Radial Wave Research Articles

PDM relativistic quantum oscillator in Einstein–Maxwell–Lambda space-time

In this paper, we study the relativistic dynamics of quantum oscillator fields within the context of a position-dependent mass (PDM) system in the background of a curved space-time. The chosen curved space-time is generated by a magnetic field incorporating a non-zero cosmological constant called Einstein–Maxwell–Lambda solution. To analyze PDM quantum oscillator fields, we introduce a modification into the Klein–Gordon equation by substituting the four-momentum vector [Formula: see text], where various four-vectors are defined by [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is the mass oscillator frequency. The radial wave equation for the modified Klein–Gordon equation is derived and subsequently solve for two distinct scalar multipliers: (i) [Formula: see text] and (ii) [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The resultant approximate energy levels and wave function for quantum oscillator fields are demonstrated to be influenced by the cosmological constant and the geometrical topology parameter which breaks the degeneracy of the energy spectrum. Furthermore, we observed noteworthy modifications in the approximate energy levels and wave function when compared to the results derived in the flat space.

Efficacy of shock wave therapy and ultrasound therapy in non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised clinical trial.

Physiotherapists and physicians continue to seek effective conservative treatments for Achilles tendinopathy. This study aimed to subjectively and objectively determine the therapeutic efficacy of radial shock wave therapy (RSWT) and ultrasound therapy in non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Thirty-nine patients with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy were randomly assigned to three experimental groups, i.e., RSWT (group A), ultrasound therapy (group B), and placebo ultrasound (group C) groups. Before the intervention and at weeks 1 and 6 after the treatment, the patients were assessed using the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles (VISA-A) questionnaire and posturographic measurements of step initiation performed on the force platforms under two different conditions (non-perturbed transit and perturbed transit). Six weeks after therapy, all groups exhibited significantly increased VISA-A scores against the measurement at week 1 after therapy. The post-therapy percentage changes in VISA-A scores were significantly greater in group A compared to group B. The three-way ANOVA demonstrated that treatment type affected sway range in the frontal plane and mean velocity of the centre of foot pressure displacements in the sagittal and frontal planes during quiet standing before step initiation. The Bonferroni post-hoc test showed that the means of all those variables were significantly smaller for group A than for group B patients. The three-way ANOVA revealed an effect of the platform arrangement on transit time and double-support period. The Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed statistically longer transit time for the perturbed vs. non-perturbed trials; a reverse relationship was observed for the double-support period. The VISA-A showed that RSWT was significantly more effective than sonotherapy for alleviation of pain intensity as well as function and activity improvement in patients with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Therefore, RSWT therapy can be used in clinical practice by physiotherapists to alleviate the symptoms of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Objective data registered by force platforms during quiet standing before and after step initiation did not prove useful for monitoring the progress of treatment applied to patients with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy between consecutive therapy interventions.Clinical trial registration:https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12617000860369, identifier (ACTRN12617000860369).

Targeted Treatment Reverses Increased Left Cardiac Work in Unilateral vs. Bilateral Primary Aldosteronism.

The incidence of cardiovascular complications may be higher in unilateral than bilateral primary aldosteronism (PA). We compared noninvasive hemodynamics after targeted therapy of bilateral vs. unilateral PA. Adrenal vein sampling was performed, and hemodynamics recorded using radial artery pulse wave analysis and whole-body impedance cardiography (n = 114). In 40 patients (adrenalectomy n = 20, spironolactone-based treatment n = 20), hemodynamic recordings were performed after 33 months of PA treatment. In initial cross-sectional analysis, 51 patients had bilateral and 63 unilateral PA. The mean ages were 50.6 and 54.3 years (P = 0.081), and body mass indexes 30.3 and 30.6 kg/m2 (P = 0.724), respectively. Aortic blood pressure (BP) and cardiac output did not differ between the groups, but left cardiac work was ~10% higher in unilateral PA (P = 0.022). In the follow-up study, initial and final BPs in the aorta were not significantly different, while initial cardiac output (+13%, P = 0.015) and left cardiac work (+17%, P = 0.009) were higher in unilateral than bilateral PA. After median treatment of 33 months, the differences in cardiac load were abolished, and extracellular water volume was reduced by 1.3 and 1.4 l in bilateral vs. unilateral PA, respectively (P = 0.814). These results suggest that unilateral PA burdens the heart more than bilateral PA, providing a possible explanation for the higher incidence of cardiac complications in unilateral disease. A similar reduction in aldosterone-induced volume excess was obtained with targeted surgical and medical treatment of PA.

Scalar's quasibound states in cosmological black hole background

In this letter, we present in detail a novel exact solution of scalar quasibound states of a static spherically symmetric Schwarzschild de Sitter black hole. We investigate and work out the governing covariant scalar field wave equation, i.e., the Klein-Gordon equation and isolate the radial equation. In this letter, we show in detail, the derivation of the successfully obtained exact radial wave solutions which are expressed in terms of General Heun functions. Having the exact solutions in hand, the energy levels expression is obtained from special function's polynomial condition. In the last part, the Hawking radiation is investigated via the Damour-Ruffini method and the Hawking temperature is obtained from radiation distribution function.

UNDULATING POTENTIALS OF RYDBERG Σ+-STATES OF ME-RG MOLECULES: NON-EMPIRICAL TREATMENT OF NA-HE EXCIPLEX

The multi-reference con guration interaction method based on single and double excitations (MR-CISD), l-independent core polarization potential (CPP) and diffuse function-saturated cc-pVQZ and aug-cc-pV5Z basis sets for Na and He atoms, respectively, have been used to perform non-relativistic calculations of potential energy curves and permanent dipole moment functions for the ground and excited electronic states of the exciplex Na-He molecule up to the Na(62S) state. The ab initio results obtained in a wide range of internuclear distances R [1.7, 20.0] (Å) have quantitatively claimed the undulating behavior of interatomic potentials, predicted within the framework of the inelastic scattering theory. It has been established that at large R the interatomic potentials and dipole moments of highly excited (3,6,10)2Σ+ states, converging to Na (n = 4, 5, 62S)+He(22S) atomic limits, are modulated by the nodal structure of the radial Rydberg wave function (n > 3) s-electron of Na atom during its scattering on the remote He atom.

Blast wave interaction during explosive detonation in a variable cross-sectional charge

Purpose. The research aims to assess the efficiency and performance of solid media destruction in directed blasting of a charge with variable cross-sectional shape. Methods. Numerical modelling of the blast wave interaction process is performed using the finite element method based on the Euler-Lagrange algorithm. The Johns-Wilkins-Lee equation of state is used to determine the pressure-volume dependences of medium destruction. Assessment of solid medium destruction mechanism during a directed blasting of a charge with variable cross-sectional shape is carried out based on polarization-optical method on models made of optically active material. Findings. Experimental studies of solid medium destruction by the action of directed blasting with a variable cross-section charge made it possible to determine the direction of blast wave propagation and its amplitude in stress wave, influencing the intensity of radial crack network formation in superposition areas, and directed perpendicularly to explosive cavity. At the same time, the average peak pressure in collision zone of two shock waves in centre of spherical cavity is approximately 1.48 and 1.84 times higher than that in weakly blast-loaded areas. It has been found that when two shock waves collide and superimpose on each other, the intensity of their impact increases. Moreover, the shock wave velocity in collision zone is higher than that of the radial shock wave. Originality. It has been determined that the maximum pressure values on the explosive cavity wall at the initiation points sharply increase and then gradually stabilize as the blast stress waves propagate and have an arbitrary distribution pattern. Three areas should be considered: not superimposed, weakly superimposed, and strongly superimposed. At each point of detonation, the pressure on explosive cavity wall will be minimal, while in the charge centre in the spherical insert zone, on the contrary, it will be maximal. In this case, the pressure in the central superposition area is about 2.84 times greater than at the initiation ends, and the nature of distribution changes according to a linear dependence. Practical implications. The performed research findings can serve as a basis for development of effective parameters of resource-saving methods for stripping hard rocks of complex structure in the conditions of ore mines.

Assessment of the Crustal Thickness within Southern Bida Basin and Surrounding Basement Rocks, North Central Nigeria, using Gravity Data

The crustal thickness within the Southern Bida Basin has been determined using Bouguer Gravity Data. This study focuses on a region situated in the southern part of the Bida Basin, a significant inland sedimentary basin in North Central Nigeria. Two distinct methods were employed to estimate crustal thickness from Bouguer anomaly values: (i) an empirical relationship between crustal thickness and Bouguer anomaly, and (ii) spectral analysis of the radial wave number. The average crustal thickness was derived by averaging results obtained from both methods. Additionally, a linear equation (HC = 34.39 – 0.17BG) was formulated for the study area, enabling straightforward determination of crustal thickness from any given Bouguer anomaly value. The estimated crustal thickness in the study area ranges from 32 km to 40 km, aligning closely with the overall crustal thickness of Nigeria as reported by Daniyan et al. (2002). The tectonic stability of the study area, situated on the stable African plate, further underscores its significance within the broader geological context of Nigeria.

Radial artery pulse wave age-related assessment for diabetic patients based on multiple linear regression time domain analysis method

The global incidence of diabetes increases yearly. About 10 % of adults are affected. This study established a multiple linear regression (MLR) time domain analysis model of radial artery pulse wave characteristic parameters in CUN, GUAN and CHI based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to assess diabetes. Pulse signals of diabetic subjects were collected by a pulse instrument. The locations of CUN, GUAN and CHI were determined by a TCM practitioner, and all pulse signals were normalized. Measurement data from 100 male and 100 female patients were used to establish a new time domain analysis method for extracting pulse wave characteristic parameters called equal pressure pulse transit time (EP-PTT). For these mentioned samples, the EP-PTT is different for male and female diabetic subjects, it was smaller for male diabetic subjects than those of female diabetic subjects. EP-PTT1 and EP-PTT6 are relevant to predicting age based on CUN, GUAN and CHI signals, which showed a linear negative correlation (P < 0.05). The EP-PTTi (i = 2, 3, 4) of female diabetic subjects are linearly correlated with age, and all of these are positively correlated (P < 0.05). These observations were clearly different from observations in healthy controls. The pulse waveform of CUN, GUAN and CHI of diabetic subjects can explore the relationship between the age of diabetic subjects and EP-PTT. The preliminary findings will provide foundational data for type 2 diabetes assessment based on CUN, GUAN and CHI pulse signals of radial artery, and the proposed new analysis method can be used for assessing type 2 diabetes.

Effects of Pöschl-Teller potential on approximate ℓ ≠ 0-states solution in topological defect geometry and Shannon entropy

This study is centered on examining the behavior of quantum particles governed by the Schrödinger equation, particularly when subjected to a trigonometric Pöschl-Teller potential within the context of a topological defect environment. We set out to derive the radial wave equation and employ the Nikiforov-Uvarov method to solve it and present the eigenvalue solution of the quantum system. In fact, it is shown that the topological defect alters both the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave functions of quantum particles, diverging from the behavior observed in flat space with this potential. Moreover, we compute the Shannon entropy for this quantum system under investigation and assess how the presence of the topological defect and potential influences it.

Global monopole effects on exact s-state solution under trigonometric Pöschl–Teller potential

In this paper, we address into the quantum dynamics of quantum particles interacting with a trigonometric potential within the context of a space-time background featuring a point-like global monopole. Our aim is to derive exact s-states eigenvalue solutions. To achieve this, we first derive the angular and radial wave equations of the Schrödinger equation within this particular geometry, considering Pöschl–Teller potential. While the angular solutions are well-known, the radial wave equation necessitates the utilisation of special functions for its solution. Our analysis demonstrates that the presence of the global monopole induces modifications in both the exact energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave functions of quantum particles. Consequently, these modifications deviate from the behaviour typically observed in flat space when considering this potential. Afterwards, we compute Shannon entropy for this quantum systems and show the influences of various parameters.

Effects of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy on flexor spasticity of the upper limb in post-stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial

Objective This study aimed to assess the efficacy of radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy in treating upper limb spasticity after a stroke. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University. Subjects This study included 95 people with stroke. Intervention The active (n = 47) and sham-placebo (n = 48) radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy groups received three treatment sessions (every third day). Main measures The Modified Ashworth Scale, Hmax/Mmax ratio, root mean square, co-contraction ratio, mechanical parameters of the muscle and temperature were measured at baseline and days 2, 5 and 8. Results Among the 135 potential participants screened, 100 were enrolled and allocated randomly, with 95 participants ultimately being included in the intent-to-treat analysis dataset. The active group showed significantly better improvements in upper limb spasticity and muscle function than did the sham-placebo group. Greater improvements in the Modified Ashworth Scale were observed in the active group than in the sham-placebo group (difference, −0.45; 95% CI, −0.69 to −0.22; P < 0.001). Moreover, significant differences in root mean square, co-contraction ratio and Hmax/Mmax ratio were observed between the two groups (all P < 0.001). The mechanical parameters of the biceps muscle were significantly better in the active group than in the sham-placebo group (P < 0.001). The active group had a higher temperature than the sham-placebo group, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.070). Conclusions This study revealed that the treatment with extracorporeal shockwave therapy can relieve upper limb spasticity in people with stroke.

Probability of He+ Ion at Quantum Number 3 ≤ n ≤ 4 in Momentum Space

Ions resulting from the ionization of helium atoms are known as helium ions. Atom of Helium The probability distribution of the particle locations and velocities inside a helium atom is referred to as probability. Using theoretical study methods, the goal of this research is to find the probability of an electron's position in a helium atom at the quantum number 3 ≤ n ≤ 4. This type of research is non-experimental research by developing previously existing theories. This type of research is non-experimental research by transforming the radial wave function of hydrogenic atoms in position space into a radial wave function in momentum space using the Fourier transformation, then including a number of Gegenbauer functions and using the probability equation of finding an electron in a Helium ion in momentum space. The results of this research provide information regarding the position and probability of the existence of electrons in the helium atom. The probability value for the Helium ion is obtained using the equation P(p) = which is used to indicate the probability of finding an electron in a helium atom is directly proportional to the principal quantum number (n) and the value of the electron's momentum. The larger the electron momentum interval, the greater the probability.

Fermion-soliton scattering in a modified CP1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb{C}\\mathbb{P}^{1}$$\\end{document} model

The scattering of fermions in the background field of a topological soliton of the modified (2+1)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$(2 + 1)$$\\end{document}-dimensional CP1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb{C}\\mathbb{P}^{1}$$\\end{document} model is studied here both analytically and numerically. Unlike the original CP1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb{C}\\mathbb{P}^{1}$$\\end{document} model, the Lagrangian of the modified model contains a potential term. Due to this, a dilatation zero mode of the topological soliton disappears, which results in stability of the fermion-soliton system. The symmetry properties of the fermion-soliton system are established, and the asymptotic forms of fermionic radial wave functions are studied. Questions related to the bound states of the fermion-soliton system are then discussed. General formulae describing the scattering of fermions are presented. The amplitudes of the fermion-soliton scattering are obtained in an analytical form within the framework of the Born approximation, and their symmetry properties and asymptotic forms are studied. The energy levels of the fermionic bound states and the partial phase shifts of fermionic scattering are obtained by numerical methods, and the ultrarelativistic limits of the partial phase shifts are found.

Heavy multiquark systems as clusters of smaller units: A diffusion Monte Carlo calculation

Multiquark systems appear less frequently than mesons and baryons despite the enormous worldwide experimental effort that has been made during the last two decades. In this work, we propose a possible explanation for that fact, restricting ourselves to the case of sets including only c and c¯ quarks. We show that those multiquarks can be thought as different combinations of smaller units that associate together to produce colorless assemblies with a definite value of the total spin. For instance, for the cccccc hexaquark with spin S=0, we have three possibilities; a set of six undistinguishable c quarks, an association of two ccc baryons, or a set of three cc diquarks close together. This means we can have three different values for the mass of an open-charm hexaquark with S=0. Using the diffusion Monte Carlo method, we calculate all possible combinations compatible with tetraquark ccc¯c¯, pentaquark ccccc¯, open-charm cccccc, and hidden-charm cccc¯c¯c¯ hexaquark structures with the minimum value of total spin (S=0 or S=1/2). We consider compact structures with radial wave functions including pair interactions between all the quarks in the cluster. We find that, in all cases, the mass of the multiquark decreases with the number of small units that conform the set of quarks. For instance, an open charm hexaquark made up of three diquarks has a smaller mass than a set of six c undistinguishable units. When the pieces that conform the multiquark are themselves colorless with a definite value of the total spin, the cluster splits into those smaller units that separate infinitely from each other. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Scalar fields in Bonnor-Melvin-Lambda universe with potential: a study of dynamics of spin-zero particles-antiparticles

In this study, our primary focus is on exploring the relativistic quantum dynamics of spin-zero scalar particles in a magnetic space-time background. Our investigation revolves around solving the Klein–Gordon (KG) equation within the framework of an electrovacuum space-time, while incorporating an external scalar potential. Specifically, we consider a cylindrical symmetric Bonnor-Melvin magnetic universe featuring a cosmological constant, where the magnetic field aligns parallel to the symmetry axis. Our approach involves deriving the radial equation of the wave equation, initially considering a linear confining potential and subsequently incorporating a Cornell-type scalar potential. We successfully obtain an approximate analytical solution for the eigenvalues of the quantum system under examination. Worth noting is our observation that the energy spectrum and the corresponding radial wave function experience notable modifications due to the presence of various factors including the cosmological constant, the topological parameter characterizing the space-time geometry, and the potential parameters.

Exact massless spinor quasibound states of Schwarzschild black hole

In this work, we investigate the behavior of massless spin 12 field by working out the Dirac equation in a curved static spherically symmetric Schwarzschild space-time. Detailed derivation of novel exact massive and massless scalar quasibound state in Schwarzschild black hole background is presented in this work. After decoupling the Dirac equation, we successfully solve both of the angular and radial parts, respectively in terms of spin weighted Spherical Harmonics and Confluent Heun functions. With the exact radial wave solution in hand, applying its polynomial condition leads to the discovery of the quantized energy levels expression. We found that the massless spinor field around the Schwarzschild black hole has complex valued energy levels, in contrast to the purely imaginary for a massless boson around the same black hole. In the last section, the Hawking radiation distribution function is derived via Damour-Ruffini method and the Hawking temperature is obtained.

Persistent currents of ultrarelativistic plasma-encased endofullerene molecules entrapping a H atom

In this work, for the first time in the relevant literature, the persistent currents (PC) and induced magnetic fields (IMF) of an endofullerene molecule entrapping a hydrogen atom, under spherical confinement, are investigated. The endofullerene molecule is enclosed within a spherical region and embedded in a plasma environment. The plasma environment is depicted with the more general exponential cosine screened Coulomb potential, and its relevant effects are analyzed by considering plasma screening parameters. The relevant model for endohedral confinement is the Woods–Saxon confinement potential, which is compatible with experimental data. The effects of various forms of C n are thoroughly elucidated via the analysis of the confinement depth, spherical shell thickness, the inner radius, and the smoothing parameters. To find the bound states in the spherically confined endofullerene, the decoupling of the second-order Dirac equation for the large and small components of the radial atomic wave functions is considered. The Dirac equation with the interaction potential is solved numerically by using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method via the decoupling formalism. The influence of spin orientations on the PC and IMF is also elucidated. The effects of spherical confinement, plasma shielding, and the structural properties of the fullerene on the PC and IMF are thoroughly viewed. Moreover, under given physical conditions, the optimal ranges of these effects are determined.

Limb Position Influences Peripheral Arterial Stiffness Reduction with Reactive Hyperemia

Reactive hyperemia can acutely reduce peripheral arterial stiffness. The reduction in peripheral arterial stiffness with reactive hyperemia has been suggested to be flow dependent. However, no previous studies have manipulated the magnitude of hyperemia. We manipulated blood flow by altering limb position to test the hypothesis that a larger increase in blood flow would lead to a greater reduction in peripheral arterial stiffness. Fourteen healthy young adults (5 women; age: 25 ± 5 years; mean ± SD) were included in this study. Peripheral arterial stiffness assessed via brachial to radial pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured by placing pulse tonometers simultaneously over the brachial and radial arteries. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure brachial arterial blood flow. Arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored via photoplethysmography on the middle finger of the contralateral hand. Reactive hyperemia was performed with the right arm positioned below (≍50°) and above (≍50°) heart level using a rapid-release cuff positioned on the upper arm, inflated to 220 mmHg, sustained for 5 min, then released. Measurements were recorded before cuff inflation and at 5, 15, and 30 min after cuff release. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant condition effect (p&lt;0.01) with peripheral PWV higher with the arm below the heart. There was a significant time x condition interaction (p&lt;.05). At 5-min after reactive hyperemia, peripheral PWV was reduced more with the arm below the heart (9.58 ±1.65 to 7.26 ± 1.51 m/sec) than above the heart (7.08 ± 1.79 to 5.88 ± 1.43 m/sec). Mean arterial pressure did not change across time points (p&gt;0.05). Peak brachial artery blood flow was greater with the arm below the heart (477.37 ± 145 vs 368.64 ± 137 ml/min; p&lt;.001). The results show that reactive hyperemia produces an acute reduction in brachial to radial PWV. The reduction in peripheral arterial stiffness was greater when the arm was below the heart. The mechanism for position-related differences in the reduction in peripheral arterial stiffness with reactive hyperemia may be associated with the magnitude of increase in blood flow. REJ was supported by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5T32HL134634-04). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Relativistic fermions and vector bosons in magnetized three-dimensional space-time with a cosmological constant

In this manuscript, we study the relativistic dynamics of fermions and vector bosons within a (2+1)-dimensional magnetized space-time. We consider the Bonnor-Melvin magnetic space-time, characterized by a homogeneous magnetic field aligned along the symmetry axis and a non-zero cosmological constant. This space-time background, featuring cylindrical symmetry, retains the invariance of quantum field dynamics under Lorentz boosts along the z-direction. This enables us to explore (2+1)-dimensional realms, where the associated 2+1-dimensional spacetime background is recognized as the Bonnor-Melvin magnetic 2+1+0-brane solution within the framework of gravity coupled with nonlinear electrodynamics. We seek exact solutions for relativistic fermions and vector bosons within this space-time background. We have managed to derive the radial wave equations in both instances, securing precise eigenvalue solutions devoid of any approximations. Our findings extend seamlessly to massless fermions and vector bosons, ensuring generality. Moreover, we observe that the ground state energy of massless vector bosons (photons) within the examined space-time background is unequivocally zero.

Numerical study on the damage of liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impact

In the studies of the vulnerability of armored vehicles, the impact of high-velocity penetrators on liquid-filled container components is one of the critical concerns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural damage of the liquid-filled container subjected to shaped charge jet impact utilizing the Structural Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method in ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The numerical model is validated against available experimental data. The validation effort of the numerical model showed very good agreements with experiments in terms of radial shock wave and radial crater formation as a function of time. Using the validated model, the liquid pressure, the energy transfer as well as the influence of overmatch on the impact process were analyzed. The results indicate that the structural damage modes of containers under shaped charge jet impact include perforation and wall deformation. Perforation results from the penetration of the jet tip and tail, while wall deformation is caused by the high-velocity impact of the flowing liquid. In cases where the overmatch (OM) is equal to 1, the contribution of the tip to front and back wall perforation increment primarily depends on the impact velocity. In cases with OM less than 1, the “filtering effect” of the Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) armor plate leads to the loss of the tail's contribution to front wall perforation.