Question Wording Research Articles

Dialectal Development and Comparison: Norwegian Dialects in the United States and Norway

Abstract: While a large body of scholarly literature on the influence of English on American Norwegian exists, the present report focuses on the impact Norwegian dialects, which vary vastly from one another, have had on each other in the postimmigration period during the twentieth century. This report on Norwegian dialects is contextualized within previous research on Norwegian, both in Norway and in North America. Using original interview recordings of heritage Norwegian speakers created by Terje Joranger and Odd Lovoll and interview transcripts from the Corpus of American Nordic Speech, a comparative dataset was created in order to analyze dialectal change over generations. The report focuses on three features of dialect variability in Norwegian that served as a proxy to determine dialectal membership: first and third pronoun use, the negation adverb, and question words. In synthesizing the information from this dataset and comparing research to modern scholarship, the findings aligned with previous research that heritage Norwegian has undergone an incomplete koinéization process that was interrupted by the language shift to English. At the end of this report, I discuss the possibility that modern Norwegian may be headed in a more leveled direction as well.

The Concordance of Electronic Health Record Diagnoses and Substance use Self-Reports Among Reproductive Aged Women Enrolled in a Community-Based Addiction Reduction Program.

Substance use disorders among reproductive aged women are a major public health issue. There is little work investigating the validity and reliability of electronic health record (EHR) data for measuring substance use in this population. This study examined the concordance of self-reported substance use with clinical diagnoses of substance use, substance abuse and substance use disorder in EHR data. Reproductive age women enrolled in the Community-Based Addiction Reduction (CARE) program were interviewed by peer recovery coaches (PRC) at enrollment. That survey data was linked with EHR data (n = 102). Concordance between self-reported substance use and clinical diagnoses in the EHR was examined for opioids, cannabis/THC, and cocaine. Cohen's kappa, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. The survey captured a higher number of women who use substances compared to the EHR. The concordance of self-report with EHR diagnosis varied by substance and was higher for opioids (17.6%) relative to cannabis/THC (8.8%), and cocaine (3.0%). Additionally, opioids had higher sensitivity (46.2%) and lower specificity (76.2%) relative to cannabis/THC and cocaine. Survey data collected by PRCs captured more substance use than EHRs, suggesting that EHRs underestimate substance use prevalence. The higher sensitivity and lower specificity of opioids was due to a larger number of women who had a diagnosis of opioid use in the EHR who did not self-report opioid use in the self-report survey relative to cannabis/THC and cocaine. Opioid self-report and diagnosis may be influenced by research setting, question wording, or receipt of medication for opioid use disorder.

Recognition of Wh-Question Sign Gestures in Video Streams using an Attention Driven C3D-BiLSTM Network

Human sign language is a visual and gestural means of communication used by people with hearing impairments to interact with others. It has the potential to enable interaction between individuals who struggle with verbal communication and those who lack the essential proficiency to comprehend sign language. Wh-questions constitute a substantial portion of daily sign language interactions. Automatic recognition of Wh-question words in sign language, encompassing interrogative words, has received limited attention in gesture recognition. In this context, a novel dataset named the American Question Sign Video dataset (AQSVd) has been introduced as a significant contribution. Recognizing Wh-question signs in video streams empowers individuals to effectively convey messages through hand movements and gestures, fostering inclusivity and accessibility in communication for deaf and hearing-impaired individuals. The paper proposes a Deep Convolutional-3D BiLSTM Multi-head Attention network for recognizing American Wh-Question word sign gestures in video streams. Incorporating Multi-head attention in the proposed model enhances its ability to capture intricate spatial and temporal features, essential for accurate gesture recognition. The proposed model is thoroughly evaluated across a range of datasets, such as INCLUDE50, WLASL-100, and our AQSVd dataset, achieving remarkable results. Specifically, our model demonstrated an outstanding 98.91% validation accuracy on the AQSVd dataset. The C3D-BiLSTM MHAttention model outperforms other state-of-the-art models, demonstrating its superiority in sign language recognition tasks. The proposed dataset and C3D-BiLSTM Multi-head Attention model contribute significantly to this field, offering potential benefits in education, human-robot interaction, and overall communication for the hearing-impaired community.

Manifestations of grammatical renewal of Abu Aus Al-Shamsan

This research attempts to highlight the manifestations of novelty in the grammatical opinions of Abu Aus Ibrahim bin Rashid al-Shamsan, and "novelty", in his opinion, has several manifestations. It may imply an unprecedented new opinion or expand into an old or modern opinion and theorise it, and it may theorizing also seem like a new clarification for an old opinion. To achieve this target, the research began with a chapter in which I tried to devise the factors that influenced Abu Aus's opinions as his understanding of the points of view of the ancient and modern grammarians. His acquaintance with recent studies and gaining benefits from them and his scientific humbling to benefit from his peers and his scientific audacity. Then, in the second chapter, I dealt with his integrated theory of the declension cases in Arabic, a theory in which he differed from the grammarians’ doctrine. He believes that there are six declension cases, three of which are short and three are long, and he does not see that the letters act on behalf of the declension cases. In the third chapter, I dealt with his doctrine of the articulation and declension of articles or nouns that he considers to have no place in the parsing, such as the demonstrative pronouns, interrogative words, and others. In the fourth chapter, I studied separate issues in which he has new opinions, such as his perspective concerning the formal action, that the implicit emphasis is from the appositive and the conditional statement sentence, and that the imperative verb is not a verb. Then, I concluded the research with a conclusion that mentioned the most important findings and recommendations.

THE TRANSLATION OF THEMES FROM ENGLISH INTO VIETNAMESE: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN NOVEL “TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD” AND THE VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION “GIẾT CON CHIM NHẠI”

This paper attempts to examine how Themes in English are translated into Vietnamese. The data for the study are taken from the novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ written by the eminent American novelist Harper Lee and the Vietnamese version ‘Giết con chim nhại’ translated by two Vietnamese translators Huỳnh Kim Oanh and Phạm Viêm Phương. The theoretical framework employed in the study is Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The unit of analysis is independent major clause simplexes in the source text (ST) and their corresponding major independent clause simplexes in the target text (TT). The aspects of analysis and comparison are simple and multiple Themes in declarative, imperative and interrogative clause simplexes. The study shows that most Themes in English clause simplexes are closely translated and retained as Themes in corresponding Vietnamese clause simplexes. The study also indicates that there are a number of translation shifts which are partly due to the differences in clause structure of English and Vietnamese, partly due to the semantic complexity (ambiguity) of some ST question words, and partly due to the translators’ negligence of the role of Theme and its delicate choices in constructing textual meaning in the clause and developing meaning in the texts. It is clear from the study that SFL is highly relevant to translation theory and translation practice: It can stand to benefit the translator from analysis of the ST, to discussion of translation problems, to explanation for establishment of points of translation equivalence and translation shift between the choices in the TT and those in the ST, and to synthesis of the TT – the final product of the translation process.

A Comparative Analysis of the Interrogative Words in Modern Standard Arabic and Jordanian Dialects

Günümüzde Arapça, yaklaşık 300 milyon kişi tarafından konuşulmaktadır. Bu özelliğiyle Arapça, Ethnologue’nin yapmış olduğu güncel sıralamaya göre, dünyada konuşulan en büyük diller arasında 6. sırada yer almakta ve küresel düzeyde yaygın bir iletişim aracı olarak hizmet vermektedir. Arapça’nın kendine özgü yapısı, tarihsel ve kültürel çeşitliliğini yansıtması bakımından önem arz eder. Nitekim Arapça, kendi bünyesinde Klasik Arapça, Modern Arapça ve yerel lehçeler gibi farklı seviyelerdeki dil varyasyonlarını barındırmaktadır. Bugün Arap dünyasında Modern Standart Arapça (Modern Standart Arabic) diye tanımlanan dil, ortak yazı ve kültür dilini temsil ederken, bu ülkelerde günlük yaşamda iletişim ise Modern Arap Lehçeleri ile sağlanmaktadır. Bu yerel lehçeler, sadece dil yapısı açısından değil, aynı zamanda kültürel bağlamdan, yaşam tarzından ve toplumun kendine özgü karakteristiklerinden kaynaklanan farklılıklar içerir. Bu nedenle, her lehçenin kelime dağarcığında, telaffuzunda ve dilbilgisel yapısında belirgin farklılıklar mevcuttur. Günümüzde konuşulan Modern Arap Lehçelerini genel hatlarıyla beş ana grupta tasnif etmek mümkündür. Bunlar: Levant (Levantine) veya Suriye-Filistin (Syro-Palestine) Lehçeleri, Arap Yarımadası (The Arabian Peninsula) Lehçeleri, Mısır ve Sudan (Egyptian and Sudanese) Lehçeleri, Mezopotamya (Mesopotamia) Arap Lehçeleri ve Kuzey Afrika (North Africa) Lehçeleridir. Ürdün Lehçesi, Levant bölgesine ait lehçelerden biri olup, aynı zamanda da coğrafi konumu ve tarihsel geçmişi sebebiyle Arap dünyasının çeşitli lehçelerini de bünyesinde barındırmasıyla öne çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle, Ürdün Lehçesi, diğer Arap ülkelerindeki lehçelerden ayrı ve özel bir yere sahiptir. Çalışmada, Ürdün’de yaygın olarak konuşulan lehçeler üç ana başlık altında toplanmıştır. Bunlar: 1. Şehirli Ürdün Lehçesi (اللهجة المدنية) Urban Jordanian Arabic, 2. Bedevî Ürdün Lehçesi (اللهجة البدوية) Bedouin Jordanian Arabic ve 3. Fellâhıyye (Çiftçi-Köylü) Ürdün Lehçesi (اللهجة الفلاحية) Rural Jordanian Arabic. Bu çalışma, Modern Standart Arapça’daki istifhâm üslubu ile Ürdün’de konuşulan lehçelerdeki soru edatlarını biçimsel açıdan karşılaştırarak farklılıkları ve benzerlikleri keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla çalışmada; “Modern Standart Arapça ve Ürdün Lehçelerindeki soru edatlarının fonetik açıdan benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları nelerdir?” “Modern Standart Arapça ve Ürdün Lehçeleri arasındaki soru cümlelerinin yapısı nasıl farklılık gösterir?” Modern Standart Arapça ve Ürdün Lehçelerindeki soru edatları ve soru cümlelerinin gramatik açıdan benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları nelerdir?” sorularına odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmada karşılaştırmalı dilbilim yöntemi kullanılarak Modern Standart Arapça ve Ürdün Lehçelerinden toplanan örnek soru cümleleri fonetik, dilbilgisel ve gramatik açılardan incelenerek analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada ilk olarak Fasih Arapça ve Arap Lehçeleri hakkında bilgiler sunulmuş ardından Fasih Arapça’da geçen soru edatlarının kullanımları ile ilgili bilgiler verilmiştir. Daha sonra Ürdün Lehçelerinin çeşitleri ve bu lehçelerde kullanılan soru edatları ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Fasih Arapça’da ve Ürdün Lehçelerinde soru edatlarının karşılıkları ile Fasih Arapça’daki soru edatlarıyla kurulmuş cümlelerin Ürdün Lehçeleri’ndeki karşılıkları tablolar halinde sunularak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada Fasih Arapça’daki soru edatlarının Ürdün Lehçesi’ndeki kullanımıyla karşılaştırılması sonucunda tespit edilen farklılıklar ve benzerlikler sunulmuştur. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları, Modern Standart Arapça ve Ürdün Lehçesi arasındaki dil farklarının anlaşılmasına ve dilbilim araştırmalarına katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Fonolojik, dilbilgisel ve gramatik açılardan yapılan karşılaştırmalı analizlerin bulguları, Modern Standart Arapça'daki bazı soru edatlarının Ürdün lehçelerindeki kullanımlarında fonetik ve gramatik açılardan farklılık gösterdiğini ancak bazı soru edatlarının ise Ürdün lehçelerindeki kullanımlarında benzerliklerin tespit edildiğini vurgulamaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlar itibariyle, Arapça'nın çeşitliliğini daha iyi anlama ve bu diller arasındaki iletişimi geliştirme çabalarına da katkı sağlayabilir.

BEST PRACTICES FOR STUDYING OLDER MIGRANTS IN CONTEXT

Abstract Understanding health outcomes of the older migrant (ages 60+) requires insight into the perceptions of the older person and considering the impact of the environment in which the older person lives. The four papers on this panel address these issues, each using a different methodology. Bilecen’s study, using qualitative methods, examines the impact of the wording of questions on the ways in which older Turkish migrants in the Netherlands discuss loneliness. The paper helps us understand both perceptions of older migrants and the influence of methodology used on the types of responses collected. Diederich’s paper on Cuban migrants to the United States uses census data to investigate the impact of changes in the environment of arrival at different points in time on care arrangements later in life. She demonstrates the value and limitations of using this type of data. Torres uses a survey of the scientific literature to ask questions about the impact of bigotry on the well-being of older immigrants and whether lack of attention to this topic means there is an important missing piece in our understanding of the experience of the older migrant. Glicksman et. al. use clinical data to describe interactions with the formal health and social service systems by persons of limited English proficiency, an opportunity to understand both actual service use and the benefits and limitations of using clinical data for this purpose. Schrauf’s response will discuss both the findings and the relation of methods to goals in the study of older migrants. This is an International Aging and Migration Interest Group Sponsored Symposium.

How, when, and who should ask about pregnancy intentions in primary care? A qualitative study of women's preferences.

For health services to help people plan for or prevent pregnancy, health professionals need an acceptable way to identify individuals' preferences. To assess women's views on the acceptability of specific questions about pregnancy preferences when asked by health professionals in a variety of primary care contexts. One-to-one in-depth interviews with 13 women aged 18-48 from across the UK, involving role-play scenarios and ranking exercises. Interviews covered a range of settings and health professionals, different question wording, and ways of asking (in person or digitally). We conducted a thematic Framework Analysis, focussing on themes relating to feelings and preferences. Women were generally open to being asked about pregnancy preferences if they understood the rationale, it was asked in a relevant context, such as in women's health-related consultations, and there was follow-up. After signposting, an open question, such as 'How would you feel about having a baby in the next year?' was preferred in a face-to-face context as it enabled discussion. While some women valued a face-to-face discussion with a health professional, for others the privacy and convenience of a digital option was preferred; methods should be tailored to the target population. Discussion of pregnancy preferences via a range of formats is acceptable to, and valued by, women in the UK across a range of primary care settings. Acceptability to health professionals and feasibility of implementation needs further exploration and would benefit from greater public awareness of the benefits of pregnancy planning.

Intonation processing of interrogative words in Mandarin: an event-related potential study.

Intonation is the variation in pitch used in speech, which forms the premise of tonal and non-tonal languages. Interrogative words are words that introduce questions. Previous research lacks clarity regarding the specific cues used in the processing of word intonation. To address this gap, this study used the event-related potential electroencephalogram (EEG) research method to explore the intonation processing of tone two (mid-rising) interrogative words in Mandarin. For this, the word "shui," meaning "who," was selected as the experimental material. To avoid the influence of the environment, gender, and semantics, the Hum version, corresponding to the stimulus material, was also adopted for the experiment. This study used a passive oddball paradigm to examine the clues of intonation information processing in automatic cognitive processing through amplitude, latency, time window, and evoked location potential mismatch negativity. The standard stimulus was the declarative intonation with a high probability of occurrence (90%), and the deviant stimulus was the interrogative intonation with a low probability of occurrence (10%). In the time window of 370-450 ms, the mismatch negativity was found at the F3, F4, C3, Cz, and C4 channels. The findings show that, in the passive oddball paradigm, lexical semantics are essential for intonation processing at the pre-attentive level, which is dominated by the frontal and central areas of the brain. The results support the functional and comprehensive hypotheses that the processing of intonation is based on the function of language and that bilateral regions are involved in this processing. This study makes an important contribution by providing event-related potential evidence that lexical semantics plays a key role in the pre-attentive processing of intonation, as shown by the significant differences between semantic and non-semantic conditions.

Интонация простых интеррогативных высказываний в алтайском языке

The paper presents preliminary results of a study based on experimental data on the intonation of a simple interrogative utterance in the Altai language. Based on the requested element, interrogative sentences can be divided into two types: full, referring to the entire sentence, and partial, which are questions. The purpose of a question determines whether it falls into the category of a modal one, to be answered by yes or no, or a dictal one, requiring additional information. Additionally, question types differ formally: dictal ones with interrogative words and modal ones with interrogative particles. Intonation is significant in expressing communicative goals and designing the syntactic structure of a sentence. The concept of intonation encompasses various prosodic methods for segmenting and organizing speech flow to convey the intended message. The intonation system is a complex combination of various prosodic means, including tonal, quantitative-dynamic, articulatory, and phonational. The experimental material for this study was recorded in the village of Yakonur, Ust-Khan district of the Altai Republic. The data were processed using the methodology adopted in the Laboratory of Experimental Phonetic Research of the Institute of Philology SB RAS. The analysis has revealed that the intonation contour of interrogative utterances in the Altai language varies depending on the presence and position of an interrogative marker. The peak of the intonation contour in questions falls on the interrogative word of the utterance. The pitch curve in questions exhibits a higher level of ending in comparison to the intonation of affirmative sentences.

Attitudes on Equal Health Care Access versus Efficient Clinical Decisions across a Not-for-Profit Health Care System.

Professional roles within a hospital system may influence attitudes behind clinical decisions. To determine participants' preferences about clinical decisions that either value equal health care access or efficiency. Deidentified survey asking participants to choose between offering a low-cost screening test to a whole population ("equal access") or a more sensitive, expensive test that could be given to only half of the population but resulting in 10% more avoided deaths ("efficient"). Data collection took place from August 18, 2021, to January 24, 2022. Study 1644 was determined to be exempt by Tufts Health Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB). Tufts Medicine Healthcare System. Approximately 15,000 hospital employees received an e-mail from the Tufts Medicine Senior Vice President of Academic Integration. Analysis of survey responses with chi-square and 1-sample t tests to determine the proportion who chose each option. Logistic regression models fit to examine relationships between professional role and test choice. A total of 1,346 participants completed the survey (∼9.0% response rate). Overall, approximately equal percentages of respondents chose the "equal access" (48%) and "efficient" option (52%). However, gender, professional role (categorical), and clinical role (dichotomous) were significantly associated with test choice. For example, among those in nonclinical roles, women were more likely than men to choose equal health care access. In multivariable analyses, having clinical roles was significantly associated with 1.73 times the likelihood of choosing equal access (95% confidence interval = 1.33-2.25). Generalizability concerns and survey question wording limit the study results. Clinicians were more likely than nonclinicians to choose the equal health care access option, and health care administrators were more likely to choose efficiency. These differing attitudes can affect patient care and health care quality. Divergent preferences of valuing equal health care access and efficiency may be in conflict during clinical decision making.In this cross-sectional study that included 1,346 participants, approximately equal percentages of respondents chose the "equal access" (48%) and "efficient" option (52%), a nonsignificant difference. However, gender, professional role (categorical), and clinical role (dichotomous) were significantly associated with test choiceSince clinicians were more likely than nonclinicians to choose the equal health care access option and health care administrators were more likely to choose efficiency, these differing attitudes can affect patient care and health care quality.

CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF CLOSED INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE IN KOREAN AND INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

This study discusses Korean and Indonesian morphosyntactic characteristics of closed interrogative sentences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with literature review and contrastive analysis. The results showed that there were differences and similarities in terms of closed interrogative markers, sentence structure, and sentence negation. The first difference in closed interrogative markers is that the marker in Korean is an interrogative sentence-ending (eomi) at the end of a sentence rather than a question word, whereas the marker in Indonesian is the question word apa at the beginning of the sentence and particle -kah at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. Second, there are differences and similarities in sentence construction. Subjects that refer to the second person are omitted in Korean, whereas in Indonesian, the subject is required. The parallels lie in the fact that the predicate is a necessary component of sentence structure and that the presence of the object depends on the kind of verb used as the predicate. Thirdly, there is a distinction between Korean and Indonesian sentence negation in that Korean has a wider range of negation forms.

Predictors of romantic partner nomination reciprocity in adolescent social networks

Network data uniquely allow –relationships to be multiply reported, creating varying rates of relationship nomination reciprocation. However, what drives such variation is unclear. Variation in reciprocation may reflect substantive information about relationships (e.g., social salience or desirability) or study design (e.g., question wording or capped nominations). We examine predictors of nomination reciprocity in romantic network data from the PROSPER study to analyze individual and dyadic predictors of nomination reciprocity. Results show higher grades predict higher reciprocity, while same-sex relationships and behaviorally discordant dyads are less likely to be reciprocal.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA SCRAPBOOK DENGAN DESAIN “KATA TANYA” UNTUK MELATIH KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA LANJUTAN PESERTA DIDIK DI KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR

This research aims to develop a Scrapbook learning media product with a "question word" design to train advanced reading skills in Theme 2 Subtheme 1 Learning 1 class IV elementary school material. The place of research was carried out at Sentul 4 Serang State Elementary School. The subjects of this development research is grade IV. The research model used is the Research & Development model which has been modified with 6 steps, i.e, analyzing potential and problems, collecting data, designing product designs, validating product designs, revising product designs, and product trials (limited trials). Researchers collected data using preliminary study techniques, interviews, observation, questionnaire collection and documentation. This scrapbook media has passed the validation stage by six experts by getting an overall score of 86.6 in the very worthy category. The overall score was obtained from an average accumulation of 84% for media experts, 84% for language experts and 92% for material experts with a very decent category from the three expert assessments. The trial was carried out on class IV students by collecting questionnaires and getting a satisfaction score of 97.8% in the very good category. It can be concluded that the development of scrapbook media with a "question word" design to train advanced reading skills is declared feasible for development and use by fourth grade elementary school students.

External Innovation in Javanese Vocabulary of Banten Dialect (A Study of Dialect Geography)

<p>This research is aimed to describe and to explain external innovation in the variant categories of word classes found in the usage of Banten dialect of Javanese language at the border of Serang Regency, Banten Province. The research problem formulation in this research was the external innovation and categories found in the usage of the Banten dialect of Javanese language at the border of Serang Regency, Banten Province. This research used a qualitative descriptive of observation method with the techniques of engaging in conversation and contact or mutual conversation with the technique of simultaneous conversation. This technique was then followed by note-taking, both from the interlocutors and language assistants. The research was conducted in eight villages in the districts of Pamarayan, Pontang, Tanara, and Anyer. The sample informants in each village consisted of 2 native speakers of the Banten dialect of Javanese language. The research instrument used for interviewing was a list of 314 questions. The findings of this research indicate that each region exhibited symptoms of external innovation, namely the loanwords from the contact with other language at the border of Serang Regency, such as the loanwords of Sundanese, Javanese, Betawi, and Lampung vocabulary. Variant categories of word classes are also found, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, directional words, conjunctions, agreement words, and question words. Suggestions that could be considered in this research include creating an etymology dictionary or a dialect dictionary. Those two dictionaries are considered necessary because currently, the influence of other language might lead to convergence, and therefore documentation is needed for further study or the preservation of the language in the future</p>

Multi-aspect attentive text representations for simple question answering over knowledge base

With the deepening of knowledge base research and application, question answering over knowledge base, also called KBQA, has recently received more and more attention from researchers. Most previous KBQA models focus on mapping the input query and the fact in KBs into an embedding format. Then the similarity between the query vector and the fact vector is computed eventually. Based on the similarity, each query can obtain an answer representing a tuple (subject, predicate, object) from the KBs. However, the information about each word in the input question will lose inevitably during the process. To retain as much original information as possible, we introduce an attention-based recurrent neural network model with interactive similarity matrixes. It can extract more comprehensive information from the hierarchical structure of words among queries and tuples stored in the knowledge base. This work makes three main contributions: (1) A neural network-based question-answering model for the knowledge base is proposed to handle single relation questions. (2) An attentive module is designed to obtain information from multiple aspects to represent queries and data, which contributes to avoiding losing potentially valuable information. (3) Similarity matrixes are introduced to obtain the interaction information between queries and data from the knowledge base. Experimental results show that our proposed model performs better on simple questions than state-of-the-art in several effectiveness measures.

PRAANGGAPAN PEMERAN FILM LAYANGAN PUTUS KARYA BENNI SETIAWAN

This research is a qualitative research with the aim of describing the types and meanings of presuppositions contained in the actors of the demands in the film Layangan Putus by Benni Setiawan. The research data is the story of the actors in the film Kite Disconnect. The source of the data in this study was the film Layangan Disconnect which was downloaded via the WeTV application. Data collection techniques are document techniques, observation, listening, and note taking. The results of the study show that the types and meanings of the presuppositions contained in the speech in the film Layangan Putus by Benni Setiawan are factual presuppositions stating the meaning of real information or a fact, non-active presuppositions stating meanings that are not true or unreal, counterfactual presuppositions stating the meaning of something that is wrong and contrary to reality, Existential presuppositions state the meaning of identity existence, structural presuppositions state the use of question words to state information that is considered true, and lexical presuppositions state implied or different meanings from what is said. dominant lexical presuppositions were found, while few counterfactual presuppositions.

Refining an ecological momentary assessment study of binge eating among sexual minority and heterosexual young women: a mixed methods pilot study.

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is used to capture daily lived experiences, states, and environments. Although EMA is commonly used in behavioral health research, there remains a dearth of literature on how researchers account for design considerations of EMA techniques when designing studies. The goal of this formative mixed methods study was to elicit feedback on EMA study procedures and materials from the target populations for a larger study about binge eating among sexual minority and heterosexual young women, in which data are collected entirely remotely. Sexual minority (n=12) and heterosexual (n=9) women ages 18-30 who binge ate took part in a pilot EMA study and exit interview and survey. As part of the consent and orientation process, participants reviewed video and written materials describing the study purpose and procedures. Using a smartphone app, for seven consecutive days they completed a survey each morning, 5 random surveys per day, and self-initiated a survey each time they binge ate. Participants then provided feedback on the study via a 1-hour virtual interview and online survey. Interviews were transcribed and reviewed by two coders to identify themes on the acceptability and feasibility of the EMA procedures with a focus on: (I) the training and study description materials; (II) general smartphone app and survey preferences; and (III) specific EMA survey question content and wording. The qualitative and quantitative data converged to suggest participants were able to easily download and use the app to complete surveys and report on binge eating events. Participants provided feedback that was incorporated into revisions on general study procedures, the training video content, and EMA question content for binge eating, identity-related stressors, and appearance-related pressures. No systematic themes in the quantitative or qualitative data emerged to suggest questions were perceived differently by sexual minority and heterosexual young women. These findings provide evidence for the feasibility of conducting a remote EMA study to assess young women's experiences around binge eating. This formative study provides an example of how a mixed methods approach can be used to refine EMA study methods and questions to improve study design.

Analyzing Context Clues in Novel Based on Bauman's Theoretical Framework

Context clues are valuable tools employed by authors to assist readers in comprehending unfamiliar or complex vocabulary. These clues, whether intentionally or inadvertently provided, facilitate the reader's understanding and interpretation of the word in question. Drawing upon Bauman's theoretical framework, the present study sought to investigate the diverse contextual cues utilized by the author within the literary work entitled "Jet Black and the Ninja Wind." The primary objective of this investigation was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the semantic nuances associated with unfamiliar lexical items employed in the literary work "Jet Black and the Ninja Wind." Additionally, this study aimed to identify and analyze the predominant types of contextual cues prominently present within the book above. In this study, a descriptive qualitative approach was utilized by the researcher. The data collection method employed in this study involved the utilization of documentation as a means to gather relevant information. The human instrument, the researcher herself, was utilized as the primary instrument in this research endeavor. The data analysis process in this study consisted of three distinct stages: data condensing, data displaying, and conclusion drawing. Investigator triangulation was also employed in this study to corroborate and substantiate the findings derived from the comprehensive analysis of the collected data. After conducting an extensive examination of Jet Black and the Ninja Wind, 56 unfamiliar terms were identified. These terms were subsequently categorized into four distinct groups, taking into consideration contextual clues that suggested each group possessed a particular semantic significance. The categorization of context hint types encompasses inference/general cues, synonym/restatement clues, antonym/contrast clues, and definition/explanation clues. In the literary work entitled "Jet Black and the Ninja Wind," the author predominantly utilized various types of context clues, including but not limited to synonym/restatement clues, inference/general hint clues, definition/explanation clues, and antonym/contrast clues.

A Comparative Study of Punjabi and English Open-Ended Syntactic Constructions Through the Revised Extended Standard Transformational Generative Theory

Punjabi is one of the major languages spoken in Pakistan, India, and many other parts of the world. Despite its popularity, Punjabi has not been studied and explored extensively, especially with respect to its syntax. In this study, the open-ended syntactic constructions of Punjabi were looked at using the revised extended standard transformational (REST) generative theory. This was done to find out how the surface structures of open-ended interrogative syntactic constructions in Punjabi are made from their deep structures. Subsequently, the Punjabi constructions are compared to their English counterparts with respect to REST to figure out syntactic similarities and dissimilarities between the open-ended syntactic constructions of both languages. The data for this qualitative study has been taken from a ‘Punjabi book, Descriptive Grammars by Bhatia (2013). The selected data has been analyzed through X-bar tree diagrams. The exploratory research design has been used to conduct this study. The findings of this study reveal that Punjabi and English are syntactically distinct languages. Punjabi is an in-situ language since the question words do not move to generate surface structures, while English is an ex-situ language as the question words move to form surface structures through the transformational rules of ‘Wh’ movement and operator movement. Also, English uses dummy auxiliaries, whereas no such dummies are used in Punjabi. Finally, Punjabi interrogative constructions have reduplication features, unlike English open-ended constructions. The syntactic disparities between these two languages have implications for SOV language learners who aspire to learn English and for those enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs.