Quick Return Research Articles

Повоєнне відновлення економіки: основні фактори впливу та світовий досвід для України

Introduction. The ongoing hostilities in Ukraine reduce Ukraine's potential for independent sustainable economic growth. The sovereign debt burden is significantly increasing, production facilities are being destroyed, and with them the industrial potential of the country, the possibility for a quick return of the majority of forced refugees to Ukraine from abroad is declining. The response to these challenges should include the application of the most active methods of implementing state policy aimed at ensuring the economic independence and well-being of Ukraine. The prerequisite for overcoming the identified problems will be not only the end of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine, but also the implementation of a system that encourages businesses to recover, increase the profitability of their production, as well as the concentration of the state’s attention on the achievement of priority goals, among which, of course, the main one will be ensuring security and social and economic recovery of the country. Problem Statement. Determining the role of the state in post-war reconstruction, substantiating the possibilities of applying instruments of state impact on the development of the economy of Ukraine. Purpose. Substantiating, taking into account the specifics of the pre-war development of the economy of Ukraine and based on the world experience of post-war recovery, an effective state toolkit, the implementation of which will not only speed up the recovery of the economy, but also ensure the quality of the development. Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach, the principles of objectivity and critical analysis, systematization of analytical and statistical data, and scientific insight into the consequences of external and internal factors affecting the development of the economy. Results. The main effective tools that contributed to restarting post-war economies, changing their structure and rapid economic development are identified. As part of the analysis of domestic state initiatives to restore the economy of Ukraine, priority steps have been outlined that will contribute to the intensification of business activity and ensure its broader access to long-term debt capital. Reasonable expediency of implementation of indicative planning, reform of the state policy of attracting foreign investments, internal system of stimulating business activity, implementation of investment risk insurance, etc. The need to revise the priorities of the country's economic development, which would take into account not only current realities, but also focus on the strategic goals of Ukraine's future, was emphasized. Conclusions. While aiming at the recovery of the national economy, the state faces many complex tasks, the solution of which requires the concentration of efforts of both the government and society in general. The world experience of post-war reconstruction proves that even after tragedies, it is possible to establish a modernized and prosperous state. The implementation of such aspirations can be materialized on the base of a clear vision and planning of the future of the country with the step-by-step implementation of the intended plans, which must definitely take into account the systemic problems that the economy had accumulated in the past (low level of fixed investments, outdated production base, low innovativeness of enterprises, practical lack of access to cheap long-term credit, unattractive investment environment, insecurity of property rights, etc.). The post-war recovery plan should be based on the principles of building a market economy, solving systemic problems, stimulating healthy competition and developing high-techindustry.

BUSINESS IDEA FOR SELF-EMPLOYMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR

The authors assert that young people must initiate their own entrepreneurial ideas and develop a business plan to begin their employment journey. Motivated students can become individual entrepreneurs as early as sixteen years old. Knowing the key elements of their future activities can help entrepreneurs anticipate, analyze, monitor, and evaluate the success of their enterprise before executing their idea-project. A business plan allows for adjusting planned or actual indicators to achieve income. The development process of a business plan includes analyzing the enterprise’s market environment, assessing the target audience’s needs, new sait, determining the organizational structure, identifying financial risks, and estimating income and expenses. The primary obstacles to starting one’s own enterprise include the Russian-Ukrainian war and its consequences, reduced potential customers due to lower incomes, limited financial and credit resources, and high advertising and marketing costs. The authors calculated the costs of starting a business with four employees. The Silhouette studio’s operation shows that it requires expensive equipment and a long payback period for a small enterprise. Risks in this area include purchasing low-quality equipment, lack of funds for unforeseen expenses, poor quality of services, ineffective advertising campaigns, excessive rent increases, too many workshops in the market, and poor location choice. The industry’s unique feature is a relatively short production cycle of one to two months for manufacturing complex products, making it a profitable investment, especially for working capital, providing quick returns. The planned payback period for the Silhouette studio is two to three years of operation, but it may happen sooner. The enterprise’s profit depends on advertising coverage, the income of the local population, and other aspects that affect the enterprise’s profit. A tailoring and repair shop is a distinctive institution providing quick, efficient services tailored to individual or inclusive needs.

Transarterial Embolization for Refractory Overuse Sports Injury: Pictorial Case Reports.

Transarterial embolization for the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal diseases is gaining increasing interest in the field of interventional radiology. Overuse sports injury is defined as an injury occurring in the absence of a single, identifiable traumatic cause. In the treatment of this condition, there is a need for reliable results and a quick return to activity. Minimally invasive treatments with short periods of missed practice are required. Intra-arterial embolization has the potential to meet this need. In this article, we describe cases of embolization for refractory overuse sports injuries including patellar tendinopathy, pes anserine, plantar fasciitis, triangular fibrocartilage complex injury, hamstring injury, infrapatellar fat pad inflammation, Achilles tendinopathy, delayed union metatarsal bone fracture, lumbar spondylolysis, and repetitive hamstrings strain.

Surgical Treatment ofFocal Chondral Lesions ofthe Knee inthe Military Population: Current andFuture Therapies.

Chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee are common injuries in the military population that have a significant impact on readiness. Definitive treatment of these injuries is challenging since cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair and regeneration. Management is particularly challenging in military patients who maintain a higher level of activity similar to athletes. Existing surgical techniques have variable results and often long recovery times, sparking the development of several new innovative technologies to return service members back to duty more quickly and effectively after cartilage injury. The purpose of this article is to review the current and future surgical treatments for chondral and osteochondral knee lesions and their relevance in managing these injuries in the military. In this review article, we describe the current treatments for chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee, reporting on outcomes in military populations. We explore emerging treatment modalities for cartilage defects, reporting innovations, stage of research, and current data. Published results of each treatment option in military populations are reviewed throughout the article. This review includes 12 treatments for chondral lesions. Of these therapies, four are considered synthetic and the remaining are considered regenerative solutions. Regenerative therapies tend to perform better in younger, healthier populations with robust healing capacity. Success of treatment depends on lesions and patient characteristics. Nearly all modalities currently available in the USA were successful in improving patients from presurgical function in the short (<6 months) term, but the long-term efficacy is still challenged. Upcoming technologies show promising results in clinical and animal studies that may provide alternative options desirable for the military population. The current treatment options for cartilage lesions are not entirely satisfactory, usually with long recovery times and mixed results. An ideal therapy would be a single procedure that possesses the ability to enable a quick return to activity and duty, alleviate pain, provide long-term durability, and disrupt the progression of osteoarthritis. Evolving technologies for cartilage lesions are expanding beyond currently available techniques that may revolutionize the future of cartilage repair.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourist Destinations in Romania

Abstract The period of the Covid 19 pandemic meant for the tourism industry a moment of general assessment of its own route. The plans and programs in which this industry was active at the time of the outbreak of the pandemic were closely related to the transformation of this industry into one that operates based on the principles of sustainability. The decrease in the number of arrivals, the practical stoppage for a period of this economic sector, attracted by itself determinations regarding the value volumes of the decreases in economic indicators but also research for the possibilities of further development of this industry. It can thus be noted that at the level of Romania, the decrease in the number of arrivals was over 50% in 2020 compared to 2019. In addition, although the forecasts of the World Tourism Organization indicated a relatively quick return in 2021, this did not happen in Romania, the value level being in 2021 at approximately 70% compared to 2019. The purpose of this article is to analyze the behavior of tourism demand and supply in the three periods, namely: pre-pandemic, pandemic and post-pandemic. The data are based on records from the National Institute of Statistics, as well as studies and research carried out on this topic. The conclusions of the determinations carried out are mainly related to the nature of isolated tourism observed during the pandemic, but also to the behavior of entrepreneurs in the sector who reacted immediately in the development of these areas.

Comparison of the Sevoflurane versus Desflurane Anaesthesia on the Recovery of Airway Reflexes and Cognitive Function: An Original Research.

Sevoflurane and desflurane virtually equally dissolve in blood gases, yet current research suggests that desflurane helps in a quick return of airway reflex than sevoflurane however the return of cognitive activity fluctuates greatly. In order to compare the lengths of time required to recover after sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia, the current research was conducted. Current study was randomized that included 100 subjects who were posted for cholecystectomy (elective). Only adult and non-obese subjects were included in the study. The intended anesthetic agents sevoflurane and desflurane were utilized in the study and all the protocols were followed for the surgery. After the end of the surgery, tests for regaining cognitive function and airway reflexes were carried out, and different time intervals were recorded. The values were recorded and compared for the variances while considering the P < 0.05 as significant. The mean T1 was 8.19 ± 3.28 min for sevoflurane and was 5.82 ± 4.02 min. There was no significant variance between the two agents for the T1, 2 (P = 0.013 and 0.110 respectively). After the inhalation anesthetics ceased at T1, desflurane patients responded to verbal commands more quickly than sevoflurane patients (5.824.02 vs. 8.193.28 min). The SOMCT and swallowing test were similarly completed more quickly by desflurane-treated patients than by sevoflurane-treated patients (T3VST4) (13.693.37 vs. 10.024.86 min, P = 0.008 and (14.094.30 vs. 9.824.50 min, P 0.001, respectively). For the T3, 4-time intervals, there was a significant difference between the sevoflurane and desflurane groups. Desflurane causes patients to recover more quickly from laparoscopic cholecystectomy under controlled circumstances than sevoflurane does.

Kripto Paraların Kumar ve Bağımlılık ile İlişkisi

Cryptocurrencies has been considered as both an investment tool and a great invention that will replace money and change the world order. Although crypto currency trading has been investigated in many aspects, the psychological dimension that directly affects investors has often been ignored. Control of cryptocurrency trading is in the hands of investors rather than a central authority or institution. Thus, the value of cryptocurrencies changes with the reactions of investors. This situation suggests that psychological factors may be more prominent in cryptocurrency trading. Cryptocurrency trading has many similarities with gambling and betting, such as risk taking, getting quick returns, extreme gains or losses. Some significant components of behavioral addiction are also seen in individuals who spend so much time with cryptocurrency trading. The purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of the psychological effects of cryptocurrency trading, which has entered our lives over a relatively brief period of time and reached millions of investors.

Analisis Kinematika pada Quick Return Mechanism dengan Menggunakan Metode Bilangan Kompleks

Kinematics analysis includes analysis of position, velocity and acceleration of the rods of a mechanism. The complex number method is a kinematic analytical way to express position, velocity and acceleration vectors in the form of complex numbers. The first step that needs to be done is to determine the position vector of the point to be analyzed, then determine the velocity and acceleration vectors by differentiating with time. After that is done, then the algorithm can be made. The mechanism used for this study is the quick return mechanism. The assumed data for this analysis is the angular velocity of rod 2 is 19.0986 rpm and the acceleration of rod 2 is 0 rad/s2. The results of the position analysis show that if rod 2 rotates one full rotation (360o), then rod 4 rotates about 1/6 circle (232.72o - 294.12o) and the slider moves along the X axis (406.939 - 504.111). The maximum speed behind the slider is 121.45 mm/s while the maximum speed forward for the slider is 101.09 mm/s. A large change in velocity (acceleration) is needed when bar 4 and the slider change direction (from CW to CCW or vice versa), this is indicated by a decrease and increase at the beginning and end of the graphic with significant acceleration

Return to Sport after Surgical Treatment for Dislocation of the Peroneal Tendon: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the return to normal activities and sports after surgical management of peroneal tendon dislocation through different surgical techniques. Methods: This review included studies (retrospective case series, prospective cohort study) that analyzed different aspects: return to sport (RTS), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), satisfaction, and redislocation episodes after surgical treatment. We performed a systematic review, analyzing 1699 articles. We researched our selected studies through PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The last search was performed in December 2022. We used the MINORS score to perform a quality assessment of pooled data. In total, 20 studies were included. Results: The postoperative AOFAS score, VAS scale, and high satisfaction percentages all improve with surgical therapy. At long-term follow-up, the redislocation following surgical treatment is minimal. Compared to patients who only receive superior peroneal retinaculum (SPR) repair and other surgical procedures, patients with groove deepening and SPR repair have greater rates of returning to sports (bony and rerouting procedures). Conclusions: Peroneal tendon dislocation surgery offers good outcomes, a quick return to sport, and high patient satisfaction. Those who received both groove deepening and SPR repair as opposed to other surgical procedures have greater rates of returning to sports.

Criterion-Based Rehabilitation and Return to Play in Fast Bowlers Following Arthroscopic Bankart Repair: Recommendations Based on a DetailedClinical Review.

Anterior shoulder instability due to labral tears in the dominant arm of cricket fast bowlers can be particularly disabling and results in significant match time loss. This often follows injuries sustained during fielding and training, although micro-instability following repetitive throwing progressing to overt anterior shoulder instability is also known. To ensure ball release speeds of over 140km/h with different ball variations, these athletes require not only physical fitness and technical skill, but also a completely stable shoulder. A literature search of "MEDLINE", "SPORT DISCUSS", and "GOOGLE SCHOLAR" was done to identify relevant articles published till the year 2023. A treatment approach that involves anatomic restoration of the shoulder via an arthroscopic Bankart capsulo-labral repair, followed by functional and biomechanical restoration via rehabilitation is the most predictable method to ensure a successful return to pre-injury fast-bowling status. A post-operative rehabilitation program that ensures a quick return to fast bowling without disrupting the surgical repair is crucial. Timely integration of exercises to recruit and strengthen the kinetic chain used for bowling and throwing plays a key role in this faster recovery. This current review provides a phase-wise, evidence-based rehabilitation guideline for return to competitive cricket after arthroscopic Bankart repair in a fast bowler. This review also highlights a structured return to bowling, throwing, and fielding program with a clinical decision-making process. Exercise selection at an early stage that does not compromise the healing tissue, and timely integration of workouts to recruit and strengthen the kinetic chain used for bowling and throwing is the key strategy to allow faster recovery. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-023-00931-5.

Experimental and numerical investigation of a hybrid solar thermal-electric powered cooking oven

The rapid development in technology and changing food habits have drastically altered the cooking method in recent years. Electric ovens are dominating the cooking sector in bakeries, restaurants, and domestic cooking. India holds the second position in terms of revenue generated by the sales of cookers and ovens. The electrical energy requirements are also adding up with electricity-based cooking. In addition, solar energy-dependent solar cooking appliances are available in the market, but they come with their own set of merits and demerits. This paper discusses the new concept and development of an Electric-Solar hybrid cooking appliance. The implemented control mechanism in the fully-featured hybrid OTG (Oven, Toaster, & Griller) oven shows the simplicity and ease of using solar energy in conjunction with electrical energy. The experimental and numerical results show that the temperature distribution inside an electric-solar hybrid oven saves energy up to 51% and takes much less cooking time than electric ovens and solar cooking appliances when operating in hybrid mode. The STEPCO (Solar Thermal-Electric Powered Cooking Oven) oven has demonstrated potential for a relatively quick return on investment, with a payback period of around 2.3 years in hybrid mode and 3.7 years in solar mode. Experimental testing has shown that the hybrid mode of the STEPCO oven achieves an impressive efficiency of 63%, which is significantly higher than that of the electric and solar modes, which are only 35% and 4.0%, respectively. Additionally, the STEPCO oven has the environmental benefit of emitting very little CO2 during the cooking process when used in hybrid mode and zero CO2 emissions when used in solar mode.

Monitoring of the mining waste neutralization facility of LW Bogdanka

Investing in renewable energy sources bringing direct profits from unattractive areas is one of the most advantageous ways of wastelands revitalization. In the case of post-mining dumps, it is realized by using photovoltaics and wind turbines. Analyzes showed that the greatest benefits can be acquired from photovoltaic farms, mainly due to the simplicity of their design and principles of operation, as well as the quick return on investment - up to 7 years. The construction of wind turbines is more complicated. Despite the favorable conditions of the mining dumps (elevated areas, which are located mainly away from residential buildings), the construction of the turbine requires more effort in designing and installation work, mainly due to the necessity of building the foundations. Methods for revitalizing mine dumps by installing renewable energy systems have some limitations due to periodicity of operation (time of day, season), weather conditions (wind speed, temperature), expensive energy storage, etc. For this reason, real-time monitoring of climatic conditions is required. The following parameters are monitored: the average available solar energy (important for the assessment of the efficiency of photovoltaic cells), speed and direction of the wind (which affects the efficiency of wind turbines), changes in groundwater level (risk of flooding and periodic soil softening), soil and air temperature (air – affects the choice of the method of revitalization, soil – affects the preservation of soil) and dust concentration, which affects the degree of contamination of the photovoltaic modules and thus the efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) power plant. The presentation includes interesting data that was obtained during the tests.

Fractures of the fifth metacarpal neck treated by syndactyly: functional and quality of life outcomes of a series of 39 patients.

The management of the fractures of the fifth metacarpal neck is still debated between surgical, orthopedic, and functional treatments. The main objective of our study was to report the functional results at two, six, and twelve weeks of patients treated with syndactyly for fifteen days for a fracture of the neck of the fifth metacarpal and to determine if these results were compatible with a short-term medical follow-up and if they allowed for a quick return to work. Thirty-nine patients were retrospectively included. Functional results and their variations were analyzed at two, six, and twelve weeks using self-questionnaires filled out during consultation (VAS scores, QuickDASH, EuroQol-5D-5L, and EuroQol- 5D-VAS). The duration of work leave was extracted from medical records. Two weeks after the trauma, patients mostly had a very moderate impact of their fracture on their daily life with an average VAS of 4.2±1, QuickDASH of 42.2±20.9, and EuroQol-5D-VAS of 78±11. QuickDASH and EuroQol-5D-VAS scores showed significant improvement between two and twelve weeks of follow-up, decreasing from 42.2±20.9 to 2.1±6 and from 78±11 to 96±6, respectively (p<0.0001). The dimensions of common activities, pain, and autonomy had the most patients in the "moderate impairment" subgroup at two weeks. Only the dimension of common activities still had 21% of patients moderately impacted. Twenty-five patients returned to work at an average of 21.8±1.5 days. Syndactyly treatment offers good functional results at two weeks that are confirmed during follow-up, compatible with reduced medical follow-up and early return to work.

Survey and Cost–Benefit Analysis of Sorting Technology for the Sweetpotato Packing Lines

Supplying high-quality fresh sweetpotato roots to the consumer requires sorting the roots by quality and removing culls deemed unsuitable for fresh markets at packing facilities. The sorting operation is traditionally performed by manual labor. This study surveyed the sorting lines of seven commercial sweetpotato packinghouses in Mississippi during the packing season of 2021. Sorting for defects entirely relied on labor, which accounted for up to 50% of the total labor in packinghouses. A cost–benefit analysis was conducted to determine the cost-effectiveness of implementing automated sorting technology as an alternative to manual sorting. The net benefits of automated sorting depended on labor savings and equipment costs. Machines at or less than USD 100,000 were economically beneficial with payback periods of less than three years when four or more workers could be replaced, while machines of USD 350,000 and higher would be not justifiable when quick economical returns were sought. Automated sorting promises to increase the profitability and competitiveness of fresh market sweetpotato packing industries.

ANALISIS PENGARUH QUICK RATIO TERHADAP RETURN ON ASSET PADA CV. PARULIAN SOJUANGON PANGGABEAN KABUPATEN TAPANULI TENGAH

This study aims to examine the effect of the quick ratio on return on assets at CV. Parulian Sojuangon Panggabean Group, Central Tapanuli Regency. The author uses research methods in quantitative descriptive to discuss the problems faced by corporate finance. Data analysis explained the use of the results of several linear sub-data analyzes regarding the quick ratio (current ratio) to return on assets (Y).&#x0D; The results showed that there was a negative relationship between the quick ratio and return on equity on CV. Parulian Sojuangon Panggabean Group Central Tapaanuli Regency is 0.333, so when interpreted on a value scale it can be categorized as low. The regression equation obtained Y = 0.500 - 0.206X which shows the effect of the quick ratio on return on assets on CV. Parulian Sojuangon Panggabean Group, Central Tapanuli Regency. The t test shows that the hypothesis proposed is rejected (not significant), where t count is 0.612 &gt; 3.18245, which means that return on assets is not necessarily reduced by the regression coefficient/slop (0.206) if the quick ratio variable is added by one unit. While the coefficient of determination is known that the quick ratio only plays a role of 11.1% of the return on assets at CV. Parulian Sojuangon Panggabean Group Central Tapanuli Regency and the remaining 88.9% is influenced by other factors not included in the model.

PENGARUH STRUKTUR MODAL TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA CV. GRAHA MINERAL SIBOLGA

This study aims to examine the effect of capital structure/DER (X) on CV.Graha Mineral Sibolga. The author uses research methods in quantitative descriptive to discuss the problems faced by corporate finance. Data analysis explained the use of the results of several linear sub-data analyzes regarding the quick ratio (lancer ratio) to financial performance/ROA (Y). The results showed that there was a positive relationship between the quick ratio and return on equity at CV.Graha Mineral Sibolga of 0.898, so when interpreted on a value scale it can be categorized as very strong. The regression equation obtained Y = 1.112 + 0.646 X which shows the effect of capital structure/DER on financial performance at CV. Graha Mineral Sibolga. The t test shows that the hypothesis proposed is rejected (not significant), where t count is -3.536 &gt; 2.07387, which means that financial performance/ROA is not necessarily reduced by the regression coefficient/slop (-0.646) if the capital structure/DER variable is added one unit. While the coefficient of determination is known that the capital structure/DER only plays a role of 80.6% of the financial performance of CV. Graha Mineral Sibolga and the remaining 19.4% is influenced by other factors not included in the model.

Locoregional strategies to decrease postoperative pain and neck discomfort after open thyroidectomy: A scoping review.

Adequate pain control enhances patients' quality of life and allows a quick return to normal activities. Current pain management practices may contribute to the crisis of opioid addiction. We summarize the evidence that evaluates locoregional interventions to decrease pain and neck discomfort after thyroidectomy. We designed a scoping review. The search strategy was made in the Pubmed/MEDLINE and EMBASE database. We included only systematic reviews and RCTs that compared two or more strategies. Forty-nine publications including 5045 patients fulfilled criteria. Sore throat frequency is higher for endotracheal intubation and topical administration of anesthetic before intubation decreases this. Pre-incisional infiltration of the surgical wound decreases postoperative pain. Bilateral superficial plexus nerve block decreases analgesic requirements during and after thyroidectomy. Wound massage and neck exercises decrease postoperative discomfort. Locoregional interventions significantly impact postoperative pain and may reduce opioid use and improve patient outcomes.

ANALISIS PENGARUH QUICK RATIO TERHADAP RETURN ON EQUITY PADA CV. GRAHA MINERAL SIBOLGA

This study aims to examine the effect of the quick ratio on the return on equity (ROE) at CV. Graha Mineral Sibolga. The author uses research methods in quantitative descriptive to discuss the problems faced by corporate finance. Data analysis described the use of the results of several linear sub-data analyzes regarding the quick ratio (current ratio) to return on equity (ROE) (Y). The results showed that there was a positive relationship between the quick ratio and return on equity on CV. Graha Mineral Sibolga is 0.206, so when interpreted on a value scale it can be categorized as low. The regression equation obtained Y = 1.329 + 0.319X which shows the effect of the quick ratio on return on equity at CV. Graha Mineral Sibolga. The t test shows that the hypothesis proposed is rejected (not significant), where t count is 0.365 &gt; 2.07387, which means that the return on equity does not necessarily increase as much as the regression coefficient/slop (0.319) if the quick ratio variable is added by one unit. While the coefficient of determination is known that the quick ratio only contributes 4.2% to the return on equity at CV. Graha Mineral Sibolga and the remaining 95.8% is influenced by other factors not included in the model.

Times Series Analysis on Inflation in the U.S. under COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economic environment in the U.S, particularly in inflation, which is experiencing its highest levels in decades. The reasons for this high inflation might be change in supply relations and consumer habits, logistics bottlenecks and policy reasons. The Fed has raised interest rates several times in hopes of a quick return to pre-pandemic inflation rate, but it is still in a high level around 0.08. Given the complex international situation, it is obvious that high domestic inflation and prices will significantly drag down GDP and economic growth. However, if reducing the current situation of high inflation in a short period, it is obviously not only by raising interest rates. The correct path is to find the real causes of inflation and solve these. Unfortunately, the exogenous shocks not only frequently affect the stability of price and inflation but fuzz the real reasons behind inflation, which leading to a difficult process of finding the causes.

Full Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Paracentral L5-S1 Disc Herniation

The full endoscopic interlaminar approach (FEILA) is a minimally invasive technique for lumbar discectomy. It has multiple advantages over other conventional discectomy methods, including less traumatization of the soft tissues, fewer complication rates (dural injury, bleeding), rapid rehabilitation, quick return to daily life activities, and preferable cosmetic results. FEILA is a surgery with a relatively steep learning adaptation. Endoscopic surgery is a closed tubular approach, and all surgical maneuvers are performed within a uniportal single working channel. Also, the technique has not yet been standardized and well-documented. Therefore, the early learning stages of this technique may not be easy for most surgeons. Despite these, FEILA is easy, and the operation length is comparable to and even shorter than other techniques of lumbar discectomy. FEILA for lumbar discectomy could be considered a safe and effective alternative procedure for paracentral L5-S1 disc herniation. Here, we describe the technique of FEILA, including every cutoff step required to reach technical proficiency for surgeons who want to start applying this approach.