Quinine Dihydrochloride Research Articles

Human plasma and urine quinine levels following tablets, capsules, and intravenous infusion.

Using a crossover design, 12 healthy male volunteers received 3 forms of quinine in 3 day courses in random sequence at weekly intervals. Enteric‐coated tablets and gelatin capsules of quinine sulfate (540 mg base) were given orally every 8 hours for 3 days (1.62 gm base daily), and quinine dihydrochloride (490 mg base) was given as a continuous intravenous infusion every 8 hours for 3 days (1.47 gm base daily). Drug‐related toxicity included headache, tinnitus, and liver dysfunction. Form‐related toxicities were nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea with oral administration and ephemeral thrombophlebitis at the needle site with intravenous administration in 2 of 12 infusions. The plasma quinine levels were maximal at 72 hours with mean levels of 5.3,3.7, and 4.1 mg per liter for infusions, capsules, and tablets, respectively. Quinine by infusion resulted in significantly higher plasma levels than oral quinine. The plasma quinine concentrations during administration of capsules and tablets were not significantly different. Recovery of quinine in the urine was 18%, 14%, and 10% for intravenous, capsule, and tablet forms, respectively.

The Importance of Mimic Pattern and Position in an Artificial Mimicry Situation by

Abstract"Batesian" mimicry was studied in a laboratory situation using caged starlings as the predator and painted mealworms as the artificial prey. Various mimic patterns bearing imperfect resemblances to the model, with the patterns on segments of the mimic different from those of the model, were offered to the birds to test whether the birds responded differently to the various combinations of patterns and positions. The experimental procedure consisted of offering each bird 50 models, 50 mimics, and 100 edibles over ten-day period. Models were all painted with a uniform green pattern and dipped in quinine dihydrochloride. Mimics were painted green with one of eight patterns (seven imperfect, and one perfect imitation) and dipped into distilled water. Edibles were painted with colorless paint and dipped into distilled water. Each mealworm was presented singly, and the bird responded by pecking, eating or not touching the worm. The mimics were eaten significantly less than the edibles, and the birds were able to generalize from the model to the mimics. Even the least perfect mimic escaped some predation. The time required to eat mimics was significantly greater than the time required to eat edibles. The birds could discriminate between some patterns and positions which were eaten less often than were others. Three pattern groups (APBFC, DE, and G) resulted. Position was also shown to be important. The results of this study support the micromutational theory of evolution.

Experiments On Mimicry: Ii. the Effect of a Batesian Mimic On Its Model

AbstractArtificial prey, consisting of pieces of pastry placed on coloured cards, were placed on a lawn ; birds, predominantly Blue Tits, were allowed to eat them. When the prey were palatable, the birds ate more from black cards than from red, blue or grey cards. The birds ate significantly more of a "perfect" Batesian mimic than of its model, placed on an identical card, but made distasteful by soaking in a 2 1/2% solution of quinine dihydrochloride. This "discrimination" by the birds probably shows that they can see a slight yellowness in the quinine-soaked pastry. The birds showed no preference between blue, red and yellow prey when the pastry was palatable, but ate significantly more pastry from blue than from red cards when the pastry was distasteful. As this happened equally when the blue or the red prey were in the greater number, it was not due to Mullerian mimicry in the context of the experiment, but probably resulted from Batesian mimicry between the blue distasteful prey and the grey palatable prey which was intended as a control in the experiment. Thus the blue prey, acting as a Batesian model, is shown to suffer increased predation as a result of the predators' confusing it with its mimic.

Blood Flow Through the Basilar Membrane Capillaries:With 16 mm Color Motion Picture

A technique has been developed for viewing and photographing the spiral vessels of the basilar membrane and the tympanic lip of the spiral osseous lamina. This report revolves around a motion picture study of the flow through these vessels in the normal animal and under the influence of quinine dihydro-chloride. Occlusion of these capillaries is demonstrated as the result of appropriate dosages of quinine dihydrochloride.

Malaria in vietnam

During the period September to November 1968 inclusive, there was a severe outbreak of malaria among Australian and New Zealand troops on active operations in Vietnam. Over 300 cases were diagnosed, the vast majority of which were due to P. falciparum . No deaths occurred. Malaria was contracted in spite of full anti-malarial precautions, including paludrine 100 mgm. bed., wearing of long sleeves, use of repellent and nets, etc. Malaria discipline as judged by random urine paludrine estimations and helicopter inspections was good. Diagnoses were made by the screening of thick blood films after Field's staining and confirmation of morphology by thin films stained with Leishman. Some strains of P. falciparum were known to be chloroquin resistant, so P. falciparum malaria was treated with quinine, Daraprim and Dapsone. Quinine treatment was continued for 14 days but because of quinine toxicity (in approximately 10% of patients) manifested about 10 days after beginning treatment, the course was shortened to 10 days in November. Intravenous quinine dihydrochloride was very useful, but was reserved for those with vomiting, a very high fever or a heavy infestation (hyperinfestation was not seen). A number of fever patterns were observed, the commonest being a fall to normal on the second day of treatment with a rise on the third or fourth day to 39° or above-so called 'middle fever'. As a result of this epidemic, Dapsone 25 mg./day was added to the paludrine for malaria chemoprophylaxis. Permission of the Director General of Medical Services, General Gurner, to release this material is gratefully acknowledged.

QUININE THERAPY AND PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN ACUTE RENAL FAILURE COMPLICATING MALARIAL HÆMOGLOBINURIA

Quinine dosage and peritoneal clearance of urea, creatinine, and quinine were studied in four patients undergoing treatment for acute renal failure complicating chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria with blackwater fever (malarial hæmoglobinuria). Quinine dihydrochloride was administered by constant intravenous infusion to each patient. Peritoneal dialysis was effective in treating the acute renal failure component of the disease process. The clearance of urea and creatinine across the peritoneal membrane was reduced during the early phase of malaria, but increased as the patients' malaria improved clinically. The total concentrations of quinine removed by dialysis were trivial, and this procedure did not alter the markedly elevated plasma quinine levels observed during the first 48-72 hours of intravenous quinine infusion. To avoid quinine toxicity and potential fatalities, reduced dosage (600 mg. per 24 hours) should be used until the patient is in the recovery phase of renal failure and malaria.

Experimental Studies of Mimicry. IV. The Reactions of Starlings to Different Proportions of Models and Mimics

1. Experiments were carried out to test the effectiveness of mimicry at different proportions of models and mimics with Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) as predators and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as artificial models and mimics. 2. A band of green cellulose paint was used to mark the mealworms which were made unpalatable by being dipped into a 66 per cent solution of quinine dihydrochloride. Mimic mealworms were identically banded, but dipped into distilled water, as were orange-banded edible mealworms. 3. It was found that birds which received ten per cent, 30 per cent, and even 60 per cent mimics (the balance being models) rejected about 80 per cent of the mimics by associating their color band with that of the unpalatable model. Mimicry is thus effective when mimics are more frequent than models. 4. Two birds which were given 90 per cent mimics (only ten per cent models) nevertheless rejected 17 per cent of the mimics, indicating that when a model is highly unpalatable, and a mimic relativel...

Preference thresholds for taste discrimination in goats

1. The technique for assessing rejection and acceptance thresholds for gustatory sense in goats is described.2. Quinine dihydrochloride is rejected at a level of 125 mg./100 ml. and accepted at 12·5 mg./100 ml.3. Sodium chloride has a rejected threshold of 5·0 g./100 ml. and an acceptance threshold of 1·25 g./100 ml.4. Acetic acid is rejected at 5 ml/100 ml. but is accepted at 1·25 ml./100 ml.5. Glucose does not provide data for the assessment of thresholds, since all the goats consume solutions containing the highest concentration of glucose offered, viz. 40 g./100 ml.

A preliminary note on a “zone phenomenon” in bacteriostasis

While testing the antibacterial action of quinine dihydrochloride on staphylococci, a “zone” of promotion of growth below and above which bacteriostasis occurred was observed.

QUINIDINE SULFATE IN PROPYLENE GLYCOL BY INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION IN MAN

The need for a satisfactory preparation of quinidine for intramuscular injection in the treatment of disorders of cardiac rhythm has been frequently expressed in the literature. In a considerable proportion of patients, the local irritant action of quinidine in the gastrointestinal tract causing pain, nausea and vomiting, and especially diarrhea, is a bar to the use of sufficiently large doses to bring the ectopic rhythm under control. When the oral route is not possible, intravenous administration is usually substituted, but there are risks in the intravenous use of quinidine in cardiac disorders. Quinine dihydrochloride has been used by intramuscular injection, but this produces painful inflammatory induration at the site of injection. 1 A 15 per cent solution of quinidine hydrochloride dissolved in water with antipyrine and urea has been used with apparent success and with negligible local irritant action. 2 However, a similar preparation of commerce with which we were

Relative amounts of quinidine lactate and quinine dihydrochloride required to produce comparable electrocardiographic changes after intravenous administration in the dog

Relative amounts of quinidine lactate and quinine dihydrochloride required to produce comparable electrocardiographic changes after intravenous administration in the dog

STUDIES ON THE ACTION OF QUINIDINE IN MAN

Soluble preparations of quinidine sulfate for parenteral administration have not been readily available. Quinine dihydrochloride has been administered intramuscularly or intravenously. 1 Dilute solutions of quinidine sulfate in dextrose or water 2 and even suspensions of quinidine sulfate tablets in hot water and hydrochloric acid 3 have been administered in emergencies, but there are important objections to these procedures. The necessity for a soluble preparation of quinidine suitable for parenteral administration in treating acute cardiac arrhythmias is obvious, especially when the abnormal rhythm is associated with vomiting, collapse, unconsciousness or other conditions in which absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is uncertain or delayed. A prolonged search of the American market for a soluble preparation has been unsuccessful. The Cinchona Products Institute, however, suggested that such a product might be obtained by adding urea and antipyrine to quinidine hydrochloride according to the following formula: So far as we have been able

Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia: Its favorable prognosis in the absence of acute cardiac damage, and its treatment with parenterally administered quinine dihydrochloride

Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia is generally regarded as an ominous condition, largely because it occurs as a complication of acute myocardial infarction. The following case reports emphasize that even very severe attacks of ventricular tachycardia, when not associated with acute cardiac damage, may be followed by complete recovery. The purpose of this communication is also to emphasize the fact that quinidine is useful in this condition. In one of the cases, effective treatment by means of parenteral injections of quinine is illustrated.

Effect of Certain Agents on Cochlear Effect and Hearing.

There has been some question as to whether the Wever and Bray phenomenon will prove to be an accurate tool for the study of hearing in animals. These authors showed that electrical currents could be picked up from the eighth nerve of the cat with a suitable amplifier. With telephone receiver or cathode ray oscillograph such currents are found to have fundamentally the same frequency as the sound producing them; that is, if the 256 tuning fork is sounded near the ear of a cat properly hooked up, the sound of the fork is transmitted by the cochlea of the animal and can be picked up by an amplifier in another room and can be converted into sound or a graphic sine wave of 256 double vibrations. A similar phenomenon is obtained if the primary electrode is placed on or near the round window—this is called “the cochlear effect”. Several studies, , have reported results tending to show that the cochlear effect may not correlate with hearing, while others, have recently reported evidence of such correlation. On the other hand, from the point of view of an attempt to explain the cochlear mechanism, there have been various experiments to eliminate portions of the auditory response by stimulation, , and by drugs. Hallpike and Rawdon-Smith have recently reported that a crystal of sodium chloride in the niche of the round window abolishes the cochlear effect. In a series of experiments on the cause of nerve deafness, we have tried several other substances on the round window. We find that glycerin and solutions, as well as crystals of sodium chloride, calcium chloride and quinine dihydrochloride all produce abolition of the cochlear effect if left in the niche of the round window long enough.

The action of quinine and quinidine on patients with transient ventricular fibrillation

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical manifestations and the successive changes in the rhythm of the heart following the intravenous administration of graded doses of quinine dihydrochloride and quinidine sulphate to patients with auriculoventricular dissociation subject to transient seizures of ventricular fibrillation. These drugs have been used both orally and intravenously with moderate success in the treatment and prevention of certain forms of the transient types of ventricular tachycardias. 1–5 Their administration in one form or another has been strongly advocated in the treatment and prevention of transient seizures of ventricular fibrillation on the ground that the frequency of such seizures would be greatly diminished by their use. 6 Indeed, it has been suggested by Morawitz 7 and others 8, 9 that quinidine might be used with success as a prophylactic drug in patients regarded as liable to sudden death as a result of ventricular fibrillation. The assumption that these drugs would be of therapeutic value in such patients seems to us to be based on very meager clinical experience, and in fact mostly on hypothesis. For while both quinine 10, 11 and quinidine 12 have been demonstrated to have an inhibitory effect upon ventricular fibrillation produced in the experimental animal as a result of timed electrical stimuli, such transfers of practice are not applicable to human beings. On the contrary, it would appear from the very few clinical reports in the literature that quinidine may result in the development of transient ventricular fibrillation.