Radial Wave Research Articles

Investigating the Effects of Shockwave and Percussion Massage Gun on Subacute Myofascial Pain in Gasterocenemious Muscle

Introduction: Myofascial pain syndrome is a common musculoskeletal injury, especially among athletes, typically treated with symptomatic invasive and non-invasive methods. This study compares the effects of massage guns and radial extracorporeal shock wave therapies on myofascial pain syndrome symptoms in amateur athletes. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial, 45 amateur athletes (18-30 years old) were recruited, who were randomly assigned to 15-member groups of shock wave, massage gun, and control (routine treatment included electrotherapy and stretching, which was applied on three groups). After initial evaluations of the pain intensity, pain pressure threshold (PPT), isometric muscle strength, and range of motion (ROM), the patients received single-session treatment and were immediately reassessed. Results: The results showed pain relief and improved PPT following shock wave plus routine treatment (P=0.03). The control group had less pain, while pain intensity and PPT did not change. The variables were not significantly different between the groups (P=0.12). Shock wave along with routine treatment increased plantar flexion ROM (P=0.00), unlike the massage gun. Additionally, dorsiflexion ROM (P=0.63) and maximal isometric gastrocnemius muscle strength (P=0.95) remained unchanged in all groups. Conclusion: One session of massage gun therapy immediately reduced gastrocnemius muscle pain, while it failed to change PPT, maximal isometric gastrocnemius muscle strength, or dorsiflexion and plantar flexion ROM. However, shock wave therapy immediately increased plantar flexion ROM and PPT, and reduced pain intensity. These modalities led to limited changes, suggesting the need for repeated sessions and supplementary treatments.

Radial Wave in the Galactic Disk: New Clues to Discriminate Different Perturbations

Decoding the key dynamical processes that shape the Galactic disk structure is crucial for reconstructing the Milky Way’s evolution history. The second Gaia data release unveils a novel wave pattern in the L Z −〈V R 〉 space, but its formation mechanism remains elusive due to the intricate nature of involved perturbations and the challenges in disentangling their effects. Utilizing the latest Gaia DR3 data, we find that the L Z −〈V R 〉 wave systematically shifts toward lower L Z for dynamically hotter stars with larger J Z values. The amplitude of this phase shift between stars of different dynamical hotness (ΔL Z ) peaks at around 2100 km s−1 kpc. To differentiate the role of different perturbations, we perform three sets of test particle simulations, wherein a satellite galaxy, transient spiral arms, and a bar plus the transient spiral arms act as the sole perturber, respectively. Under the satellite impact, the phase shift amplitude ΔL Z decreases toward higher L Z , which we interpret through a toy model of radial phase mixing. While neither the transient spiral arms nor the bar generates an azimuthally universal phase shift variation pattern, combining the bar and spirals generates a characteristic ΔL Z peak at the 2:1 outer Lindblad resonance (OLR) of the bar, qualitatively resembling the observed feature. Therefore, the L Z −〈V R 〉 wave is more likely of internal origin. Furthermore, linking the ΔL Z peak to the 2:1 OLR offers a novel approach to constraining the pattern speed of the Galactic bar, supporting the long/slow bar model.

Detailed derivation of the $\mathbf{^3P_0}$ strong decay model applied to baryons

Abstract We provide an in-detail derivation, through the $^3P_0$ pair creation model, of the transition matrix for a baryon decaying into a meson baryon system. The meson's analysis was successfully conducted in Ref.~\cite{Segovia:2012cd} and we extend the same formalism to the baryon sector, focusing on the $\Delta(1232)\to \pi N$ strong decay width because all hadrons involved in the reaction are very well established, the two hadrons in the final state are stable avoiding further analysis, all quarks are light and so equivalent, and the decay width of the process is relatively well measured. Taking advantage of a very common Rayleigh-Ritz variational method for solving the 2- and 3-body Sch"odinger bound-state equation in which the hadron's radial wave functions are expanded in terms of a Gaussian basis, the expression of the invariant matrix element can be related with the mean-square radii of hadrons involved in the decay. We use their experimental measures in such a way that only the strength of the quark-antiquark pair creation from the vacuum is a free parameter. This is then taken from our previous study of strong decay widths in the meson sector~\cite{Segovia:2012cd}, obtaining a quite compatible result with experiment for the calculated $\Delta(1232)\to \pi N$ decay width and indicating a possible path towards a unified and global description of the baryon and meson strong decay widths within the same constituent quark model framework. Finally, this research work has been developed in setting the stage for a novel raft of applications to exotic hadrons, \emph{i.e.} the description of baryon's coupling to meson-baryon thresholds, one of the mechanism that is thought to be responsible of providing either a large renormalization to naive states or genuine dynamically-generated meson-baryon molecules.Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Article funded by SCOAP3 and published under licence by Chinese Physical Society and the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science and the Institute of Modern Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and IOP Publishing Ltd

Exact solution of the Klein–Gordon oscillator in wormhole spacetime with Heun polynomial

In this paper, we investigate the relativistic harmonic oscillator in the Ellis–Bronnikov-type wormhole spacetime with a global monopole and cosmic string. We obtain the angular and radial wave functions exactly as well as the eigenenergies. Additionally, the radial wave function is expressed in terms of Heun polynomial, and as a consequence, the oscillation frequency is quantized. Finally, we graphically analyze the influence of the wormhole, as well as the influence of the global monopole and cosmic string on the radial probability density and the eigenenergies.

Analysis of the three possible event horizons of anti-de Sitter space–time in the Klein–Gordon equation

In this paper, we calculate exactly the solution of Klein–Gordon equation in anti-de Sitter space–time. Due to spherical symmetry, the angular wave functions are given by spherical harmonics. The radial wave functions are given by local Heun functions. We analyze the behavior of the radial wave function in regions near three possible event horizon positions [Formula: see text] and investigate the decay rate, Hawking radiation and Hawking temperature for these three cases. Comparing the results, we verify that if the decay rate and Hawking radiation are greater, then the closer the event horizon is to the singularity of the black hole. Finally, we analyze the special case of a small black hole limit.

Topological defects on mass spectra of quarkonium system with a Class of Yukawa potential (CYP)

In this paper, our focus lies in investigating nonrelativistic quantum systems under external potentials by solving the Schrödinger wave equation within a topological defect background. We opt for a class of Yukawa potential (CYP) and substitute the screening parameter with the Debye mass, which varies with temperature. Employing a Taylor series expansion to simplify the exponential term, we solve the radial wave equation, yielding an analytical solution for the quantum system in question, referred to as the Quarkonium system. Our analysis reveals that the presence of a topological defect modifies the energy profile of the Quarkonium system, consequently disrupting the degeneracy of the energy spectra.

Production of double P-wave heavy quarkonia at a super Z factory

The production of double P-wave heavy quarkonia is studied systematically within the framework of non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics at the exclusive process of the electron–positron collision annihilation at the CM energy s=91.1876\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sqrt{s}=91.1876$$\\end{document} GeV of the Z0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Z^0$$\\end{document} pole, i.e., double P-wave charmonia, double P-wave Bc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$B_c$$\\end{document} mesons, and double P-wave bottomonia in e+e-→γ∗/Z0→|(QQ′¯)[n]⟩+|(Q′Q¯)[n′]⟩\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$e^+e^-\\rightarrow \\gamma ^*/Z^0 \\rightarrow |(Q\\bar{Q'})[n]\\rangle +|(Q'\\bar{Q})[n^\\prime ]\\rangle $$\\end{document} (Q/Q′=c\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$Q/Q'=c$$\\end{document}- or b-quarks) at a future super Z factory, where [n] or [n′]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$[n^\\prime ]$$\\end{document} stands for the color-singlet [1P1]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$[^1P_1]$$\\end{document} and [3PJ]\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$[^3P_J]$$\\end{document} (J=0,1,2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$J=0,1,2$$\\end{document}) Fock states. As an improved trace technology is useful for calculating the complicated double P-wave channels, the analytical result can be obtained at the amplitude level. According to our study, the generation rates for the double P-wave heavy quarkonia at the future super Z factory are considerable. The values obtained for the total cross sections of the double P-wave charmonium for σ(|(cc¯)[1]⟩+|(cc¯)[1]⟩)=4.191-0.498+0.489×10-3fb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma {(|(c\\bar{c})[1]\\rangle +|(c\\bar{c})[1]\\rangle )}=4.191^{+0.489}_{-0.498}\ imes 10^{-3}~fb$$\\end{document}, the total cross sections of the double P-wave Bc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$B_c$$\\end{document} mesons for σ(|(cb¯)[1]⟩+|(bc¯)[1]⟩)=0.2045-0.0080+0.0084fb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma {(|(c\\bar{b})[1]\\rangle +|(b\\bar{c})[1]\\rangle )}=0.2045^{+0.0084}_{-0.0080}~fb$$\\end{document}, and the total cross sections of the double P-wave bottomonium for σ(|(bb¯)[1]⟩+|(bb¯)[1]⟩)=5.244-0.136+0.134×10-3fb\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sigma {(|(b\\bar{b})[1]\\rangle +|(b\\bar{b})[1]\\rangle )}=5.244^{+0.134}_{-0.136}\ imes 10^{-3}~fb$$\\end{document}. The main uncertainties come from the mass of heavy quarkonia and the corresponding first-derivative radial wave functions at the origin under the Buchmüller–Tye (BT) potential. The number of events in the production of double P-wave charmonium, Bc\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$B_c$$\\end{document}-meson, and bottomonium states via e-e+→γ∗/Z0→|(QQ¯′)[n]⟩+|(Q′Q¯)[n′]⟩\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$e^-e^+\\rightarrow \\gamma ^*/Z^0 \\rightarrow |(Q\\bar{Q}')[n]\\rangle + |(Q'\\bar{Q})[n^\\prime ]\\rangle $$\\end{document} at the integrated luminosity L≈1034cm-2s-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal{L}\\approx 10^{34}cm^{-2}s^{-1}$$\\end{document} at the super Z factory is almost unobservable.

Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Low-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Various Conditions of Deep Dermal and Subdermal Fibrosis.

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) enhances extracellular matrix remodeling and tissue regeneration by promoting growth factor release, regulating blood and lymphatic flows, and reducing fat and fibrotic tissues. Focused shock wave therapy (F-SWT), radial shock wave therapy (R-SWT), and combined F-SWT and R-SWT have been used to deliver different patterns of shock energy depending on the characteristics of the target lesions. We investigated the efficacy and safety of ESWT in patients with dermal and subdermal fibrosis. Fifty-two patients treated with F-SWT and/or R-SWT for dermal and subdermal fibrosis caused due to various reasons were retrospectively analyzed by reviewing their medical records, clinical images, and ultrasound study images. The mean number of pulses administered for F-SWT on the cheek, temple, and chin were 2600.0 ± 1040.8 shocks/session and for R-SWT were 5080.0 ± 2234.6 pulses/session, and the number of treatment sessions were 8.0 ± 4.4. In patients who were treated with ESWT on the abdomen, the mean number of pulses for F-SWT were 2600.0 ± 2408.3 shocks/session and for R-SWT were 8400.0 ± 894.4 pulses/session, and the number of treatment sessions were 3.2 ± 1.6. Most patients were satisfied with the results. Pain during ESWT was well tolerated and post-ESWT edema was more common in R-SWT than in F-SWT. Our data demonstrated that ESWT effectively and safely improved the clinical appearance and functional movement of patients with dermal and subdermal fibrosis caused due to various reasons.

Haemodynamics of hyperthyroidism: increased cardiac work and findings related to vasodilatation.

Hyperthyroidism increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study we compared non-invasive haemodynamics between 20 hyperthyroid patients and 60 euthyroid subjects. The measurements were performed median 6 days after the initiation of antithyroid medication when the patients were still hyperthyroid. Three controls matched for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status were selected for each patient. Recordings were performed during rest and passive head-up tilt using whole-body impedance cardiography, radial pulse wave analysis, and finger blood pressure measurements. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the aorta and radial artery were similar in hyperthyroid and euthyroid subjects, while finger blood pressure was 16/12 mmHg lower in hyperthyroidism (p<0.001). Pulse wave velocity and aortic pulse pressure were similar, but radial pulse pressure was ~5 mmHg higher in hyperthyroidism (p=0.040) due to augmented amplification (p=0.045). Systemic vascular resistance was reduced (-18%), whereas heart rate (+19 beats/min), cardiac index (+28%), and left cardiac work (+31%) were increased in hyperthyroidism (p<0.001). Subendocardial viability ratio, reflecting the balance between coronary perfusion and pressure load, was reduced by 19% in hyperthyroidism (p<0.001). Compared with euthyroid subjects, hyperthyroid patients presented with reductions in systolic and diastolic finger blood pressures (p<0.001), and higher increase in heart rate (p=0.014) during upright posture. Hyperthyroid patients exhibited hyperdynamic circulation, reduced vascular resistance, reduced peripheral but not central blood pressure, and higher pulse pressure amplification. Furthermore, left cardiac workload was increased in parallel with unfavourable changes in coronary perfusion conditions.

Randomized trial of low intensity shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction utilizing grayscale ultrasound for analysis of erectile tissue homogeneity/inhomogeneity.

Electrohydraulic shockwave devices have been Food and Drug Administration-cleared for improved blood flow and connective tissue activation and have been used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). In this study, the main focus was to evaluate improvement in erectile tissue quality after low intensity shockwave therapy (LiSWT). A single-blind, sham-controlled, randomized, prospective study, was performed in men with ED naïve to shockwave or radial ballistic pressure wave therapy. Participants were randomized 1:2 to simulated (sham) or active LiSWT treatment. After simulated treatments, participants in the Sham Arm were converted to active LiSWT, while participants initially in the Active Treatment Arm received no further treatment. Assessments were performed at baseline and two follow-up visits. Subjective parameters of erectile function (EF) were assessed by total and EF domain scores of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and sexual encounter profile (SEP). Objective parameters of penile erection were measurements of hypoechoic areas in images obtained by grayscale ultrasound (GUS) with high resolution 15.4 MHz probe and cavernosal artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) by color duplex Doppler ultrasound (DUS). Outcome measures for erectile and urinary function were also obtained. Simulated LiSWT did not significantly change any assessment parameter. Sham Arm participants who converted to active LiSWT had significantly increased mean IIEF total (P=0.02) and IIEF-EF scores that approached statistical significance (P=0.06), relative to baseline. Similarly, at the end of the study, Active Treatment Arm participants had significantly increased mean IIEF total (P=0.02) and IIEF-EF scores that approached statistical significance (P=0.07), relative to baseline. Additionally, at the end of the study, SEP3 success rates (erection lasting long enough for successful intercourse) approached statistical significance when Sham Arm participants were converted to active LiSWT (P=0.08) and reached statistical significance in the Active Treatment Arm (P=0.049). GUS assessments by visual grading were significantly correlated to IIEF-EF score (P=0.002) and were significantly increased relative to baseline in the Active Treatment Arm at follow-up Assessment 1 (P=0.03) and Assessment 2 (P=0.04). The greatest reduction in hypoechoic area after LiSWT occurred in the proximal penile shaft. EDV was also significantly reduced in the Active Treatment Arm at follow-up Assessment 1 (P=0.04) and Assessment 2 (P=0.04). LiSWT also resulted in improved prostate symptom scores, approaching significance in the Active Treatment Arm (P=0.055) with no changes in prostate-specific antigen. Treatment-related adverse events were limited and transient. In this prospective trial, LiSWT was safe and efficacious for erectile symptoms using GUS imaging as a novel, non-invasive method to assess improvements in corporal veno-occlusive function. Improved veno-occlusion and reduced hypoechoic area demonstrated by GUS imaging suggest that LiSWT decreases connective tissue content in penile erectile tissue. Lower urinary tract symptoms also improved with LiSWT. NCT06600893 on clinicaltrials.gov.

Effects of radial extracorporeal shock wave with different frequencies on acute skeletal muscle injury in rabbits

To study the efficacy and possible mechanisms of radial extracorporeal shock wave (rESW) with different frequencies for the treatment of acute skeletal muscle injury in rabbits, 48 rabbits of acute injured biceps femoris were randomly divided into 4 groups. Except for the control group, the other groups were treated by rESW with 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 15 Hz, respectively. The injury symptom index scores (ISISs) in the rESW group were significantly lower than those in the control group, with the lowest in the 10 Hz rESW group. Histomorphological features demonstrated a decrease in mononuclear cells and an increase in new myocytes across all groups, with the rESW group showing the most significant changes. The concentrations of PGE2 and IL-1β were significantly lower in all rESW groups by ELISA compared to the control group. Additionally, the 10 Hz group had lower concentrations than the 5 Hz and 15 Hz group. Compared with the control group, MyoD of the rESW groups was significantly increased, and the expression level of the 10 Hz group was higher than that of the other groups. In conclusion, rESW with 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 15 Hz take certain curative effects on acute biceps femoris injury in rabbits, and the 10 Hz rESW takes advantage over 5 Hz and 15 Hz rESW.

Abstract P444: Radial pulse wave velocity measurement method with dual ultrasound probe for low power wearables

Background: Wearables for continuous blood pressure monitoring hold the promise to drastically improve hypertension management, but current solutions still lack the required accuracy. Ultrasounds might be able to overcome this limitation because they can measure quantitative parameters highly correlated with blood pressure, such as artery diameter, its motion over the cardiac cycle (AWM) and local pulse wave velocity (PWV). Here we validate radial PWV measurement with an ultrasound method that can be integrated in low power wearables. Methods: The study was conducted on 8 healthy subjects at rest. The ultrasound scan was performed on the left arm with a research scanner and two linear probes held at a fixed distance and used to image two transversal sections of the radial artery at 11.5 kHz for 10 seconds. The first image of each section is segmented to identify the artery walls and AWM is reconstructed by tracking the phase of the wall echo. PWV is extracted from the delay of artery wall motion waveforms on the 2 sections. Reference values of carotid-radial PWV were acquired with Diatecne PulsePen ETT immediately after the ultrasound acquisition on the same arm. Results: The estimate and accuracy of the local radial PWV of proposed ultrasound method is in agreement with the reference carotid-radial PWV obtained with the tonometer. The accuracy of the methods is estimated from the beat-to-beat variability of the delays between the waves used for the estimates. Conclusions: The proposed method allows to measure the radial pulse wave within shorter distances compatible with integration in wearables. Leveraging TDK ultrasound MEMS platform, this paves the route for low power wearable for continuous cardio-vascular monitoring.

Path integral solution for a Dirac particle in a Generalized Inverse Quadratic Yukawa potential

In this work, the analytical solutions of the Dirac equation with the spin and pseudospin symmetry for the Generalized Inverse Quadratic Yukawa (GIQY) potential have been investigated. The problem was approximately addressed using path integral formalism. We present the energy eigenvalues expression along with the upper and lower radial wave functions for any given k-state. The Schrödinger solutions for the GIQY potential and Dirac’s solutions for Kratzer potential, Yukawa potential, inversely quadratic Yukawa potential, and Coulomb potential have also been calculated and compared to results from previous investigations.

The influence of length under blast load on the propagation mechanism of interconnected cracks

In order to study the influence of interconnected defects on the rock breaking effect under blast load, the relevant explosion experiment was carried out by prefabricating interconnected cracks on plexiglass plates (PMMA), and the propagation mechanism of interconnected cracks under blast load was studied from the length level. The dynamic caustic line system and finite element analysis software were combined to analyze the stress intensity factor, propagation velocity of the interconnected crack tip, and full-field stress of the specimen; the results show that with the radial stress wave propagation direction as the axis of symmetry, the two interconnected cracks with symmetrical angles but different lengths are under the action of blast load; there is a certain competition between the two cracks; the longer cracks are more likely to initiate and propagate, and the shorter cracks almost do not propagate. In addition, in terms of energy accumulation at the tips of the two cracks, the longer crack has a certain inhibitory effect on the shorter crack, and when the length of the longer crack remains unchanged, the inhibition effect weakens with the increase of the length of the shorter crack, and when the length of the shorter crack remains unchanged, the inhibitory effect increases with the increase of the length of the longer crack. After the crack initiation of the longer crack, the relationship curve between the stress intensity factor and the crack propagation velocity and time of the longer crack tip decreases first, and then the relationship curve rises to the peak as the energy of the tip of the shorter crack is transferred to the longer crack, and then the oscillation decreases, while the stress intensity factor and crack propagation rate of the shorter side crack tip show an overall downward trend. The numerical simulation is used to supplement the analysis of the stress propagation in the full-field of the specimen, which corroborates with the experiment results. The experimental study provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of the propagation mechanism of interpenetrating cracks under blast load in practical engineering.

Variability of energetic proton flux and pitch angle distributions in the Earth's radiation belt modulated by geomagnetic storms

Energetic protons trapped in the radiation belt, as a vital component of the ring current system, are observationally and theoretically modulated by geomagnetic disturbances. Utilizing Van Allen Probe observations, we statistically analyzed their temporal variations at 55–489 keV as well as their pitch angle distributions (PADs) index n (fitted by sinn∂, where ∂ is the pitch angle) in response to geomagnetic storms. It shows that protons at low energies are more easily accelerated during storms. The threshold of accelerations becomes greater for high-energy protons, while a large value of n can persist for a few days to months. Further investigations suggest that one-quarter of the storms increase the proton flux at all energy channels (55–489 keV) both inside and outside the plasmapause location (Lpp). Specifically, more than half of the storms enhance the flux for protons at Ek &amp;gt; 400 keV inside and close to the Lpp as well as protons at Ek &amp;lt; 100 keV deep inside the Lpp. Comparably, protons at larger pitch angles (near 90°) are more easily lost outside the Lpp, which results in more pronounced pancake PADs with larger n. The index n preferentially decreases at L &amp;gt; 5 during 75% of the storms on the dayside, while it decreases at L = ∼4 during 50% of the storms on the nightside, showing significant day–night asymmetry. Further detailed investigations revealed that source and loss processes, including radial diffusion, magnetopause shadowing, and wave–particle interactions, account for the statistical results. The present study provides quantitative information on the overall characteristics of energetic proton fluxes, which can enhance the comprehension of the radiation belts.

The Boundary Condition for Reduced Radial Wave Function in Multi-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation

The Boundary Condition for Reduced Radial Wave Function in Multi-Dimensional Schrodinger Equation

Is radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT), sham-rESWT or a standardised exercise programme in combination with advice plus customised foot orthoses more effective than advice plus customised foot orthoses alone in the treatment of plantar fasciopathy? A double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial

ObjectivesTo assess whether radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT), sham-rESWT or a standardised exercise programme in combination with advice plus customised foot orthoses is more effective than advice plus customised...

Large Human Fabella Bone

Fabella bone is identified as an accessory and evolutionary sesamoid bone in humans. It was noticed as an irregular shape located within the lateral head of gastrocnemius in the posterolateral capsule of the left knee of a 55-year-old male. Another smaller fabella was noted and both were kept in a safe place Measurements were taken after a week and their length was 2.7 cm and 1.8 cm respectively. The size of fabella usually ranges from 5mm-20mm in diameter, but in this study, the length of the larger one was 2.7 cm. Fabella originated as a small cartilaginous nodule and underwent endochondral ossification. It helps to reduce resistance within tendons and redirect muscle forces. In humans, gastrocnemius acts to flex the knee and plantar flex the foot. Fabella function was thought to stabilize the femoral complex and medial femoral condyle. Patients with fabella pain syndrome usually complain of increased posterolateral pain during the full extension of the knee joint. Fabella pain syndrome could be treated with physical therapy, local anaesthetics injection, radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy or fabellectomy. It has been observed that there has been an increase in the prevalence of fabella in recent years. Larger moments acting on the knee and increasing muscle or tendon strain could produce stimuli essential to encourage fabella formation.

Screen-Printable Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Thermal Expansion Microspheres for Pulse Monitoring.

Constructing microstructures to improve the sensitivity of flexible pressure sensors is an effective approach. However, the preparation of microstructures usually involves inverted molds or subtractive manufacturing methods, which are difficult in large-scale (e.g., in screen printing) preparation. To solve this problem, we introduced thermally expandable microspheres for screen printing to fabricate flexible sensors. Thermally expandable microspheres can be constructed into microstructures by simple heating after printing, which simplifies the microstructure fabrication step. In addition, the added microspheres can also be used as ionic liquid reservoir materials to further increase the capacitance change and improve the sensitivity. The prepared sensors exhibited superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity (Smax = 49999.5 kPa-1) and wide detection range (0-350 kPa). Even after 30,000 cycles at a high pressure of 300 kPa and a low pressure of 30 kPa, the sensor showed minimal signal degradation, demonstrating long-term cycling stability. In order to verify the practical potential of the sensors, we performed human radial artery beat detection experiments using these sensors. The variations in the intensity of the 3D radial artery pulse wave can be observed very clearly, which is important for human health monitoring. The above demonstrates that our strategy can provide an effective approach for the large-scale preparation of high-performance flexible pressure sensors.

Effects of radial pressure wave irradiation on triceps surae muscle morphology and function

BackgroundRadial pressure wave (RPW) has been introduced to sports sites as an alternative tool to massage, and there have been reports of irradiating muscles. This study aimed to clarify the effects of RPW irradiation on muscles, focusing on muscle morphology and muscle/fascial elasticity. MethodsThe participants were 23 healthy, able-bodied participants. Muscle morphology (muscle thickness, pinnate angle, muscle fascicle length), muscle and fascia elasticity (deep fascia, subfascial, muscle, deep intermuscular fascia) of the gastrocnemius medial head using ultrasound imaging equipment before and after RPW irradiation intervention. The maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and isometric maximum plantarflexion muscle strength were also measured. ResultsBefore and after RPW irradiation to the triceps surae muscle, muscle thickness, decreased pinnate angle, and increase in maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion were observed. No significant changes were observed in muscle fascicle length and maximal isometric plantarflexion strength. In addition, a significant decrease in elasticity was observed in deep fascia, subfascial, and muscle, and the change was particularly large in deep fascia and deep intermuscular fascia. ConclusionIt was suggested that RPW irradiation to muscles might improve fascial gliding and reduce muscle elasticity. It was also found to improve joint range of motion while maintaining muscle output.Trial registration number (Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT))Current Controlled Trials jRCT1032210104, May 21, 2021.