Racemose Inflorescences Research Articles

Una Espécie Nueva Del GéneroChiococcaP. Browne (Rubiaceae) De Guatemala

A new species of the genus Chiococca (Chiococceae, Rubiaceae) is described from the region of Izabal, Guatemala, having hairy purple corolla and long, multiflowered racemose inflorescence with very tender, hairy axes. Chiococca gracilis sp. n. differs from the other purple flowered species C. rubriflora and C. paroiflora with many characters.

Inflorescence development in two tomato species

The inflorescence of tomato has been characterized as either a cyme or raceme. Cymose inflorescences are determinate, whereas racemose inflorescences are indeterminate. In this study, we addressed the discrepancy in inflorescence architecture by analyzing the morphology of a wild relative of tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium L. and four domesticated Solanum lycopersicum L. lines. Careful observation of developing inflorescences of both species showed a bifurcation of the meristem into a determinate floral and an indeterminate inflorescence meristem. Interestingly, higher fruit carpel number was associated with delayed floral development, which might give the impression of determinate growth in some of the lines. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated that tomato inflorescences are indeterminate in nature regardless of the line studied. Floral buds were formed concomitantly with the development of the inflorescence meristem and not on the flanks of the peduncle, a characteristic of racemose growth. Thus, tomato inflorescences should be classified as a cyme with the note that the inflorescence meristem does not terminate into a flower and, in fact, maintains indeterminacy. In addition, S. pimpinellifolium produced many more flowers in a highly regular manner when compared with the cultivated types. This demonstrated the usefulness of wild relatives of tomato as a tool to further understand flower and fruit development in this crop species.

Additional notes on Orchidaceae from Yunnan, China

Four new species, Cheirostylis calcarata X. H. Jin & S. C. Chen, C. malipoensis X. H. Jin & S. C. Chen, Gastrochilus alatus X. H. Jin & S. C. Chen, and G. malipoensis X. H. Jin & S. C. Chen, together with seven new records, Bulbophyllum rolfei, B. ovatilabellum, Eria cristata, G. affinis, Listera micrantha, Luisia macrotis, and Oberonia teres, of Orchidaceae are reported from Yunnan, China. Cheirostylis calcarata differs from its ally C. spathulata by having a vertical rhizome, a spurred lip, and stylidia much longer than rostellum arms; Cheirostylis malipoensis from C. yunnanensis by its internodes with constricted ends, hypochile with a longitudinal septum, and stylidia shorter than rostellum. arms; Gastrochilus alatus from G. distichus by having yellow flowers, and wider and membranous epichile with longitudinal ridge centrally; Gastrochilus malipoensis from G. calceolaris by its racemose inflorescences, and glabrous and semicircular epichile. The new record, Bulbophyllum rolfei, is characterized by its dorsal sepal half as long as the lateral sepals, inflorescence equaling or exceeding leaves, lateral sepals connate for at least part of their length; Bulbophyllum ovatilabellum by its forked lateral veins in dorsal sepal and a U-shaped callus on the lip; Eria cristata by its purple and reflexed bracts, white to cream lip with three calli adaxially; Gastrochilus affinis by its dentate-margined epichile with two ridges ranging from base to apex; Listera micrantha by its trilobed-tipped lip; Luisia macrotis by lateral sepals as long as lip, petals less than 5 mm wide, and lip dark purple with cordate epichile; Oberonia teres by its terete leaves and emarginated midlobe.

Flower-like terminal structures in racemose inflorescences: a tool in morphogenetic and evolutionary research

Terminal flower-like structures (TFLS) occur in many angiosperms that possess indeterminate inflorescences such as spikes, racemes, or spadices. We describe and review TFLS in early-divergent angiosperms, especially the magnoliid order Piperales and the monocot order Alismatales, in which floral interpretation is controversial. Essentially similar TFLS occur in a wide range of taxa. Among magnoliids, they occur in some Piperales (Saururaceae and a few Piperaceae), but are absent from Chloranthaceae. Among monocots, they occur in some early-divergent families such as Acoraceae, Aponogetonaceae, Juncaginaceae, Potamogetonaceae, and Ruppiaceae. Similar TFLS with obscure organ identity are recorded in mutants of Arabidopsis. TFLS can often be interpreted as pseudanthia (close aggregations of reduced flowers), but in some cases the entire terminal pseudanthium is very similar to a true flower. In some cases, elaborated TFLS could therefore have given rise to what are normally termed 'true' (i.e. euanthial) flowers. Data presented here on terminal pseudanthia in Potamogeton and Ruppia support a pseudanthial evolutionary origin of reproductive units in the alismatid families Zannichelliaceae and Cymodoceaceae. Furthermore, in some alismatid species, either the entire inflorescence apex or an individual primordium at or near the inflorescence tip can be transformed into a filamentous or tubular (or intermediate) structure. A tubular structure enclosing stamens and carpels is described in Piper. This indicates that pseudanthium formation can provoke morphological novelties, perhaps due to new patterns of overlap between expression zones of regulatory genes and/or new spatial constraints.

Evolutionary and Morphometric Implications of Morphological Variation Among Flowers Within an Inflorescence: A Case-Study Using European Orchids

This study explores the previously largely ignored morphological variation that occurs among flowers within a single inflorescence. Variation in four metric parameters (labellum length and width, spur length and width) that together strongly influence pollination frequency is documented within the simple racemose inflorescences of eight individuals that represent a primary hybrid and six species of European orchids. Regression of each parameter against the location of each flower on the inflorescence, and calculation of correlation coefficients for each pair of parameters within each inflorescence, demonstrate significant decoupling of labellum and spur development, despite the fact that they are different portions of the same floral organ. Spur length and diameter are constant across inflorescences of Dactylorhiza other than the vestigial-spurred D. viridis, whereas in other genera spur length declines in parallel with labellum dimensions. These differences are likely to reflect selection pressures or developmental constraints. Strong negative deviations from the regression line for one or more parameters are evident in occasional flowers, occurring most frequently in the lowermost and uppermost one or two flowers, and so reflecting transitions in meristematic behaviour. Thus, population-level morphometric studies are best conducted on flowers taken from approximately the mid-point of the inflorescence. Moreover, in the two relatively large inflorescences where lower flowers were removed for measurement before the upper flowers had opened, labellum size increased significantly in the flowers immediately above the excisions, suggesting that excision liberated resources that were diverted into the opening buds. Repeat measurement of all flowers from one selected inflorescence demonstrated typical measurement errors of only +/- 30-80 micro m, irrespective of the size of the structure studied. If flowers are not mounted and measured immediately following excision, modest negative deviations of 30-50 micro m result from post-mounting shrinkage; this occurs less rapidly in the spur than in the thinner labellum, which should therefore be measured first. Variation in all four parameters among all the flowers of a single inflorescence is between 42 % and 107 % of that observed between a similar number of flowers sampled from a consistent location on different (but conspecific and coexisting) inflorescences. This result demonstrates the strong influence of epigenesis on flower morphology and further emphasizes the importance of (a) sampling from a consistent location within the inflorescences under comparison, (b) interpreting morphometric ordinations hierarchically, building from individuals to infraspecific taxa and species via populations, and (c) considering in any microevolutionary study the potentially profound effects of the cline in flower size within each inflorescence.

El Género Gonocalyx (Ericaceae) en Costa Rica, con una Nueva Especie

Gonocalyx lilliae (Ericaceae), a new species endemic to Costa Rica, is described and illustrated. This new species is somewhat similar to G. costaricensis, sharing similar shape and leaf size, racemose inflorescences, short rachis, inconspicuous bracteoles, and flowers with the hypanthium terete to subterete, with inconspicuous calyx lobes. However, G. costaricensis is separated by its glabrous leaves, flowers, and fruits; inconspicuous inflorescence bracts; and stamens with free filaments. A brief synopsis and a key to the species of the genus in Costa Rica are given.

Comparative developmental series of the Mexican triurids support a euanthial interpretation for the unusual reproductive axes of Lacandonia schismatica (Triuridaceae)

The enigmatic monocotyledon family Triuridaceae is composed of inconspicuous mycoheterotrophs, that have been variously interpreted. We present here the first report of a thorough floral developmental series for any member of the Triuridaceae. The two known Mexican Triuridaceae species were studied with anatomical sections and scanning electron microscopy. While both species have ephemeral and reduced radially symmetric flowers arising in a counterclockwise spiral on racemose inflorescences, Lacandonia schismatica is hermaphroditic with a central androecium and Triuris brevistylis is dioecious. Tepals are connately fused at their bases, and during development the subapical caudal tips continue to elongate, while at maturity the tepals are reflexed. Carpel primordia develop centrifugally from compound primordia in both species, with contrasting androecium development. In Lacandonia schismatica stamen and carpel primordia arise from a common precursor. The two species differ in tepal and carpel number and timing of organ development. This paper provides a developmental framework to understand floral characters in the Triuridaceae. Notably, we addressed if L. schismatica and T. brevistylis bear true flowers or pseudanthia, and our data support the former. The role of particular genes in determining the floral developmental patterns studied and the evolutionary significance of these patterns are discussed.

<i>Eremiolirion</i>, a new genus of southern African Tecophilaeaceae, and taxonomic notes on <i>Cyanell</i>a alba

The generic affiliation of Cyanella amboensis Schinz has been uncertain since the species was excluded from the genus Cyanella L. in 1991. The species has two leaves, a divaricately branching inflorescence, ebracteolate pedicels, and acti- nomorphic flowers with monomorphic anthers. It is endemic to the western parts of central and northern Namibia. Other species of Cyanella have several leaves, racemose inflorescences, bracteolate pedicels, zygomorphic flowers with dimor­phic anthers, and are endemic or near-endemic to the winter rainfall region in southwestern South Africa and southern Namibia. These differences are consistent with the recognition of the species as a distinct genus within the family. Phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA sequences indicates that C. amboensis Schinz is sister to the other species of Cyanella, a relationship that also supports its independent generic status. The monotvpic genus Eremiolirion is according­ly erected to accommodate the species. Minor differences in flower colour and vegetative morphology in Cyanella alba L.f. are shown to correlate with the three disjunct groups of populations in which the species occurs, and these populations are recognized at the level of subspecies.

Estudios sistemáticos en <i>Turnera</i> (Turneraceae). III. Series <i>Anomalae</i> y <i>Turnera</i>

El género Turnera L. comprende 9 series. En este trabajo se presenta la revisión de las especies con bolsillos nectaríferos florales, agrupadas en las series Anomalae Urb. y Turnera. En la última se proponen 2 subseries, Turnera y Umbilicatae Arbo, diferenciadas sobre morfología y citogenética. La serie Anomalae presenta flores solitarias o reunidas en inflorescencias racemosas, pedúnculo ausente, libre o soldado al pecíolo, pedicelo nulo; la serie Turnera posee inflorescencias unifloras epifilas, pedicelo ausente, profilos insertos en la base del cáliz. La serie Anomalae vive entre 02-25°S y 35-65°W en la selva amazónica y el bosque chaqueño; abarca 14 especies, siendo nuevas: T. amazonica, T. discors, T. involucrata, T. kuhlmanniana, T. laciniata, T. reginae, T. sancta y T. bahiensis var. truncata. La subserie Umbilicatae vive en Bahia y alrededores, hasta 1600 m de altitud; incluye 8 especies, siendo nueva: T. coriacea var. solium. La subserie Turnera ocupa casi el área americana del género, en ambientes variados, presenta 19 especies, siendo nuevas: T. campanulata, T. fernandezii y T. occidentalis; varias especies son ruderales, 2 son malezas del Viejo Mundo. Se presentan claves, ilustraciones y mapas de distribución.

<I>Sleumeria</I> (Icacinaceae): A New Genus from Northern Borneo

A new genus of Icacinaceae, Sleumeria, is described from northern Borneo. The only known species, Sleumeria auriculata, is a large woody scrambler with spirally arranged leaves with entire margins and prominent reticulation, hairs that dry a distinctive yellow-brown, and racemose or compound racemose inflorescences. The habit, leaf arrangement, and inflorescence type place Sleumeria in a group of climbing Icacinaceae near to Sarcostigma, but it is distinguished from that and other closely related genera by the combination of distinctly pedicellate flowers arranged singly or in pairs along the inflorescence rachis, swollen sagittate anther connectives, and a spherical ovary with a distinct filiform style with an unlobed stigma. Investigation of the stem anatomy confirms the relationship with Sarcostigma, especially the presence of successive cambia, but the new genus differs, amongst other anatomical characters, in lacking islands of included phloem within the xylem.

Floral development in Polygala myrtifolia (Polygalaceae) and its similarities with Leguminosae

Floral development of Polygala myrtifolia was studied by the use of SEM, and compared with floral development in Leguminosae, with which Polygalaceae is grouped in Fabales. Five sepals and petals are formed in a helix, the direction of which is predetermined by the sequentially formed bracteoles. The two lateral sepals are delayed in their development, and the two lateral petals are suppressed early. For stamen initiation a hypothetical pathway is presented, in which the initiation is in two helical whorls. The abaxial, antesepalous stamen and the adaxial, antepetalous stamen are lost. In the gynoecium the late closure is distinct. Although the floral morphology of Polygalaceae and Leguminosae differs clearly, the two families do share some developmental features: (1) The formation of a racemose inflorescence, (2) the acropetal and helical initiation of floral organs, (3) the morphogenetic function of bracteoles, (4) the suppression and loss of organs, (5) the synchronous stamen differentiation (after asynchronous initiation) and late fusion of filaments, (6) the late closure of the gynoecium, and (7) the late expression of floral asymmetry. On the basis of these developmental similarities, the placement of Polygalaceae in Fabales becomes more plausible. Further insights in floral evolution of Fabales will be possible by means of a detailed phylogenetic analysis of developmental characters, based on a broadened data matrix.

Biologia floral de Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) ocorrente em vegetação ripária da ilha Porto Rico, Porto Rico, Estado do Paraná, Brasil

Studies of floral biology were developed on Croton urucurana, a pioneer monoecious tree, recommended to be used in the process of regeneration of the riparian forest. The plant presents small yellow-greenish unisexual flowers, disposed in racemose inflorescences. Anthesis occurs at night, flowers last three days and open around 11 pm. Flowers are visited by insects belonging to the following Orders Diptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera (Apidae and Vespidae). Apis mellifera was the most frequent flower visitor

Meristem fate and bulbil formation in Titanotrichum (Gesneriaceae)

Titanotrichum oldhamii (a monotypic genus from Taiwan, Okinawa, and adjacent regions of China) has inflorescences bearing either showy yellow flowers or asexual bulbils. Asexual reproduction by bulbils is important in natural populations, and bulbil production increases in August and September at the end of the flowering season (which runs from June to the end of September). The bulbils are small (∼1-2.5 mm long) and numerous. They consist of a small portion of stem (bract-stem) topped by opposite storage bracts that enclose a minute apical meristem. A secondary root develops from the side of the bract-stem. The floral meristem of T. oldhamii has three possible fates: (1) bulbil formation, (2) flower formation, or (3) bracteose proliferation. Bracteose proliferation rarely occurs and appears to be a developmental transition between the bulbiliferous and racemose inflorescence forms. It is strongly reminiscent of the floricaula and squamosa mutants of Antirrhinum. In the bulbiliferous form a single floral primordium, which would normally produce one flower, gives rise to ∼50-70 bulbils by repeated subdivision of the meristem. This form of bulbil production appears to be unique to Titanotrichum. Occasionally a floral meristem divides, but the subdivision forms multiflowered units of up to four flowers rather than bulbils, suggesting that meristem fate is reversible up to the first or second meristem subdivision. In Titanotrichum, therefore, primordium fate is apparently not determined at inception but becomes irreversibly determined shortly after the appearance of developmental characteristics of the floral or bulbil pathway.

Biologia floral e sistema de polinização de Solanum stramonifolium Jacq. (Solanaceae) em remanescente de Mata Atlântica, Pernambuco

A deiscência de anteras através de pequenos poros apicais é uma característica encontrada em várias espécies da família Solanaceae, especialmente no gênero Solanum, característica esta que restringe a polinização a um grupo de abelhas fêmeas capazes de vibrar as anteras para retirada do pólen. A fenologia, biologia floral e a polinização de Solanum stramonifolium foram estudadas entre os meses de agosto/1999 a dezembro/2000 em populações naturais ocorrentes no Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, um dos poucos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica localizada em Recife, Pernambuco (8°7'30"S e 34°52'30"W). Solanum stramonifolium é um arbusto com flores dispostas em inflorescências racemosas, apresentando corola branca e cinco estames de um amarelo intenso, com anteras poricidas dispostas ao redor do gineceu. A antese ocorre nas primeiras horas do dia, havendo reflexão de luz ultravioleta e presença de áreas de concentração de emissão de odor por toda a corola e na região apical das anteras. Solanum stramonifolium tem padrão de floração contínuo e apresenta flores hermafroditas (62%) e funcionalmente masculinas (38%), o que caracteriza a espécie como andromonóica.Treze espécies de abelhas foram observadas visitando as flores de S. stramonifolium (nove polinizadores e quatro pilhadores). A constante e grande produção de flores faz com que Solamun stramonifolium mantenha sua guilda de polinizadores e garanta assim a sua reprodução, sendo, ao mesmo tempo, uma importante fonte de recursos para a manutenção destas abelhas.

Is auxin a diffusible signal mediating abscission of recessive sinks?

Flowering and pod set pattern were examined in racemose inflorescences of cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata). Anthesis occurs in acropetal succession where basal flowers set into pods while those at the distal end abscise either as flowers or immature pods. Increase in the time lag between anthesis on successive racemes reduced chances of pod set in flowers that are produced late. Application of triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to the pedicel of the dominant developing pod enhanced transport of 14C sucrose to the upper racemes indicating that auxin transport from the dominant sink suppresses metabolite transport to recessive sinks thereby inhibiting development. The signal auxin moving from early produced dominant sink accelerates abscission of later formed sinks. This was tested in experiments using well defined debladed cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum) petiole explants. In the various explants used, application of IAA to one of the petioles hastened abscission of untreated petioles. However, inhibition of IAA transport by TIBA overcame auxin induced abscission. Radiolabel studies using 14C IAA indicate that high concentration of diffusible IAA moving from a dominant sink inhibits basipetal movement of IAA from other competing sinks, thereby causing accelerated abscission. These observations support the hypothesis that diffusible IAA moving from a dominant sink acts as a correlative signal regulating abscission of other recessive sinks.

Molecular phylogeny of Acacia subgenus Phyllodineae (Mimosoideae : Leguminosae) based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region

The largest monophyletic group within Acacia is subgenus Phyllodineae, with more than 950 predominately Australian species, the majority characterised by adult foliage consisting of phyllodes. Molecular sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat were used to investigate the monophyly of seven sections within the subgenus. A nested PCR approach was used to amplify the ITS region. Fifty-one species representative of all sections were sequenced together with one outgroup taxon Lysiloma divaricata (Ingeae).Phylogenetic parsimony analysis suggested that there are two main clades within Phyllodineae but that only one section, Lycopodiifoliae, is apparently monophyletic. In one of the main clades, Lycopodifoliae is related to some taxa in sections Alatae and Pulchellae and some members of section Phyllodineae. In the second main clade, sections Juliflorae, Plurinerves and Botrycephalae cluster with other members of section Phyllodineae. The two sections that are characterised by bipinnate foliage, Botrycephalae and Pulchellae, are nested within phyllodinous clades, indicating that at least two separate reversals to bipinnate leaves have occurred. Botrycephalae is paraphyletic with respect to taxa from section Phyllodineae that have single-nerved phyllodes and racemose inflorescences.

Partly fertile interspecific hybrid between a black gram × green gram derivative and an adzuki bean

AbstractA true‐breeding black gram (Vigna mungo) × green gram (Vigna radiata) derivative was reciprocally crossed with adzuki bean, Vigna angularis. Pollinated pistils were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) (70 p.p.m.) 24 and 48 h after pollination. One fertile pod containing two hybrid seeds was obtained, when V. angularis was used as the male parent. One of these seeds germinated and a partly fertile interspecific hybrid was obtained. Its hybridity was confirmed at the seedling stage based on the presence of the green epicotyl colour of the adzuki bean. Pubescence of epicotyl, stem, leaf margins and pod, and the colour of the mature pod, characteristics of the black gram × green gram derivative, were also expressed in the hybrid. In addition, the hybrid exhibited two novel traits — the presence of racemose inflorescence and plant regeneration ability — not present in the parents. The study of this hybrid and four offspring revealed that green epicotyl colour of adzuki bean, and the pubescence of stem and leaf margins of the black gram × green gram derivatives were dominantly inherited traits. Colours of epicotyl and stem bases were found to be linked.

Inflorescence with tricolpate pollen grains from the Cenomanian of Tschulymo-Yenisey Basin, West Siberia

A new taxon Freyantha sibirica gen. et sp. nov. is erected for a delicate racemose inflorescence from the Cenomanian of the Tchulymo-Yenisey Basin, West Siberia. The inflorescence bears male flowers of partly connate stamens that produced tricolpate reticulate pollen grains. The flowers are subtended by calyptrate bracts. The taxonomically significant features of the general inflorescence morphology, prophylls, floral bracts, stamens and pollen grains are shared with different angiosperm groups, such as the Menispermaceae and Sargentodoxaceae. Prominent glands on the floral bracts indicate pollination by nectar-sucking insects.

Phylogenetic analysis of Australian Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) by using sequence variations of an intron and two intergenic spacers of chloroplast DNA

Three regions of chloroplast DNA are assessed for their utility for phylogenetic analysis of Acacia subgenus Phyllodineae: psbA–trnH intergenic spacer, the trnL intron and the trnL–trnF intergenic spacer. There are large differences in the lengths of the psbA–trnH spacer (155–440 bp) and trnL–trnF intergenic spacer (101–422 bp) regions, and large multi-residue indels were coded as multistate characters. Overall information content in these regions is relatively low, but the total evidence tree has 12 nodes resolved, five with jackknife support. By using Parkia timoriana as the outgroup, Acacia subgenus Acacia (A. farnesiana) is basal and Acacia subgenus Aculeiferum (A. senegal) is the sister taxon to subgenus Phyllodineae. Although based on a small sample size, within subgenus Phyllodineae, the results of this study have shown that section Alatae is not monophyletic, section Lycopodiifoliae is monophyletic and Botrycephalae is related to members of section Phyllodineae with racemose inflorescences.

A New Species of Hawaiian Phyllostegia (Lamiaceae) from Kaua'i and Recognition of a Wai'anae Mountain, O'ahu, Endangered Variety of Phyllostegia parviflora

A rare new species of the Pacific genus Phyllostegia, P renovans, is described. It is unique in the genus in that the stems resume vegetative growth after flowering. It is relatively rare, with 23 small populations known only from three adjacent valleys on the northeastern part of the island of Kaua'i, Hawaiian Islands. A new combination is also provided for the Wai'anae Mountains, O'ahu, endangered endemic variety of Phyllostegia parvflora now known from only one extant population of about 20 individuals. The intensive collecting effort by the National Tropical Botanical Garden collectors during the past decade has shown that Kaua'i was one of the least effectively collected Hawaiian Islands. Kaua'i is among the most interesting because it has the highest level of single-island endemism in the archipelago (Wagner et al., 1990; Sakai et al., 1995; Wagner & Funk, 1995). Especially in need of intensive survey effort was the northeastern quadrant of Kaua'i. A number of new species and many range extensions have been made in the past several years of work in this region of the island. One of these new species is a Phyllostegia with a unique growth habit, in which the vegetative stem reinitiates growth after flowering. Two additional basic inflorescence patterns occur in the genus: short, congested inflorescences on usually leafless lateral branches in the axils of or below the lowermost leaves (e.g., Pr floribunda Bentham, P wawrana Sherff); and leafy, terminal, racemose inflorescences on the central stem and upper lateral branches (most of the genus, including P parvflora (Gaudichaud) Bentham). The renewal of vegetative growth can be viewed as an intermediate stage between the usual type in Phyllostegia and the short, congested, lateral type in two species of Phyllostegia. The lateral type in turn has evolved further into the axillary verticillasters in Stenogyne, a closely related Hawaiian genus of primarily bird-pollinated vines. Phyllostegia renovans W. L. Wagner, sp. nov. TYPE: Hawaiian Islands (U.S.A). Kaua'i: Hanalei District, headwaters of Wainiha River, NE fork, just SW of Mahinakehau Ridge, lowland wet forest with Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudichaud dominant, slopes moderate to steep, occasional in clearings, wet soil, 680-825 m, 29-30 Jan. 1993, D. H. Lorence, S. Perlman & K. Wood 7315 (holotype, US-3362751; isotypes, BISH, PTBG). Figure 1. Caulibus brevihirsutis, post anthesin recrescentibus; floribus (4)6 in quoque verticillastro; calyce 8-12 mm longi, marginibus loborum uni-paucidentatis, corolla alba, 19-22 mm longa. Erect subshrub when young, becoming scandent and the stems up to 3-4 m long, short-hirsute. Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate, sometimes broadly so, 12.5-20 cm long, 5.0-8.8 cm wide, spreading hirsute on both surfaces, the hairs primarily concentrated on the veins on the lower surface, the veins usually red-tinged, margins coarsely dentate or serrate-dentate, apex acuminate, base truncate, broadly rounded or broadly cuneate, petioles reddish green, 3.2-5 cm long, moderately to densely hirsute, sometimes somewhat retrorsely so. Flowers (4)6 per verticillaster, sometimes the terminal one with 8 flowers, in an open, unbranched, racemose inflorescence 18-34 cm long, apparently the stem resuming vegetative growth after flowering, pedicels 9-10 mm long, sometimes on a common peduncle up to 4 mm long, moderately to densely short-hirsute, bracts ovate, the lower ones 6-11 cm long, t e upper ones 2.5-3 cm long; calyx campanulate, 8-12 mm long, green, short-hirsute on both surfaces, the hairs spreading to somewhat antrorsely appressed, the lobes 4-7 mm long, widely spreading, he margins with 1-several coarse teeth, apex acute; corolla white, ca. 19-22 mm long, short-hirsute mostly on the upper side, upper lip 6-7 mm long, the lower lip 9-12 mm long. Nutlets ca. 8-9 mm long, greenish black. NovoN 9: 280-283. 1999. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.154 on Thu, 08 Dec 2016 05:13:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 9, Number 2 1999 Wagner Hawaiian Phyllostegia 281