Quick Response Code Research Articles

The Security Threat and Precautionary Measures of QR Code of Internet of Things Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the expansion and extension of the traditional network. It is a network that connects goods and objects, which has been widely used in today's social development process. It occupies an important position in various industries. The emergence of the Internet of Things has greatly improved the refinement level of human management. The QR code (Quick Response Code) is a part of the perception layer of the IoT, which belongs to the perception and recognition technology of the IoT. The QR code not only brings convenience to users but also becomes the carrier and disseminator of malware, phishing, and other attacks. Therefore, it is of great significance for the security of the IoT to understand the potential threats of the QR code, analyze its potential attack methods, and put forward defense plans. This paper briefly introduces the basic characteristics of the QR code, as well as some attack methods and potential threats against the QR code, and put forward some preventive measures from both technical and non-technical aspects. The technical aspect includes the combination of cryptography and the introduction of third-party management. The non-technical aspects are discussed at the national and individual user levels.

Multilevel Anti-counterfeiting Barcode with Enhanced Information Encryption Based on Stimulus-Responsive Digital Polymers.

In response to the escalating challenges of counterfeiting due to technological and socioeconomic advancements, a novel trilevel anti-counterfeiting Quick Response (QR) code system has been developed. This system integrates digital polymers with QR code and stimulus-responsive chromophores, i.e., rhodamine B (RB), rhodamine 6G (R6G), and spiropyran (SP), to provide a sophisticated security solution. This advanced barcode remains concealed until specific stimuli reveal it and can be scanned by a smartphone, enabling first and second level anti-counterfeiting. For the third level of security, the encrypted information within the digital polymers can only be deciphered using tandem mass spectrometry. This innovative approach not only enhances security features but also offers reversible visibility and a complex verification process. This trilevel system surpasses traditional single-level anti-counterfeiting methods and holds significant potential for future applications in protecting brand authenticity and managing data storage, contributing new concepts and techniques to the field of high-security anti-counterfeiting materials.

Beyond passwords: A multi‐factor authentication approach for robust digital security

AbstractMulti‐Factor Authentication (MFA) strengthens digital security by necessitating users to verify their identity. It uses various authentication methods like adding an extra layer of protection beyond conventional passwords. Proposed method introduces a novel MFA system that integrates multiple authentication layers, starting with two phase Graphical password with the traditional email‐password and progressing to facial recognition using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Quick response (QR) code authentication. To prove the robustness of our method, we are considering some test cases and few performance metrics like delay, accuracy, etc. The results are derived for False positive rates, complexity. The success rate is observed to be more than 93% for the proposed model.

CO2 Laser-labeling on Fresh Produce: Evaluating Postharvest Quality, Microbial Safety, and Economic Analysis

Fresh produce is traditionally labeled with plastic price lookup (PLU) stickers that are attached to the produce surface using edible glue. However, both the stickers and glue are environmental contaminants, and the stickers can still easily detach from the produce surface during handling and disrupt traceability. An alternative method of labeling, the CO2 laser-labeling technology (LLT), has been gaining attention in recent years. However, engraving Quick Response (QR) code using LLT is unique, and the performance of this technology varies from produce item to produce item, and information on its effects on postharvest quality, microbial safety, and economic feasibility has not been reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of laser-labeling technology on (1) postharvest quality, (2) microbial safety, and (3) economic analysis of this technology. Three horticultural crops, ‘Red Delicious’ apple (Malus pumila), green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were procured from a local grocery store. Each produce was engraved with a Quick Response (QR) code or 6-digit alphanumerical (text) code using the commercially available Trotec Speedy 300 CO2 laser engraver, followed by the application of edible wax. Fresh weight loss for laser-printed produce was higher compared to controls, but no difference in visual quality ratings was observed. The laser-labeled produce was assessed for microbial contamination by artificially inoculating rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) log10 6 CFU/mL to the labeled fruit. The results showed that the population of rifampicin-resistant E. coli was statistically higher in all three products labeled with text code compared to the nontreated controls. The QR-coded treatments were similar to the controls. The wax application did not affect the microbial attachment on the laser-labeled produce. The CO2 laser labeling technology has the potential for industrial application.

An approach for mitigating cognitive load in password management by integrating QR codes and steganography

AbstractThe proliferation of digital services and the imperative for secure authentication have necessitated the management of an expanding array of passwords, imposing a significant cognitive burden on users. The predominant method for authentication remains the use of passwords. However, a critical issue with this approach is that individuals frequently forget their passwords, particularly when managing multiple accounts. This often results in users creating similar or easily guessable passwords for different accounts or writing them down, compromising security. This article investigates an innovative method to mitigate cognitive burden using steganography‐embedded quick response (QR) codes for streamlined password management. The proposed model, named MASTER (Multi‐device‐based Authentication using STEgged QR Codes), was evaluated for usability using the system usability scale (SUS) and the subjective mental effort scale. The security of the model is evaluated using attack analysis and comparative analysis with image visibility and robustness. The evaluation results indicate that the MASTER model achieved a SUS score of 75.94, with the majority of participants agreeing that the system reduces cognitive effort.

Pengaruh Pengetahuan, Kemudahan Penggunaan, dan Kemanfaatan Quick Response Code Indonesian Standart (QRIS) Terhadap Penggunaan E-Wallet

This research aims to determine whether knowledge, ease of use and usefulness of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (Qris) have a significant effect on the use of E-wallet among FEBI UIN North Sumatra students. The population used in this research were all active students in 2020-2021, Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, UIN North Sumatra, totaling 4,878 with a sample size of 100 respondents. The sampling technique in this research used Non Probability Sampling using Purposive Sampling. The research method used is a quantitative method with multiple regression analysis, and the data collection technique is carried out by distributing questionnaires. The results of this study show that knowledge has a significant effect on the use of e-wallets among Febi UIN North Sumatra students, ease of use has a significant effect on the use of e-wallets among Febi UIN North Sumatra students, and usefulness has a significant effect on the use of e-wallets among Febi UIN Sumatra students North. Knowledge, ease of use and usefulness have a significant influence on the use of e-wallets among Febi UIN North Sumatra students.

THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED EASE OF USE AND PERCEIVED USEFULNESS ON THE DECISION TO USE OF QRIS AS A DIGITAL PAYMENT IN GENERATION Z IN THE CITY OF BANDUNG

This study aims to examine the effect of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness on the decision to use QRIS as a digital payment for Generation Z in Bandung City. Money, both in paper and metal form, has an important role in economic transactions. However, with the development of financial technology (fintech) technology, payment methods are starting to shift from cash to digital. Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) is a QR code standard implemented to facilitate digital payments in Indonesia. This research uses a quantitative method with a descriptive approach, and data is collected through questionnaires to Generation Z QRIS users in Bandung City. The results showed that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness have a positive and significant influence on the decision to use QRIS. The practicality and efficiency of QRIS make it popular among Generation Z, who tend to prioritize convenience and usefulness in financial transactions. These findings confirm the importance of perceived convenience and benefits in influencing the decision to use digital payment technology.

READINESS TO ADOPT QRIS AMONG MSMES IN SAMARINDA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS), developed by Bank Indonesia and the Indonesian Payment System Association, is a versatile payment system that accepts transactions from both bank and non-bank sources. Given the increasing competitive business environment and the necessity for efficient and swift payment systems, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) need to be prepared to adopt QRIS. This study aims to assess the readiness of MSMEs in Samarinda to implement QRIS. The research employs the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with the inclusion of a trust variable. Primary data were collected from 220 respondents and analyzed using AMOS. The study examines six variables: trust, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, behavioral intention, and adoption system. Eight hypotheses were tested, all showing significant effects: trust on perceived ease of use, trust on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use on perceived usefulness, trust on attitude, perceived ease of use on attitude, perceived usefulness on attitude, attitude on behavioral intention, and behavioral intention on the adoption system. The findings suggest that the readiness of MSMEs to adopt QRIS is crucial for accelerating national economic recovery post-COVID-19, particularly for MSMEs in Samarinda. The adoption of QRIS is expected to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of payment systems, contributing to the overall growth and competitiveness of MSMEs.

Just-in-Time Video Using QR Codes: An Approach to Pediatric Trauma Nursing Education.

High acuity trauma and patients in cardiopulmonary arrest are not frequently seen in all pediatric Level I trauma centers. Yet, nurses are required to manage these patients in fast-paced, high-pressure environments. This project aims to develop and evaluate an education program for high-risk, low-volume equipment and skills in the pediatric emergency department setting. This is a pre- and post-quality improvement study conducted in a Northeastern United States pediatric Level I trauma center. Emergency department nurses were invited to view videos detailing high-risk, low-volume equipment use. For the convenience of access, Quick Response (QR) codes linked to the videos were placed on each piece of equipment reviewed. General self-efficacy and levels of self-efficacy in using the equipment were assessed before the intervention and again after 4 weeks from January to February 2023. A total of 43 pediatric emergency nurses participated in the education. The mean aggregate general self-efficacy score was 32.93. Mean scores in all areas (Level 1 rapid infuser, fluid warmer, blood administration, and securing an endotracheal tube) improved after the intervention. Easily accessible, brief refresher videos linked to QR codes in the pediatric emergency department can help empower nurses who need to use high-risk, low-volume equipment.

Effectively Communicating Practice Changes to Frontline Nurses.

Communication of practice changes to frontline nurses across an organization can be difficult. Frequent daily communication to all nursing staff can be ineffective and lead to email fatigue and information overload. The purpose of this article is to further describe the communication intervention developed to disseminate practice changes and the critical modifications made over time to ensure its continued success and sustainability. In 2019, this team from a multisite institution developed a monthly email correspondence, called the Evidence-Based Practice Update, sent to local leaders to disseminate important policy and practice updates and reminders to more than 3400 nurses. This strategy was initially successful in reaching the nurses yet lacked a method to ensure accountability that each nurse has read the content. A quick response code was added to track monthly readership, and clinical nurse specialists were leveraged to ensure practice changes reached, reviewed, and understood by nurses across the institution. Metrics were tracked for quick response code scans and demonstrated an increase in readership over time. By combining various alerts into the single correspondence, fewer daily notifications to staff were sent. The EBP Update email dissemination structure involving local leaders was well received. This article describes how a standardized communication strategy coupled with thoughtful leadership engagement improved uptake of important practice information by nurses across a vast institution.

Leveraging quick response (QR) Codes for horticultural information access: A stakeholder perspective

In the context of horticulture’s crucial role in economic growth, nutritional security and employment, the sector faces challenges related to dissemination of credible scientific information, particularly in rural areas. The gap in information access leads farmers to rely on experiential knowledge and peer opinions. Leveraging information and communication technology (ICT), specifically quick response (QR) codes, presents an innovative solution to bridge this information gap. This paper investigates stakeholders’ awareness, utilization, size and display distance and constraints in utilizing QR codes for accessing horticultural information. The findings indicated that 93.33% of the respondents reported previous usage, highlighting the technology’s ubiquity and acceptance. Moreover, stakeholders expressed positive inclination towards QR code adoption for accessing horticultural information, with 53.33% expressing likelihood to embrace QR technology. Effect of QR code size on the display board and their display distance on the usability and adoption was also studied, which indicated, 71.22% accessed QR codes on large displays of size 8" x 11", while, 16.66% accessed them on small displays of size 4" x 5". However, despite the positive reception, several challenges impede QR code utilization. Poor internet network connectivity (mean score: 71.00) during National Horticultural Fair (NHF-2024) emerges as a significant barrier, alongside entrenched preferences for traditional methods (mean score: 69.00). By aligning QR code designs with stakeholders’ preferences and addressing constraints, horticultural stakeholders can leverage QR codes more effectively, fostering knowledge dissemination and driving horticultural development.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI MINAT UMKM MUSLIM MENGGUNAKAN QUICK RESPONSE CODE INDONESIA STANDARD (QRIS) DI KELURAHAN PAGAR DEWA KOTA BENGKULU

Bank Indonesia (BI) launched a Quick Response (QR) standard for payments through server-based electronic money applications, digital wallets, or mobile banking. Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard is a unification of various types of QR from various Payment System Service Providers (PJSP) using QR Code developed by Bank Indonesia and the Indonesian Payment System Association which aims to integrate all cashless payment methods in Indonesia. In the era of digit trends the growing number of merchants switched to non-cash payment systems. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that influence the use of QRIS for MSMEs in the city of Bengkulu, to analyze the benefits and facilities of the interest of MSME users in the city of Bengkulu.

YOLOv8-QR: An improved YOLOv8 model via attention mechanism for object detection of QR code defects

Defect detection in Quick Response (QR) codes has important implications for downstream tasks. However, QR code defects include small objects and complex backgrounds, which makes their recognition effect poor. To address the above problems, we proposed a model based on YOLOv8, called YOLOv8-QR, to detect QR code defects. Specifically, first, the non-local attention (Non-local) module is introduced into the backbone of the YOLOv8 to enhance the interactive ability of the feature. The Non-local captures the correlation information of long-distance dependencies between features by calculating the attention weight between any positions. In addition, the contextual information required for representation learning of different defective objects is different. To extract multi-scale features, a Large Selective Kernel Network (LSKNet) was introduced. LSKNet dynamically adjusts the convolution receptive field of the neck fusion network and effectively uses the receptive field to capture the background information of different objects, thereby improving the representation ability of the model. To improve the defect detection accuracy of small objects in QR codes, the Normalized Gaussian Wasserstein Distance (NGWD) is introduced to replace the Intersection over Union (IoU) optimization function that is sensitive to the position deviation of objects and is not conducive to the regression of multi-scale objects. To verify the effectiveness of the model, the QR dataset was constructed and a series of experiments were conducted based on this dataset. The results show that the mAP50 and mAP50:95 of the YOLOv8-QR reach 95.5% and 65%, which are 3.8% and 2.3% higher than YOLOv8 respectively. The proposed YOLOv8-QR can better adapt to the needs of QR code defect detection in actual industrial environments. Our code is available at https://github.com/Code-of-Liujie/YOLOv8-QR.git.

큐싱 공격 탐지를 위한 AutoML 머신러닝 기반 악성 URL 분류 기술 연구 및 서비스 구현

In recent trends, there has been an increase in 'Qshing' attacks, a hybrid form of phishing that exploits fake QR (Quick Response) codes impersonating government agencies to steal personal and financial information. Particularly, this attack method is characterized by its stealthiness, as victims can be redirected to phishing pages or led to download malicious software simply by scanning a QR code, making it difficult for them to realize they have been targeted. In this paper, we have developed a classification technique utilizing machine learning algorithms to identify the maliciousness of URLs embedded in QR codes, and we have explored ways to integrate this with existing QR code readers. To this end, we constructed a dataset from 128,587 malicious URLs and 428,102 benign URLs, extracting 35 different features such as protocol and parameters, and used AutoML to identify the optimal algorithm and hyperparameters, achieving an accuracy of approximately 87.37%. Following this, we designed the integration of the trained classification model with existing QR code readers to implement a service capable of countering Qshing attacks. In conclusion, our findings confirm that deriving an optimized algorithm for classifying malicious URLs in QR codes and integrating it with existing QR code readers presents a viable solution to combat Qshing attacks.

Analisis Perbandingan Pembayaran Tunai dan QRIS Dalam Melakukan Transaksi Dikalangan Mahasiswa Serang Banten

Before the development of science and technology, the payment system in Indonesia was only done using cash. Money is used to make daily human payments as a medium of exchange. Cash payment instruments are regulated in Law Number 7 of 2011 concerning Currency. But along with the development of science and technology, payment instruments have been more widely used. This progress comes in the form of digital payment instruments. QRIS is one of the digital payments available today. QRIS stands for Indonesian Quick Response Code Standard launched by Bank Indonesia. When making payments through QRIS as a means of payment, you can use one e-wallet to pay merchants, such as Link Aja, Gopay, OVO, DANA, Shopeepay, and others. This research was conducted to compare payment systems (cash and QRIS payments) made by Banten students in making transactions. This research was conducted using quantitative methodology. The distribution data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires.

Investigasi variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi minat penggunaan QRIS oleh mahasiswa: financial literacy sebagai variabel moderasi

This research investigates the factors influencing the use of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) among students in the Madura Region, focusing on the role of financial literacy as a moderator. The study utilises the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework with independent variables, including performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, and financial literacy as moderating variables. A quantitative research method is employed, collecting data through a survey using questionnaires from 400 higher education students in the Madura Region. The results of data analysis show that performance expectancy and facilitating conditions significantly influence student interest in using QRIS and can be moderated by financial literacy. Meanwhile, effort expectancy and social influence do not significantly affect behavioural intention and cannot be moderated by financial literacy. This research contributes to understanding the factors that influence QRIS adoption among students and emphasises the important role of financial literacy in using financial technology.

Steganography Technique to Hide a Secret Message in QR Code

This paper proposes a new method to hide a message in Quick Response code (QR code). This type of image steganography is quite a challenge because the secrete message should not be detected by the standard QR code reader. In addition, it has to be stored in an appropriate location that does not affect the original data of the QR code. All these requirements are studied. The analysis method is presented and discussed.

Timber Traceability and Sustainable Transportation Management: A Review of Technologies and Procedures

There has been considerable research on sustainable forest management due to its importance in ensuring the long-term health of the forests and its industries. Traceability is an important tool to ensure that the wood and wood-based products are produced in a legal, sustainable, and ethical manner. Therefore, various technologies were implemented within the supply chain to monitor and trace the wood with the aim of fulfilling the traceability objectives. Using a systematic literature review, this paper provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the technologies and procedures used in timber traceability and transportation management. It debates traceability tradition and advanced methods such as smart marking, QR (Quick Response) codes, DNA fingerprinting, smartphone apps, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), machine learning, and computer vision since these technologies enable the integrity of the supply chain by documenting the source of wood and following up on the wood in all the stages, beginning from the standing tree until the final customer. The paper also reviews the advancements in wood transportation management systems, including spatial databases, GPS (Global Positioning System), and fleet management systems, which ultimately lead to real-time monitoring and optimisation of transportation routes, leading to improved efficiency and minimal environmental impact. The review results acknowledge that financial constraints, infrastructure limitations, data management uncertainties, acceptance and compliance issues, and stakeholder commitment are still challenges to implementing traceability technology in the forestry sector. Moreover, this review not only highlights how traceability systems promote responsible forestry practices, ensure sustainable timber sourcing, and develop supply chain management, but also the advantages of utilising these technological advances at economic, social, and environmental levels.

Instructional Design, Industry Partnerships, and QR Codes Improve Nursing Competency Evaluation.

New medical devices are frequently introduced at the point of care, and nursing competence in their management is critical for safe patient care. Industry vendors often provide on-the-job in-services for new devices within the constraints of clinical priorities, yet these in-services are not usually monitored or systematically coordinated with stakeholders. This project employed quick response (QR) codes and best practices in instructional design in a partnership with vendors to develop and evaluate the impact of an in-service for a new medical device on nursing competence. An online survey measured usefulness, knowledge, and the change in self-perceived competence. A total of 536 nurses participated, and 91.2% correctly answered five or six of six questions about device management. The proportion of nurses rating their competence as no experience decreased from 21.2% to 4.5%, and ratings for can do independently/competent increased from 37.6% to 60.2%. The use of QR codes offers novel solutions to evaluate how structured, on-the-job education can positively impact nursing practice around medical devices. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 202x;5x(x):xx-xx.].

Challenges and Opportunities for QRIS Implementation as a Digital Payment System in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities for implementing QRIS (Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard) as one of the digital payment systems in Indonesia which has been provided by Bank Indonesia as an application that provides convenience, speed, and efficiency in payment transactions. However, the implementation of QRIS as a digital payment system in Indonesia still faces many challenges, such as limited internet access, competition with other payment systems, security aspects in use that have the potential for fraud or data theft, and low public understanding of QRIS. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods with a focus on challenges and opportunities in implementing QRIS in Indonesia. The primary data sources in this research are observations and in-depth interviews with business actors who use QRIS. Secondary data sources were obtained from Bank Indonesia QRIS documents and data. This research found that the challenges in implementing QRIS in Indonesia are still low support from the central government and regional governments in accelerating the use of QRIS, not yet optimal cooperation between financial institutions, industry, and society, inadequate information technology infrastructure, and low public understanding about QRIS. Meanwhile, QRIS has enormous opportunities because it is one of the instruments in encouraging digital economic acceleration that is inclusive and efficient. QRIS has huge market potential because there is an increasing number of smartphone users every year.