Quickest Time Research Articles

Statistical Signal Detection Algorithm in Safety Data: A Proprietary Method Compared to Industry Standard Methods.

Several quantitative methods have been established, in pharmacovigilance, to detect signals of disproportionate reporting (SDRs) from databases containing reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The signal detection algorithms (SDAs) and the source of the reporting per product vary, but it is unclear whether any algorithm can provide satisfactory performance using data with such large variance factors. Determine the appropriate SDA for Biogen's internal Global Safety Database (GSD) given the characteristics of the database including frequencies of events, data skewness, outliers, and missing information. Compare performance of standard approaches (EBGM, EB05, PRR, and ROR), well accepted by industry, to a Biogen-developed Machine Learning (ML) Regression Decision Tree (RDT) model, across several Biogen products, to determine a champion SDA. All data associated with seven marketed Biogen products were chosen and a historical subset of reported ADRs were considered. Six SDAs (five common industry disproportionality methods) and RDT were evaluated. The SDRs were calculated on training and test data composed of quarterly reporting intervals from 2004-2019. The performance measures used were sensitivity, precision, time to detect new events, and frequency of detected cases for each algorithm for each product. Outcomes in the test data are known a priori and easily compared to predicted outcomes. Validation was performed via rates of misclassification. This work solely represents Biogen's internal information, intentionally chosen to serve the performance review of its signal detection systems, and results will not necessarily be generalizable to other external sources. Several algorithms performed differently among products, but no one method dominated any other. Performance was dependent on the thresholds used to define a signal according to different criteria. However, those different statistics subtly influenced the achievable performance. The relative performance of RDT and Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) algorithms were superior and paired across products. A reduction in precision for all methods spanning the products was present. Hence, companies evaluating signal detection approaches, search for innovative methods to minimize this effect. In designing signal detection systems, careful consideration should be given to the criteria that are used to define SDRs. The choice of disproportionality statistics does not affect the achievable range of signal detection performance. These choices should consider mainly ease of implementation and interpretation. The implementation of a method is specific to its accuracy. The RDT attempted to take advantage of known methods and compare results on a per-product basis. Many factors influencing ADRs may improve RDT in future efforts. In this experiment, RDT demonstrated superiority in terms of quickest time to detect and capturing of the highest number of ADRs. Next steps include expansion of data for products representing other indications and testing models in external databases to investigate generalizability of estimates when comparing SDAs.

The study of heat transfers and thermal performance of different types of solar box cookers

Solar fireplaces are important in remote areas with abundant solar radiation, they are a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional cooking methods as they do not emit toxic gases. This study aims to experimentally compare solar box cookers of different designs, materials, and features to understand heat transfer and thermal performance to improve overall efficiency. Four different cases with different materials and features of the box structure are studied: Case 1 - non-tinted wooden sides, case 2 - black tinted wooden sides, case 3 - box with glass sides, and Case 4-black tinted wooden sides and coated inside with aluminum foil. Two designs are compared for each case- one with a front flat mirror and one without. All solar fireplaces consist of an inclined glass facing at an angle to the latitude of Baghdad and a base with black fins. The experiments lasted for three months in various weather conditions including cold, hot, dusty, and sunny days in southern Baghdad, Iraq, positioned at Latitude north and longitude East. Factors such as the intensity of incident radiation, wind speed, and ambient air temperature are taken into account during the cooking period. The results indicate that the third glass-sided box achieved the highest thermal efficiency of 93.7% after 120 minutes. The rice was fully cooked in just 97 minutes, the quickest time ever seen with this type of solar cooker, and it had a thermal efficiency of 88%. The fourth box, lined with aluminum foil inside, succeeded the third book with Rice reaching ripeness at 110 minutes with an 80.5% efficiency.

THC Content on a Dry Weight Basis: Implications for Hemp Legality.

The 2018 Farm Bill defines hemp as Cannabis sativa L. with a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis where THC is implied to be total THC (THCTotal) including both acid (Δ9-THCA) and neutral (Δ9-THC) forms. Effect of temperature and mass were studied to determine the quickest time to prepare fresh hemp suitable for grinding without affecting THCTotal. Proficiency testing program data were also analyzed to compare THCTotal contents on a dry versus wet weight basis. Fresh hemp of 150 and 400 g were freeze-dried or heat-treated at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C for various lengths of time up to 72 hours. Ground hemp was analyzed for moisture content via AOAC 934.01 and THCTotal via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) or gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). A data set analyzed from a proficiency testing program included moisture and THCTotal from 20 to 67 laboratories on 12 analytical samples circulated from 2020 through 2022. The quickest drying time of 24 h occurred at 70 °C with 150 g. These conditions did not affect THCTotal content on a dry weight basis. Twelve proficiency testing program analytical samples ranged from 5.8 to 11.4% moisture and 0.144 to 0.399% THCTotal on a wet weight basis. An increase in reported THCTotal on a dry weight basis compared to a wet weight basis ranged from 0.002 to 0.027% with a significant difference occurring in only one analytical sample. Suitable condition for drying hemp without altering THCTotal content was 24 h at 70 °C. Determining residual moisture in oven-dried ground hemp to calculate THCTotal content on a dry weight basis provides no benefit given minimal difference between contents on dry versus wet weight bases, interlaboratory variability, and terpene volatilization.

Optimization of the cutting process on machining time of ankle foot as transtibial prosthesis components using response surface methodology

The purpose of this research is to determine the best milling process parameters for minimizing machining time of the ankle-foot as a component of transtibial prostheses. The ankle foot prosthesis is of the energy storing type with Al 6061 material. The experimental design employed the Box Behnken technique, with four factors and three levels for each factor, and machining time as a response. The machining parameters assessed in this study are spindle speed, feed rate, step-over, and toolpath technique. The physical trials were carried out using a three-axis CNC milling machine with a flat endmill cutting tool (diameter 5.5 mm, 2 flute with HSS material). The experiment outcomes were assessed using variance analysis, graphs, and numerical approaches. The response surface method (RSM) calculates the mathematical model of the ideal cutting combination parameters based on machining time. Based on the findings, the ideal cutting parameters in the ankle-foot prosthesis production process on a CNC milling machine were spindle speed of 6500 rpm, feed rate of 800 m/min, step over of 0.2 mm, and flowline toolpath strategy. To establish the machining time value of the ankle-foot prosthesis, the ideal circumstances were identified. The findings of this study revealed that CNC milling gave the quickest time for machining transtibial prosthesis components, which can be used to guide the development of machining methods for ankle-foot prostheses constructed of Al 6061 material. The optimal machining time is 424.4601 min.

Escaping the Environmental Crises: Online Escape Rooms for Evaluating Student Data Analysis Skills.

Summative lab assessments probe student mastery over concepts, but conventional ones often result in decreased student engagement and confidence. If conventional summative lab assessments are replaced by accessible gamified evaluations, such as online escape rooms, this leads to improved student engagement and confidence. In this work, we adapted two sustainability themed online escape room activities to increase student engagement and confidence in data analyses in Integrated Chemistry I (CHEM 381) over three semesters at CSU, Chico. Over 89.7% of students earned full credit. Further, 80.0% of the written comments included positive feedback. After the online escape room assessments, 60.0% of the students rated their confidence as "high" or "very high" in all categories assessed, compared to 25.6% before the experience. Students found that the online escape room assessments were more engaging than the traditional assessment and increased their confidence as they worked toward solving two sustainability crises and competed for the quickest time to complete the escape rooms.

Localization of Strangeness for Real Time Video in Crowd Activity Using Optical Flow and Entropy

Anomaly detection, which is also referred to as novelty detection or outlier detection, is process of identifying unusual occurrences, observations, or events which considerably differ from the bulk of data and do not fit a predetermined definition of typical behavior. Medicine, cybersecurity, statistics, machine vision, law enforcement, neurology, and financial fraud are just a handful of the industries where anomaly detection is used. In the presented study, an online tool is utilized to identify crowd distortions, which could be brought on by panic. An activity map is produced with the use of numerous frames to show the continuity regarding the flow over time following the global optical flow has been calculated in the quickest time and with the highest precision possible utilizing the Farneback approach to calculate the magnitudes. Utilizing a specific threshold, the oddity in the video will be picked up by the activity map's generation of an entropy. The results indicate that the maximum entropy level for indoor video is <0.16 and the maximum entropy level for outdoor video is >0.45. A threshold of 0.04 is used to determine whether a frame is abnormal or normal.

Predicting necrotising soft tissue infections in people who inject drugs: poor performance of the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis score and development of a novel clinical predictive nomogram in a retrospective cohort with internal validation.

Necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTI) can threaten life and limb. Early identification and urgent surgical debridement are key for improved outcomes. NSTI can be insidious. Scoring systems, like the Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotising Fasciitis (LRINEC), exist to aid diagnosis. People who inject drugs (PWID) are high risk for NSTI. This study aimed to assess the utility of the LRINEC in PWID with lower limb infections and develop a predictive nomogram. A retrospective database of all hospital admissions due to limb-related complications secondary to injecting drug use between December 2011 and December 2020 was compiled through discharge codes and a prospectively maintained Vascular Surgery database. All lower limb infections were extracted from this database, dichotomised by NSTI and non-NSTI with the LRINEC applied. Specialty management times were evaluated. Statistical analyses involved: chi-square; Analysis of "variance"; Kaplan-Meier, and receiver operating characteristic curves. Nomograms were developed to facilitate diagnosis and predict survival. There were 557 admissions for 378 patients, with 124 (22.3%; 111 patients) NSTI. Time from admission to: theatre and computed tomography imaging respectively varied significantly between specialties ( P =0.001). Surgical specialties were faster than medical ( P =0.001). Vascular surgery received the most admissions and had the quickest time to theatre. During follow-up there were 79 (20.9%) deaths: 27 (24.3%) NSTI and 52 (19.5%) non-NSTI. LRINEC ≥6 had a positive predictive value of 33.3% and sensitivity of 74% for NSTI. LRINEC <6 had a negative predictive value of 90.7% and specificity of 63.2% for non-NSTI. Area under the curve was 0.697 (95% CI: 0.615-0.778). Nomogram models found age, C-reactive protein, and non-linear albumin to be significant predictors of NSTI, with age, white cell count, sodium, creatinine, C-reactive protein, and albumin being significant in predicting survival on discharge. There was reduced performance of the LRINEC in this PWID cohort. Diagnosis may be enhanced through use of this predictive nomogram.

Classification of electrocardiogram signals based on federated learning and a gaussian multivariate aggregation module

Categorization of cardiac abnormalities received from several centers is not possible within the quickest time because of privacy and security restrictions. Today, individuals’ security problem is considered as one of the most important research fields in most research sciences. This study provides a novel approach for detection of cardiac abnormalities based on federated learning (FL). This approach addresses the challenge of accessing data from remote centers and presents the possibility of learning without the need for transferring data from the main center. We present a novel aggregation approach in the FL for addressing the challenge of imbalanced data using the averaging stochastic weights (SWA) optimizer and a multivariate Gaussian in order to make a better and more accurate detection possible. The advantage of the present proposed approach is robust and secure aggregation for unbalanced electrocardiogram (ECG) data from heterogeneous clients. We were able to achieve 87.98% accuracy in testing with the robust VGG19 architecture.

The effects of several concentrations of BAP and source of explants to gambier shoot induction (Uncaria gambier (Hunter) Roxb)

Gambir is a type of plantation plant that has many benefits. Gambir extract can be used for the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and leather tanning industries. However, the availability of gambier has decreased in production. Hence, information and technology for propagating Gambir seeds in vitro is needed. The growth of plant explants can be impacted by the application of growth regulators and explant sources in-vitro. This study’s purpose was to ascertain the connection between BAP concentration and explant sources concerning the development of gambier shoots. In addition, it is also to obtain of BAP and the best source of explants for the induction of the gambier shoots. In this study, a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 treatments that were each repeated five times was used. There are two levels of explant source and three levels of BAP concentration, the first of which is the concentration of BAP (2 mg/l, 4 mg/l, and 6 mg/l) (the first node and the third node from the shoot). The findings demonstrated that, in general, 100% of shoots could form when BAP and explant sources were concentrated. The concentration of BAP and the origin of the explants significantly influenced the emergence time of the shoots, with the quickest time of budding occurring after 3.8 days at a concentration of 2 mg/l BAP at the third node. 6 mg/l BAP was the optimal treatment for increasing the number of gambier leaves and shoots.

Protein Matrix Impacts Essential Amino Acid Response To Feeding

It is well established that muscle protein turnover is highly response to increases in plasma essential amino acids (EAA). Digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics appear to strongly modulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis. Despite this relationship, little is known about the effects of the protein matrix on plasma EAA appearance. PURPOSE: To assess if protein matrix alters plasma EAA pharmacokinetics (PK). METHODS: 24 healthy young individuals (24.7 ± 4.7y; BMI = 24.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2) completed this study. Participants consumed one of the following protein matrices: whey protein isolate (W; 6.8 g of EAA), beef sirloin (B; 7.0 g of EAA), or free form EAA enriched W (FW; 5.6 g of EAA). Blood samples were collected before and four hours following the ingestion of W, B, and FW. Plasma EAA were analyzed via LC-MS/MS. Standard pK values were calculated: area under the curve above baseline (AUCi), max EAA concentration (Cmax), EAA concentration change from baseline to EAACmax (ΔEAA), rate to Cmax, and time to Cmax. To examine group differences in EAA pK a one-way analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test was performed with significance accepted at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Significant group differences were noted for all measured pK (p ≤ 0.005). Post hoc comparisons indicated AUCi was significantly lower in W (50705.6 ± 13483.3 μmol/L/min) as compared to FW (84793.8 ± 15989.7 μmol/L/min; p = 0.004) and B (77084.6 ± 25076.0 μmol/L/min; p = 0.028). Cmax, ΔEAA, and rate to Cmax was significantly higher in FW (Cmax = 1,920 ± 242.6 μmol/L; ΔEAA = 1012.4 ± 200.8 μmol/L; rate to Cmax = 30.1 ± 13.0 μmol/L/min) as compared to W (Cmax = 1343.1 ± 144.4 μmol/L, p ≤ 0.001; ΔEAA = 556.9 ± 160.1 μmol/L, p ≤ 0.001; rate to Cmax = 13.6 ± 7.6 μmol/L/min, p = 0.003) and B (Cmax = 1339.9 ± 213.5 μmol/L, p ≤ 0.001; ΔEAA = 543.8 ± 164.2 μmol/L, p ≤ 0.001; rate to Cmax = 4.9 ± 2.7 μmol/L/min, p ≤ 0.001). Lastly, the time to Cmax was slowest in B (135.0 ± 62.1 mins) as compared to W (47.5 ± 14.9 mins; p ≤ 0.001) and FW (36.3 ± 7.4 mins; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Despite similar EAA content, pharmacokinetics were significantly different between treatments. Despite the lowest EAA content, FW resulted in the greatest plasma EAA availability and quickest time to peak. These results indicate that protein/amino acid digestion is a primary determinant of plasma EAA availability.

Integration of machine learning with economic energy scheduling

The aim of economic load dispatch (ELD) is to deliver required electrical power for a specified period at the lowest possible generation cost using available generating units (GUs). It is imperative to lower the generation costs in order to reduce the consumer costs and to generate adequate revenue from large capital investments in the power sector. There are several optimization algorithms (OAs) to solve this issue. In this study, a new method that combines machine learning (ML) with an OA is used to come up with a high-precision, best solution for ELD issues in the quickest time possible. The ’Lagrange Multiplier’ (LM) method is used as the OA, while the ’Decision Tree’ (DT) algorithm is used as the ML algorithm. ML algorithms require data to train themselves. A data generation algorithm (DGA) is used to generate data considering constraints such as the power balance constraint, transmission loss (TL), generating capacity, and prohibited operating zones (POZs). The DGA is based on the LM method with constraint handling techniques. Without considering ramp rate limits (RRLs), the optimal load sharing data is generated over the whole power capacity range of the committed GUs. The power capacity ranges from the sum of the minimum power capacity to the maximum power capacity of the committed GUs. This range is divided into several discrete data points with a step size of 0.01. Optimal load sharing among the GUs has been calculated for each of the data points using DGA. Then the DT model was trained with the generated data that could have been used further to predict the load sharing among the GUs. To impose RRLs, we have developed a search method using the trained DT model. We have validated our proposed method through three case studies: Case 1: 6 GUs with a 1263 MW power demand; Case 2: 15 GUs with a 2630 MW power demand; and Case 3: 140 GUs with a 49342 MW power demand. Finally, the optimal solution for all the case studies using the proposed method was compared with the existing methods. The proposed method was found to be better than the existing methods in terms of time, precision, and cost. This opens up a new way to help with the ELD issue by combining ML with OA.

Successful regression of gall bladder polyp with carcinosinum: A case report

Gallbladder polyps (GBPs) are normally innocuous, but the protocol of assessment and treatment of GBPs is clinically important due to the high mortality risk of gallbladder carcinomas with polypoid growth. In abdominal ultrasonography, gallbladder polyps are commonly found, with a frequency of 0.3 to 9.5 per cent. The gallbladder specimen can also be analyzed after a cholecystectomy to see them. In elderly men with hypertension, diabetes, hepatitis C infection, impaired fasting glucose, and obesity, GBPs are more common. These conditions affect both genders equally or almost equally. Gall Bladder is a potential risk of carcinoma formation. Homoeopathic treatment of Gallbladder polyps has not been documented till now. This article draws attention to the homoeopathic approach by illustrating how homoeopathy might be used to cure a so-called surgical condition with unique characteristics. A patient, 39 years old, with a known Gallbladder polyp, presented to the outpatient department at the National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata on the 12th of February 2021 with a right iliac and right epigastric pain that aggravates at night and settles on bending double and warm compression. On examination abdomen was soft, slightly tender, with no palpable mass present, and no muscle guard present. Ultrasonography report suggests there is a Gall Bladder polyp of 5.5 mm size with mild hepatomegaly. After thorough case taking, forming totality and repertorisation the patient was prescribed Carcinosin 200, a single dose. On 1ast follow up low back pain was reduced and on the second follow up USG report Suggests findings are within the normal limit. Homoeopathy is a simple system of medicine with a holistic approach based upon presenting complaints, physical symptoms and mental features prescribing a minimal possible dose of a single indicated remedy that can cure so-called surgical diseases in the quickest time without any help of hazardous procedure.

The Influence of Foureye Butterflyfish (Chaetodon capistratus) and Symbiodiniaceae on the Transmission of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease

Marine diseases have caused large scale decreases in coral cover across the Caribbean and are unfortunately projected to increase as sea surface temperatures rise. Identifying the main drivers of disease transmission is essential for our understanding and response to diseases in the future. This study investigates the effects of direct-contact, waterborne, Symbiodiniaceae composition, and butterflyfish foraging on the transmission rates of stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) across Montastraea cavernosa (MCAV) coral fragments. M. cavernosa fragments were placed in direct contact with diseased Orbicella and Montastraea colonies with the purpose of creating disease MCAV fragments for experimental trials with butterflyfish. Three treatments were used to investigate waterborne transmission (control), mechanically injury to a healthy coral (limited), and direct contact feeding across a diseased and healthy coral (unlimited). After the experimental trials, the composition of Symbiodiniaceae was analyzed for every MCAV fragment. Direct contact transmission took on average 3.9 days in 2019 and 11.9 days in 2020 with significantly quicker rates of transmission between donor diseased Orbicella and Montastraea than Montastraea to Montastraea. The composition of Symbiodiniaceae differed significantly between the fragments used in 2019 (dominated by Durusdinium) than in 2020 (dominated by Cladocopium spp.). The limited treatment had the quickest time to transmission compared to the unlimited and control treatments. Symbiodiniaceae differences between 2019 and 2020 might explain differences in transmission rates and overall susceptibility between the years. The species of Symbiodiniaceae may play a role in the susceptibility of corals to the transmission of SCTLD. Additionally, we also have some suggestive evidence that butterflyfish do not directly increase infection rates, but instead might be increasing infection recovery.

In Order to Combat Climate Change, The United States Must Look to Expand its Global Nuclear Infrastructure

While it is almost never the first source of clean energy that comes to mind, nuclear energy may hold the key to replacing the highest amount of carbon emissions in the quickest time possible with the least disturbance to our current energy infrastructure.

Optimized model for rapid battery charging using constant current constant voltage protocol

This research, which aims to find the best constant current, constant voltage parameters for charging a battery in the quickest time possible, subjects battery cells to varied charging and discharge rates in order to determine their rate capabilities. Cycling the cells using constant current, constant voltage charge in 60 minutes and 90 minutes discharge for 400 cycles examines the effects of the charging current Charge Rate and the voltage limit for the constant voltage on the battery's discharge capacity. The results obtained showed that 1.3C-rate and 4.3V voltage limit produced the utmost discharge capacity and cycle life. During the cycling period, the cell temperature was under 39°C with a capacity loss after 400 cycles of 8%. A 3 percent capacity gain was seen after charging the batteries using the cccv methodology for 180 minutes and then discharging them for 120 minutes. This low capacity loss after 400 cycles suggests that an optimal charging model employing the cccv protocol is possible.

PP106 Twenty Years Of Orphan Medicines Regulation: Have Treatments Reached Patients In Need Across Europe And Canada?

IntroductionThe European Union regulation for orphan medicinal products (OMPs) was introduced to improve the quality of treatments for patients with rare conditions. To mark 20 years of European Union OMP regulation, this study compared access to OMPs and the length of their reimbursement process in a set of European countries and Canadian provinces. Access refers to their full or partial reimbursement by the public health service.MethodsData were collated on European Medicines Agency orphan designation and marketing authorizations, health technology assessment (HTA) decisions and reimbursement decisions, and the respective dates of these events for all the OMPs centrally authorized in 14 European countries (Belgium, England, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland) and four Canadian provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec).ResultsSince the implementation of the OMPs Regulation in 2000, 215 OMPs obtained marketing authorization. We found that Germany had the highest level of coverage, with 91 percent of OMPs being reimbursed. The three countries with the lowest reimbursement rates were Poland, Hungary, and Norway (below 30%). We observed that Germany had the quickest time to reimbursement following marketing authorization, followed by Switzerland and Scotland. We observed that Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia consistently had the longest time to reimbursement.ConclusionsWe observed substantial variation in the levels and speed of national reimbursement of OMPs, particularly when comparing countries in Eastern and Western Europe, which suggests that an equity gap between the regions may be present. The data also indicated a trend toward faster times to reimbursement over the past 10 years.

Design Prototype of Temperature and Humidity Control and Monitoring on Weaver Ant Cage based on Internet of Things

Increasing market demand cannot meet the needs of the community, especially in the rainy season, because Kroto produced by weaver ants is of low quality and hard to find. Modern Kroto cultivation has many advantages compared to traditional searching in nature. The quality and quantity of Kroto lie in maintaining the temperature and humidity for weaver ants. The challenge is how to maintain the temperature and humidity inside the artificial nest of weaver ants. To help overcome the problems of modern weaver ant cultivation, we design and develop automated devices based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to control and monitor temperature and humidity for weaver ant culture. We chose the limitation of temperature is in between 25 o C – 31 o C, and the humidity range is on the level 65% - 85%. We used NodeMCU as the mainboard, DHT22 as temperature and humidity sensor, Cayenne webserver as IoT platform, and fan, humidifier, and heater for the tools to control the environment. We had conducted four tests scenario, which are sensor calibration, relay testing, actuator time testing, and delay testing. The result in temperature reading shows good accuracy while the humidity performs a huge gap of error. The humidity needs to be adjusted with the linear regression formula. Based on the relay testing, the device works perfectly fine to control the heater, the humidifier, and the fan. According to the actuator timing testing, the humidifier has the quickest time to make more humid and soothing conditions, around 5 – 15 minutes. In contrast, the heater actuator needs a longer time to heat up the room. Depends on the temperature, it needs around 5 – 31 minutes. The longest time was during the fan actuator to cool down the room, around 30 – 90 minutes. The average delay of the IoT system is 200,01 ms and is categorized as good performance based on standard TIPHON.

Numerical Analysis of the Heterogeneity Effect on Electroosmotic Micromixers Based on the Standard Deviation of Concentration and Mixing Entropy Index

One approach to achieve a homogeneous mixture in microfluidic systems in the quickest time and shortest possible length is to employ electroosmotic flow characteristics with heterogeneous surface properties. Mixing using electroosmotic flow inside microchannels with homogeneous walls is done primarily under the influence of molecular diffusion, which is not strong enough to mix the fluids thoroughly. However, surface chemistry technology can help create desired patterns on microchannel walls to generate significant rotational currents and improve mixing efficiency remarkably. This study analyzes the function of a heterogeneous zeta-potential patch located on a microchannel wall in creating mixing inside a microchannel affected by electroosmotic flow and determines the optimal length to achieve the desired mixing rate. The approximate Helmholtz–Smoluchowski model is suggested to reduce computational costs and simplify the solving process. The results show that the heterogeneity length and location of the zeta-potential patch affect the final mixing proficiency. It was also observed that the slip coefficient on the wall has a more significant effect than the Reynolds number change on improving the mixing efficiency of electroosmotic micromixers, benefiting the heterogeneous distribution of zeta-potential. In addition, using a channel with a heterogeneous zeta-potential patch covered by a slip surface did not lead to an adequate mixing in low Reynolds numbers. Therefore, a homogeneous channel without any heterogeneity would be a priority in such a range of Reynolds numbers. However, increasing the Reynolds number and the presence of a slip coefficient on the heterogeneous channel wall enhances the mixing efficiency relative to the homogeneous one. It should be noted, though, that increasing the slip coefficient will make the mixing efficiency decrease sharply in any situation, especially in high Reynolds numbers.

Network assessment of Tier-II Indian cities’ airports in terms of type, accessibility, and connectivity

An airport and its region have a mutual interaction. Thus, the airport's performance is crucial for its region. Moreover, airport's performance is influenced by air transport network. The measurement of the quality and capacity of the air transport network is multifaceted. The study assesses an airport's network in terms of its type, accessibility, and connectivity. It focusses on 12 Tier-II Indian cities having medium-hub international airports because of their huge growth potential and under-addressed assessment. Furthermore, it is in coherence with the current policies of boosting regional air connectivity. Specific analyses for Tier-II cities' airports is important as a comparison with the bigger metropolises will be skewed. This exploration puts special emphasis on their relationship with the Tier-I cities as the connectivity of Indian airports is majorly complementary than competitive. Measures used for assessment are concentration indices, graph theory-based connectivity and accessibility indices (shortest path length and quickest time length), and partial accessibility indicators (daily accessibility, potential indicator, location indicator, and network efficiency). Modifications and synthesis of partial indicators are also attempted. Annual data sets for the financial year 2017–18 and real-time data from 25–July 31, 2018 are used, and the analysis was carried out from April–August 2018. The study identifies future potential (hubs/feeders) among the Tier-II cities' airports and proposes to align policies accordingly. The results illustrate the need for more strong hubs in northern India and reveal the potential of Amritsar, Calicut, and Trichy of becoming future regional hubs.

Return to Play After Revision Anterior Shoulder Stabilization: A Systematic Review.

Background:Revision shoulder stabilizations are becoming increasingly common. Returning to play after revision shoulder stabilizations is important to patients.Purpose:To evaluate the return-to-play rate after revision anterior shoulder stabilization using arthroscopic, open, coracoid transfer, or free bone block procedures.Study Design:Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:All English-language studies published between 2000 and 2020 that reported on return to play after revision anterior shoulder stabilization were reviewed. Clinical outcomes that were evaluated included rate of overall return to play, level of return to play, and time to return to play. Study quality was evaluated using the Downs and Black quality assessment score.Results:Eighteen studies (1 level 2; 17 level 4; mean Downs and Black score, 10.1/31) on revision anterior shoulder stabilization reported on return to play and met inclusion criteria (7 arthroscopic, 5 open, 3 Latarjet, and 3 bony augmentation), with a total of 564 revision cases (mean age, 27.9 years; 84.1% male). The weighted mean length of follow-up was 52.5 months. The overall weighted rate of return to play was 80.1%. The weighted mean rate of return to play was 84.0% (n = 153) after arthroscopic revision, 91.5% (n = 153) after open revision, 88.1% (n = 149) after Latarjet, and 73.8% (n = 65) after bone augmentation. The weighted mean rate of return to same level of play was 69.7% for arthroscopic revision, 70.0% for open revision, 67.1% for Latarjet revision, and 61.8% after bone block revision. There were 5 studies that reported on time to return to play, with a weighted mean of 7.75 months (4 arthroscopic) and 5.2 months (1 Latarjet). The weighted mean rates of complication (for studies that provided it) were 3.3% after arthroscopic revision (n = 174), 3.5% after open revision (n = 110), 9.3% after Latarjet revision (n = 108), and 45.8% after bone block revision (n = 72).Conclusion:Revision using open stabilization demonstrated the highest return-to-play rate. Revision using Latarjet had the quickest time to return to play but had higher complication rates. When evaluated for return to same level of play, arthroscopic, open, and Latarjet had similar rates, and bone block had lower rates. The choice of an optimal revision shoulder stabilization technique, however, depends on patient goals. Higher-quality studies are needed to compare treatments regarding return to play after revision shoulder stabilization.