Question Research Articles

Syntactic and semantic variations in negative interrogatives: Contracted vs. uncontracted forms

This study investigates the forms and uses of negative interrogatives with auxiliary verb contractions in English, focusing on syntactic and semantic differences. Data was drawn from conversations in an English class at a university in Lhokseumawe, Indonesia, between a lecturer and students and students and students. The aim was to examine three types of negative interrogatives: Yes-No questions, negative rhetorical questions, and both marked (n’t) and unmarked (not) forms. The research employs a descriptive method with a synchronic time frame, utilizing distributional analysis, including immediate constituent analysis and mark reading techniques, to categorize and analyze the data. The findings reveal that negative interrogatives involving auxiliary verbs exhibit positive and negative presuppositions, with adjectival negative interrogatives showing variations between contracted and uncontracted forms. Adverbial negative interrogatives were found across all three types, indicating their versatility in forming questions. The study highlights that the choice between ‘not’ and ‘n’t’ affects the tone and emphasis of negative interrogatives, influencing the interpretation of responses. Contracted forms often carry a rhetorical or presumptive tone, while uncontracted forms are more formal and explicit. These variations show the importance of auxiliary verbs and negative markers in shaping the structure and meaning of negative interrogatives. This research contributes to the understanding of how negative interrogatives function in English, revealing the nuanced ways in which they impact communication and interpretation.

Etymology of the Udmurt enimitive uk and grammaticalization of discourse particles

This paper deals with the etymology of the Udmurt enimitive marker uk. Contrary to the existing etymologies, which claim uk to be either a Chuvash or a Tatar borrowing, I claim that it was in fact grammaticalized from a tag question construction, which involves a negative verb and a question particle. This is supported by early written sources and dialectal data. Casting the net in a diachronically and geographically diverse variety of sources allows one to find traces of earlier grammaticalization stages that support my claim. Given that there are conceptually very similar enimitive constructions in the Samoyedic languages, negative interrogatives may prove to be an important grammaticalization source for the enimitive markers. Apart from uk, I examine several other cognate particles, which apparently were formed in a similar way.

Motivation: A Critical Consideration of Freud and Rogers’ Seminal Conceptualisations

Humans vary in many aspects of their psychology with differences routinely found in patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, setting individuals apart across time and place. Though many psychologists have attempted to account for these individual differences, one area that has continued to generate interest and disagreement is the concept of motivation. Today, understanding behavioural motivation remains one of the most important questions facing personality theorists. In an attempt to better account for human motivation, the present exploration reviews seminal theoretical positions put forward by Sigmund Freud from a Psychoanalytical perspective and contrastingly, that of Carl Rogers from the Humanistic approach. Critical consideration is specifically applied to how verifiable each perspective may be and the degree of empirical support either account has attained to date. Whilst understanding human motivation is not a new endeavour, the present exploration provides a contemporary critical assessment of traditional psychological explanations.

“Won’t you?” reverse-polarity question tags in American English as a window into the semantics-pragmatics interface

We model the conventional meaning of utterances that combine two distinct clause types: a (positive) declarative or imperative (in rare cases, interrogative) anchor and a (negative) interrogative tag, such as won’t you?. We argue that such utterances express a single speech act, and in fact, a single conventional update of the conversational scoreboard. The proposed model of this effect is a straightforward extension of prior proposals for the semantics of declaratives, imperatives, and preposed-negation interrogatives. Ours is the first unified account of these phenomena that addresses the sentential force of these utterances and outlines how the speech act effects arise from the scoreboard update and contextual factors. We enrich the conversational scoreboard, interpreted as a model of sentential force, to include graded commitments and non-at-issue meanings. A consequence of our model is that modified utterances can create “blended” speech acts which share some, but not all, properties with the unmodified utterances. The proposal has implications for models of other utterance modifiers, as well as for negative interrogatives and negation in general, and for imperative/jussive constructions.

Negatively-Formatted Requests for Confirmation in Korean Conversation: Three Types of Verbal Negation as Interactional Resources

Abstract From a conversation-analytic perspective, this article analyzes three types of verbal negation in Korean, which shape requests for confirmation (RfCs) into distinctive interactional resources. The pre-verbal negation (an) RfC emerges in the context where the recipient is prompted to see the “fittedness” of its confirmable as referencing an “allusive” aspect of his/her situated domain, inferentially formulated by the questioner as a “negative event.” The post-verbal negation (ci anh) renders the RfC a vehicle for making mitigated assertions, seeking the recipient’s agreement in acquiescence to the questioner’s “problematizing” stance. The use of post-nominalization negation (nun-ke ani) RfC exhibits the questioner’s “conjecturing” stance, displaying norm-based deontic orientations treating the noted event at hand as deviant or counter-expectational. The target of the confirmable is formulated an “entity” assessable by the recipient as an externally-positioned co-member/evaluator. Cross-linguistic implications of the findings are discussed, in relation to English tag questions and negative interrogatives.

Pressuring the President: Changing language practices and the growth of political accountability

This paper examines two historical trends in practices of questioning deployed across a half-century (1953–2000) of U.S. presidential news conferences (164 conferences, 4608 questions): (1) the decline of conventionally indirect question forms, and (2) the rise of negative interrogatives as a polar question format. Both trends show journalists to be exerting increasing pressure on presidents over time but they differ in the nature of that pressure, with the decline of indirectness involving pressure to answer the question at all, and the rise of negative interrogatives involving pressure to answer in a particular way (affirmatively). Both trends have been noted in previous research, but here we take a closer look at how they differ in the pace of change over time, and their varying sensitivity to the exogenous sociopolitical landscape. Among conventionally indirect question frames, contrasting trendlines for “ability” versus “willingness” frames are also examined. All of these language-practice trends span the era of the public questioning of presidents and are thus implicated in mechanisms of governmental accountability.

Question Paper Generator System

Abstract: In this modern world e-book has become a basic requirement for the candidates to appear and prepare for their competitive exams within college premises. In this paper we are proposing a model system for smart question paper generation of universities. The mechanism behind this system is that many random question papers are generated along with the difficulty level of the questions in terms of percentage. After generation that particular quest ion is then mailed to the respective university. In this system administration of the database inputs set of question paper with an option of check box to tick th e correct answer. More ever weightage of the particular question in terms of marks and hours and the complexity of the question is determined. After this process whole question paper along with the weightage is stored in the database. In order to make question paper for 100 marks, admin sets all the weightage and difficulties to solve the problem. As soon as the difficulty and weightage is specified a pre doc file as per selected format will be downloaded to the admin and an electronic mail will be triggered. Range of difficulty may vary from easy, medium and hard.

Питання анестезіологічного забезпечення в інтервенційній кардіології

З кожним роком прогрес тільки набирає обертів, і все більше серцево-судинних захворювань лікуються із застосуванням міні-інвазивних методів. Це зумовлює стрімкий розвиток медичних технологій, упровадження нових методик лікування й діагностики у сфері кардіохірургії та інтервенційної кардіології. Незважаючи на те що в Україні удосконалилася підготовка лікарів — інтервенційних кардіологів, створений Український реєстр з інтервенційної кардіології, питання анестезіологічного забезпечення інтервенційних процедур залишається дискусійним та недостатньо вивченим. У статті наводиться огляд проблеми анестезіологічного забезпечення в інтервенційній кардіології.

O impeachment no Estado democrático de direito brasileiro

Diante do processo que levou ao impeachment da Presidente Dilma Rousseff em 2016, foram suscitados debates acerca da natureza do juízo realizado pelo Senado Federal brasileiro nos crimes de responsabilidade, ficando nítida a necessidade de uma delimitação teórica acerca da espécie de julgamento levado a cabo, seja ele político, jurídico ou misto. Neste trabalho, pretende-se realizar, por meio da fenomenologia hermenêutica, uma análise crítica do processo histórico pelo qual o impeachment foi incorporado no país, bem como explorar as correntes que apontam a natureza do instituto no Brasil. Finalmente, tendo em vista o contexto político-institucional específico do Brasil, o presente artigo realiza um debate teórico a respeito do impeachment para que se encontre uma solução satisfatória aos parâmetros do Estado Democrático de Direito instituído pela Constituição Federal de 1988.

Interpreting high negation in Negative Interrogatives: the role of the Other

AbstractThis paper presents an account of the peculiar properties of Negative Interrogatives (NI). In utteringDon’t you speak Italian?, the speakers is biased towards the underlying positive proposition, expects a positive answer, and seeks a confirmation of that expectation from the hearer. What’s more, NI involves uncertainty with respect top, a novel observation that we bring to the fore by comparison with epistemic modals. Using a framework by which speech-acts are derived by the two operators Speaker and Other representing sources of information, the high negative is assigned to the Other projection, the positive proposition being left under the responsibility of the Speaker. Thus, the NI is motivated by evidence contradicting the speaker’s belief, which is expressed by the negation that is attributed to another source and that therefore has full referential force. Because the questions is addressed by the Speaker in spite of evidence that¬p${\neg}p$, NI displays uncertainty as topand gives rise to a confirmation request. With direct mapping from syntax to semantics and pragmatics, the parsimonious account thus explains the morphosyntactic and interpretative properties of Negative Interrogatives.

Misunderstandings in Answering Negative Interrogatives in L2 Spanish by Chinese Learners: Pragmatic Interference, Classification and Analysis

The production of an L2/LE could be considerably influenced not only by the linguistic aspects (phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics) of the learner’s L1, but also the pragmatic knowledge. The answering patterns of negative interrogations of Spanish differ from several Asian languages such as Chinese Mandarin, which could cause pragmatic interference for native Chinese who learn Spanish as L2/LE. This study is aimed to compare the answering patterns in two languages and to analyze the potential pragmatic interference from Chinese L1 to Spanish L2/LE from pragmatic perspectives. According to our analysis, the Spanish answering pattern prioritizes the minimum cognitive processing effort, which could be described best by Sperber & Wilson’s relevance theory, while the Chinese answering pattern prioritizes agreement maximization and conflict avoidance in conformity with Leech’s politeness maxims. We classified the misunderstanding in Chinese learners’ L2 Spanish was caused by different answering patterns between L1 and L2 according to Hinnenkamp’s criteria and Oliviera’s guidelines. This type of misunderstanding was classified as type M3 which might disturb the conversation flow, cause negative impressions and require new specifying conversation. Further didactic-orientated analysis indicates that this misunderstanding is culturally related and could have been avoided with appropriate explications.

Feições arenosas no curso do rio São Francisco: uma revisão sistemática de literatura

The present research focused on the original processes and the present conditions of the sandy features called paleodunes along the São Francisco River in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco. Such features are significant records for the understanding of the climatic elements and factors that act over these areas, which are essential for understanding the genesis and evolution of these features through historical time. In this sense, the objective of this article was to analyze the discussions and the scientific records of researchers about this theme, from a systematic literature review, motivated to answer guiding questions (QNs). In order to answer the listed problematic, it was performed, from descriptors, the consultation in search sites, works that approached the theme in thesis, using strict inclusion and exclusion criteria of the findings, through a previously elaborated protocol, with a stipulated time frame. The publications found discuss the processes of origin, evolution, current conditions of these features and possible mitigating actions for the impacts, and point to the need for conservation of these paleoenvironments.

Гемодинамическая поддержка при септическом шоке у детей. Дискуссионные вопросы в свете последних консенсусов

В статье проведен детальный анализ современных направлений гемодинамической поддержки при септическом шоке у детей. Представлены данные об основных классах инотропных и вазоактивных препаратов. Детально изложены подходы к выбору оптимальных направлений их использования.

До питання відведення сечі при вродженому гідронефрозі в дітей

Вступ. Гідронефроз у дітей — це обструкція пієлоуретрального сегмента, який, як правило, діагностується антенатально при ультразвуковому скринінгу близько в 1,5 % випадків вагітностей. Патофізіологія гідронефрозу все ще невідома. Найбільш патогенетично обґрунтованим та поширеним методом лікування вродженої обструкції пієлоуретрального сегмента (гідронефрозу) у дітей є хірургічне лікування. Як правило, використовуються відкриті методи (пластика пієлоуретрального сегмента за Хайнсом — Андерсеном та інші способи пластики). Останнім часом обговорюються ендоскопічні методи лікування. Усе частіше з’являються повідомлення про застосування роботизованого обладнання. Частота успішного застосування методики пластики пієлоуретрального сегмента за Хайнсом — Андерсеном досягає, за даними різних авторів, 95 %. Дискутабельним залишається питання дренування верхніх сечових шляхів. Вибір на користь установлення стента, як правило, залежить від хірурга, хоча аналіз літературних даних свідчить про зниження процента ускладнень після пієлопластики з використанням стентування сечоводу. Мета дослідження. Проаналізувати методи та способи відведення сечі при хірургічному лікуванні вродженого гідронефрозу в дітей. Матеріали і методи. На базі хірургічного відділення № 2 Житомирської обласної дитячої клінічної лікарні (ЖОДКЛ) за період із 2000 по 2015 р. прооперовано 108 дітей. Середній вік хворого становив 3,8 року. Хлопчиків було 38 (35,2 %), дівчаток 70 (64,8 %). У клініці за золотий стандарт прийняте виконання пластики пієлоуретрального сегмента за Хайнсом — Андерсеном. До 2006 року застосовувалось в основному зовнішнє дренування сечових шляхів при операції (переважно пієлостомія з інтубуванням сечоводу, рідше нефростомія), тоді як із 2006 року впроваджено пластику пієлоуретрального сегмента закритим способом, а із 2009 року — застосування внутрішнього стентування (JJ-стент) сечоводу. Із 2010 року впроваджено відеоасистовану пластику пієлоуретрального сегмента (лапароскопічний етап — мобілізація пієлоуретрального сегмента із подальшим накладанням анастомозу через міні-лапаротомний доступ). У 2016 р. вперше на базі ЖОДКЛ виконано лапароскопічну пластику пієлоуретрального сегмента у хлопчика 6 років. Середня тривалість операцій — 106 ± 32 хв. Висновки. Питання дренування сечовидільних шляхів після пластики пієлоуретрального сегмента в дітей з приводу вродженого гідронефрозу повинно розглядатись строго індивідуально. Дискутабельним залишається питання способу встановлення стента. При визначенні показань до хірургічного лікування вродженого гідронефрозу в дітей необхідно враховувати функцію нижніх сечових шляхів для забезпечення ефективної деривації сечі в післяопераційному періоді (наявність супутньої нервово-м’язової дисфункції сечового міхура).

Measuring Anticipated Loss of Aging Parents: Development of the Parent Anticipatory Loss Scale.

Research indicates non-caregiving adult children with aging parents experience anticipatory loss for parents that consists of feelings of gratitude, sadness, and worry. The purpose of this research was to develop the Parent Anticipatory Loss Scale. Interview data from non-caregiving adult children and extant literature formed the basis for creating items measuring three components of Parent Anticipatory Loss. Expert content validity was established prior to administering the survey to a convenience sample of non-caregiving (N = 315), mostly Caucasian (n = 182, 57.6%) men (n = 202, 63.9%). The crowdsourcing platform, Mechanical Turk, provided an innovative method for sample recruitment. Questi ons were eliminated as indicated during analysis, yielding a 19-item scale (α = 0.93) with three subscales (α = 0.897 for Gratitude, α = 0.841 for Sadness, and α = 0.833 for Worry). Exploratory factor analysis (Varimax rotation) showed gratitude accounted for 46% of the variance, with sadness and worry accounting for 9.5% and 5.3%. The Parent Anticipatory Loss scale demonstrates good initial reliability and validity and can be used to measure anticipatory loss for aging parents. Further testing with cross cultural samples is warranted.

What Is The Best Time Sampling For The Two Direct Oral Anticoagulants, Dabigatran and Rivaroxaban?

Introduction Thanks to their predictable pharmacokinetic profile, frequent monitoring of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) effects or levels is not recommended in the majority of patients, but it is anticipated that a non-negligible proportion of patients will achieve either insufficient or supra-therapeutic levels of the drug. Moreover, in pharmacokinetic studies with dabigatran etexilate (DE) and rivaroxaban marked interindividual variation in drug levels has been observed. The question about the most appropriate test to assess the treatment response has already been addressed and it was additionally stated that the interval between the drug intake and the blood sampling is mandatory. However, no information regarding the most appropriate delay for monitoring is currently provided. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the interindividual response at different time points in order to identify which interval between the drug intake and the blood sampling should be preferred for the assessment of the individual response. Methods Series of patients treated with rivaroxaban (AF n=25; VTE n=8) or DE (AF n=18) were included in the study. For each patient, blood was taken at 3 different intervals: - At Ctrough o 22 to 26 hours after the last intake of rivaroxaban o 11 to 13 hours after the last intake of DE - Two hours and three hours after drug administration For rivaroxaban samples, prothrombin time was performed with Triniclot PT Excel S®, RecombiPlasTin 2G® and Innovin®. Rivaroxaban plasma concentration was estimated with the Biophen Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor®. For DE samples, activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) was perfomed with STA®-C.K.Prest and SynthasIL®. Plasma dabigatran concentration was estimated with the Hemoclot Thrombin Inhibitor®. Wilcoxon analyses were performed between the different blood sampling intervals. Test for effective pairing was computed with the Spearman non-parametric correlation coefficient with a one-tailed P value. Results Table 1 shows the minimum, the median and the maximum obtained with each tests at each time sampling. [Figure 1][1] provides the box-plot and whiskers (min to max) of the different assays performed on rivaroxaban samples at the different time sampling. [Figure 2][1] provides the box-plot and whiskers (min to max) of the different assays performed on dabigatran samples at the different time sampling. ![Figure 1][2] Figure 1 ![Figure 2][2] Figure 2 Discussion Our results confirm that there is a non-negligible interindividual variation in drug levels at same time points. When comparing intervals, whatever the test used in our study, we can see that results at Ctrough clearly differ from results obtained 2 or 3 hours after the intake of the drug ([Table 1][3]). Interestingly, for rivaroxaban, the median after 2 or 3 hours are closely the same with similar 25th – 75th percentile values whatever the test. Based on our results, we can affirm that for the majority of patients in our study, the Cmax is reached within 2 to 3 hours after the intake. For dabigatran, the plasma concentration is higher at 3h than at 2 hours ([Table 1][3]). However, the power of the study is not sufficient to show a statistically significant effect. Interestingly, this phenomenon is not encountered with the aPTT. This may be due to the well-known flattening curve effect at these higher concentrations. View this table: Table 1 Conclusion Based on our results, we can assert that it seems preferable to take the blood 3 hours after the last intake of DE to avoid missing the Cmax. For rivaroxaban, whatever the blood is taken 2 or 3 hours after the intake, results are similar. Therefore, we recommend to systematically performing blood sampling 3 hours after the intake of the drug to assess the maximal response at these treatments. Sampling at Ctrough is also required to evaluate the clearance. As a limitation, our results should be confirmed in larger cohort studies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare. [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #T1

Negation and Pronoun Position as a way of investigating verb movement and the emergence of do support during Early Modern English

This paper presents an analysis of the rise of do support and the gradual loss of verb movement during the period of Early Modern English. The analysis focuses on studying the structures in which do support was first used as an alternative to verb raising to I. It takes into consideration the analysis of the relationship between the position of the negation marker not in negative interrogative structures and the position of the subject and the object pronouns in these structures. The analysed structures are negative interrogatives taken from Shakespeare’s works in the period of Early Modern English. The results of the data analysis show that in most cases, there is do support when the subject pronouns are above negation, while there is no do support when object pronouns appear above negation. This suggests that do was first inserted here to avoid object raising with the verb to I or to C to avoid putting object and subject pronouns in subsequent positions.

Effect of the constructivists teaching method, undergraduate students’ statistics self-concept and other psychological constructs in mediating their motivation for learning statistics

This study sought to model the effect of the constructivists teaching method, learners’ statistics self-concept and their psychological constructs (i.e. need for competence, relatedness and autonomy) in mediating undergraduate students’ motivation for learning statistics in a Ghanaian university. The study adopted a quantitative approach by using simple random sampling techniques. A sample of 107 students from the Faculties of Technical and Vocational Education of the University of Education, Winneba were given questionnaires to measure how the constructivists teaching method and as well as psychological constructs have mediated their motivation for learning statistics. The data obtained were analysed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to estimate model parameters to answer the research questions and test hypotheses. The study revealed that students’ psychological need for competence, relatedness and autonomy is positively and significantly influenced by the constructivism teaching approach. Moreover, students’ psychological need for relatedness and autonomy positively and significantly affect the students’ statistics self-concept. The results further suggested that students’ statistics self-concept positively and significantly influences students’ motivation to study statistics. The study concluded that the teaching method predicts students’ needs for competence (R2=0.189), relatedness (R2=0.503) and autonomy (R2=0.198). In addition, students psychological need for competence, relatedness and autonomy significantly predict (R2=0.630) students self-concept in statistics. Finally, students’ motivation can be predicted (R2=0.480) by constructivism teaching approach using psychological needs and self-concept as mediating variables.

Encouraging Medical Students to Become Self-Directed Learners through Conduction of Small-Group Learning Sessions

In the field of medical education, learning among medical students is found to be deeper and more effective, when it happens in small groups. This is primarily because the small-group learning environment enables students to become self-directed learners and also gives them an opportunity to collaborate with other members of the group. An effective small-group learning session will depend upon the discussion skills of the teacher and the students and essentially includes appropriate questioning, listening patiently to the responses of others, responding to the raised questions in a polite and meaningful manner, explanation of the given problem, ensuring active preparation for the session, and smart opening and closure of the sessions. In conclusion, the conduction of an effective small-group learning sessions helps the medical student to become self-directed learner and improve their critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills. It is quite essential that all the medical colleges should include small-group learning sessions within their teaching schedule and help the students to acquire subject competencies.

Variable Selection by sNML Criterion in Logistic Regression with an Application to a Risk-Adjustment Model for Hip Fracture Mortality

When comparing the performance of health care providers, it is important that the effect of such factors that have an unwanted effect on the performance indicator (eg. mortality) is ruled out. In register based studies randomization is out of question. We develop a risk adjustment model for hip fracture mortality in Finland by using logistic regression. The model is used to study the impact of the length of the register follow-up period on adjusting the performance indicator for a set of comorbidities. The comorbidities are congestive heart failure, cancer and diabetes. We also introduce an implementation of the minimum description length (MDL) principle for model selection in logistic regression. This is done by using the normalized maximum likelihood (NML) technique. The computational burden becomes too heavy to apply the usual NML criterion and therefore a technique based on the idea of sequentially normalized maximum likelihood (sNML) is introduced. The sNML criterion can be evaluated efficiently also for large models with large amounts of data. The results given by sNML are then compared to the corresponding results given by the traditional AIC and BIC model selection criteria. All three comorbidities have clearly an effect on hip fracture mortality. The results indicate that for congestive heart failure all available medical history should be used, while for cancer it is enough to use only records from half a year before the fracture. For diabetes the choice of time period is not as clear, but using records from three years before the fracture seems to be a reasonable choice.