity at 3 m in laboratories in anechoic chambers in accordance with the standard IEC61000-4-3. However, the test of Equipment Under Test (EUT) sometimes cannot be carried out in laboratories due to several restrictions. In case of EUT with large dimensions, high power consumptions and/or auxiliary devices which are attached to the EUT, it is not possible to use laboratory facilities during tests. As a consequence, on-site radiated immunity tests are required in industry. On the other hand, radiated immunity tests and establishment of a field uniformity with 16-points have many challenges in industry and almost impossible in industrial environments due to uncontrolled reflections and narrow testing environment, for that reason alternative EMC test methods at standard or non-standard distances become unavoidable in industry. In this research, we have experimentally investigated different radiated immunity test methods commonly used in industry at standard or non-standard distances and compared them with the reference field uniformity method applied at 3 m, finally proposed the most acceptable solution for industrial environments.

A study of electric field behind isolated metal plate in a radiated immunity test set up

In a radiated immunity test, the equipment under test (EUT) failed at 300 MHz when the vertically oriented antenna was facing a vertical metal plate mounted above a baseplate on the EUT. The two edges of the plates were located a few mm apart from each other, on one side of the equipment and the plates and the frame of the EUT were isolated from each other. The EUT passed above the specified test level when the antenna was facing exposed wiring, connectors and enclosures on the other three sides. The test personnel expected the opposite to be true. When the gap between the two plates was electrically closed then the EUT passed the radiated immunity above the specified test level. This result prompted measurements of a solid 0.6 m x 0.3m plate versus two 0.3 m x 0.3 m plates with a gap between them of 2mm and 4 mm. The results of these measurements may be a surprise to some and are described in this paper.

Radiated Immunity Test Involving Crosstalk and Enforcing Equivalence With Field-to-Wire Coupling

In this study, a novel test procedure aimed at assessing the radiated immunity of units and subsystems interconnected by wiring harnesses is proposed and experimentally validated. The procedure is based on crosstalk and allows inducing at the terminations of the wiring structure under test the same disturbance that would be induced by field-to-wire coupling, without requiring large and expensive test facilities. This is made possible by resorting to a generator circuit laid parallel and in proximity of the cable under test and fed at the terminations by two RF voltage sources, whose phase shift is suitably controlled. The proposed scheme of equivalence is very general, holding for any direction of incidence and polarization of the impinging electromagnetic field. Also, it involves feeding conditions of the two RF sources that do not depend on the specific terminations of the circuit under test. Accuracy of the proposed equivalence scheme is assessed by resorting to an automatically controlled test setup involving a simple wiring structure and terminal networks. Eventually, feasibility and practicality of the associated test procedure are discussed.