Quercus Aliena Research Articles

秦岭松栎混交林群落的稳定性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 秦岭松栎混交林群落的稳定性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201404170757 作者: 作者单位: 西北农林科技大学,西北农林科技大学,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,西北农林科技大学,西北农林科技大学,西北农林科技大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 林业公益性行业科研专项项目(201104045);国家自然科学基金项目(31470644) Community stability analysis for the oak-pine mixed forest in Qinling Mountains Author: Affiliation: Northwest A&F University,Northwest A&F University,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:松栎混交林是秦岭最为典型的森林类型之一,其稳定性程度对于秦岭生物多样性维持、水碳平衡及气候调节等至关重要。以秦岭火地塘林区松栎混交林28个样地为研究对象,对28个群落指标进行调查,通过主成分分析,得出稳定性综合指数值(F)并进行Ward聚类,采用Mantel-最优聚类簇数分析确定最优聚类簇数,对通过F值聚类的样地进行分组划分,确定稳定性等级。结果表明:松栎混交林的稳定性分为3个等级,稳定性高的样地:F值在0.66-1.13之间,平均林龄58a,占样地总数的39.3%;稳定性中等的样地:F值在-0.28-0.34之间,平均林龄46a,占样地总数的42.8%,稳定性低的样地:F值在-2.34——1.26之间,平均林龄42a,占样地总数的17.9%。前3个主成分中灌木层、草本层多样性指数、海拔、土壤水分物理指标,林分密度和优势树种胸径荷载较大,是影响群落稳定性的主要因子。F值与乔木层Shannon-Wiener指数、灌木层Simpson指数、草本层物种丰富度线性拟合均达到极显著水平(P < 0.01),与海拔和坡度多元曲线拟合达到极为显著的水平(R2=0.786, p < 0.0001)。在海拔1212-1708 m,坡度31-49°的生境,松栎混交林的稳定性较大,在海拔1900 m以上的生境,松栎混交林稳定性较低。 Abstract:Oak-pine mixed forests is one of the most typical types of forest in Qinling Mountains, and it's stability plays an important role in the biodiversity maintenance, carbon and water balance, and climate regulation in the Qinling Mountains. Common constructive tree species of oak-pine mixed forests in Qinling region include Pinus tabuliformis, P. armandi, Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata, and Quercus acutissima. Community stability of the pine-oak mixed forests is of great importance to their eco-functions regarding biodiversity maintenance, water-carbon balance, climatic regulation, and water-soil conservation in the vast area of Qinling Mountains. However, quantitative evaluation for the community stability of pine-oak mixed forests is presently lacking. The aims of the present study included: (1) to evaluate community stability of oak-pine mixed forest; (2) to explore the relationship between community stability and biodiversity of pine-oak mixed forest; and (3) to clarify spatial distribution pattern of oak-pine mixed forest community stability. Twenty-eight forest plots were selected from a typical oak-pine mixed forest community in the Huoditang Forest Area in Qinling region and surveyed based on the theory of multi-indicator multi-factor comprehensive evaluation. 28 community indicators were investigated in 28 plots, and were analyzed by PCA to get stability index values (F) in Huoditang forest region of Qinling Mountains. F values were clustered by Ward clustering method, and the cluster groups were cut by Mantel- optimal number of clusters (Ward clustering). Stability classes were classified according to the cluster groups. The results showed that: the stabilities were divided into three grades: high stable plots: F value was from 0.66 to1.13, average stand age was 58, accounted for total plot of 39.3%, medium stable plots: F value was from -0.28 to 0.34, average stand age was 46, accounted for total plots of 42.8%, low stable plots: F value was from -2.34 to -1.26, average stand age was 42, accounted for total plots of 17.9%. Among first 3 main components, diversity indexes of shrub and herb layer, elevation, soil moisture physical properties, stand density and DBH of dominant tree species undertook large load, and were key factors that influenced community stability. F value was significantly negatively linear fitted Shannon-Wiener index of the tree layer, and positively linear fitted with of Simpson index of shrub layer and species richness of herbaceous layer (P < 0.01). Multivariate curve fitting reached significant levels between F values and elevation and slope (R2=0.786, P < 0.0001). Greater stability of pine-oak mixed forests was in the habitats at the elevation of 1212-1708 m, and slope of 31-49°, if elevation was above 1900 m, stability of oak-pine mixed forest would be sharply decreased. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Description of a new species of &lt;i&gt;Saphonecrus&lt;/i&gt; Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)

A new inquiline species of Saphonecrus Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer, S. reticulatus sp. n., is described with its host gall. This species emerged from stem galls on Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata (Fagaceae). Diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are included and themost important morphological characters are illustrated.

Does Animal-Mediated Seed Dispersal Facilitate the Formation of Pinus armandii-Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata Forests?

The Pinus armandii and Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata mixed forest is one of the major forest types in the Qinling Mountains, China. P. armandii is considered to be a pioneer species during succession and it is usually invaded by late successional Q. aliena var. acuteserrata. However, the mechanism that underlies its invasion remains unclear. In the present study, we tracked seed dispersal of P. armandii and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata using coded plastic tags in the western, middle and eastern Qinling Mountains to elucidate the invasion process in the mixed forests. Our results indicated that the seeds of both P. armandii and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata were removed rapidly in the Qinling Mountains, and there were no differences in the seed removal rates between the two species. There were significant differences in rodent seed-eating and caching strategies between the two tree species. For P. armandii, seeds were more likely to be eaten in situ than those of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata in all plots. By contrast, the acorns of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata were less frequently eaten in situ, but more likely to be removed and cached. Q. aliena var. acuteserrata acorns had significantly longer dispersal distances than P. armandii seeds in all plots. Although P. armandii seeds were less likely to be dispersed into the Q. aliena var. acuteserrata stands, over 30% of the released acorns were transported into the P. armandii stands where they established five seedlings. Based on the coupled recruitment patterns of P. armandii and Q. aliena var. acuteserrata, we suggest that the animal-mediated seed dispersal contributes to the formation of Pinus armandii-Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata forests.

Effects of density dependence on the spatial patterns ofQuercus alienavar.acuteserratatrees in deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Baotianman Nature Reserve, central China

Effects of density dependence on the spatial patterns of<i>Quercus aliena</i>var.<i>acuteserrata</i>trees in deciduous broad-leaved forest in the Baotianman Nature Reserve, central China

Variation in soil respiration under the tree canopy in a temperate mixed forest, central China, under different soil water conditions

AbstractThe forest canopy cover can directly and indirectly affect soil conditions and hence soil carbon emission through soil respiration. Little is known, however, on the effects of canopy cover on soil respiration under the canopy of different tree species and soil water conditions. We have examined the variation in soil respiration at different soil water conditions (dry &lt;10 %, wet &gt;20 %, v/v) under different tree canopy covers in comparison with the canopy interspace in a temperate coniferous (Pinus armandii Franch) and broadleaved (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) mixed forest in central China. The results show that soil respiration measured under tree canopy cover varied with canopy size and soil water content. Soil respiration under small‐sized canopies of P. armandii (PS) was higher than that under large‐sized (PL) canopies, but the difference was only significant under the dry soil condition. However, soil respiration under large‐sized canopies of Q. aliena (QL) was significantly greater than that under small‐sized (QS) canopies under both dry and wet soil conditions. The difference in soil respiration between differently sized canopies of Q. aliena (33.5–35.8 %) was significantly greater than that between differently sized canopies of P. armandii (2.4–8.1 %). Differences in soil respiration between inter‐plant gaps and under QS canopies in both the dry and wet soil conditions were significant. Significant increases in soil respiration (9.7–32.2 %) during the transition from dry to wet conditions were found regardless of canopy size, but the increase of soil respiration was significantly lower under P. armandii canopies (9.7–17.7 %) than under Q. aliena canopies (25.9–31.5 %). Our findings that the canopy cover of different tree species influences soil respiration under different soil moisture conditions could provide useful information for parameterizing and/or calibrating carbon flux models, especially for spatially explicit carbon models.

Acorns containing deeper plumule survive better: how white oaks counter embryo excision by rodents

Several squirrel species excise the embryo of acorns of most white oak species to arrest germination for long-term storage. However, it is not clear how these acorns counter embryo excision and survive in the arms race of coevolution. In this study, we simulated the embryo excision behavior of squirrels by removing 4 mm of cotyledon from the apical end of white oak acorns differing in embryo depths to investigate the effects of embryo excision on acorn germination and seedling performance of white oak species. The embryo depth in the cotyledons was significantly different among white oak acorns, with Quercus mongolica containing the embryo most deeply in the acorns. We found that artificial embryo excision significantly decreased acorn germination rates of Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata, Quercus serrata. var. brevipetiolata but not Q. mongolica. Artificial embryo excision exerted significant negative impacts on seedling performance of all oak species except Quercus aliena. Our study demonstrates the role of embryo depth of acorns in countering embryo excision by squirrels and may explain the fact that squirrels do not perform embryo excision in acorns of Q. mongolica with deeper embryos. This apparent adaptation of acorns sheds light on the coevolutionary dynamics between oaks and their seed predators.

Biomass Carbon Storage of Three Forests at Different Altitudes in Baotianman Mountain, Central China

Basing on field data ofQuercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolataandQuercus variabilismixed forest (MF),Quercus aliena var. acutiserrataforest (QF1) andQuercus aliena var. acutiserrataforest (QF2) at different altitudes of Baotianman Mountain, we revealed biomass C storage of tree organs for each forest, and the distribution patterns of biomass C in different forests were also indicated. We found that total biomass C of forests decrease as altitude increase. The species mixed forest store more biomass C than others. However, biomass C storages at the scale 5m×5m vary dramatically for most of the plots. Biomass C storage in organs follows the law trunk&gt;branch&gt;root&gt;leaf for all the three types of forests. It is interesting that biomass C of both above̶ and belowground are MF&gt;QF1&gt;QF2, whereas the ratios of aboveground/belowground biomass C are QF2 &gt; QF1 &gt; MF. Our results indicate that both altitude and forest type are key influence factors of forest biomass C in Baotianman Mountains.

First Report of Oak Anthracnose Caused by Apiognomonia errabunda on Oriental White Oak in Korea

Oriental white oak, Quercus aliena Blume, is native to East Asia including Korea. It is one of the major deciduous tree species in natural forests in Korea. In May 2012, several hundred trees were found to be heavily damaged by a previously unknown leaf disease in a forest near Songjiho Lake in Goseong County of central Korea. Leaf symptoms began as small, water-soaked, pale greenish to grayish lesions, which enlarged to follow the veins or midribs and to be bounded by them, often killing part of the leaf. Leaf distortion and blight resulted in the later stage of disease development. A number of grayish brown to nearly black acervuli were formed on the lesions, especially on the midribs and veins. Acervuli were mostly hypophyllous, intraepidermal, erumpent, circular to ellipsoid in outline, cushion-like, and 70 to 220 μm in diameter. Conidia (n = 30) were elliptical to fusiform-elliptical, occasionally obclavate, aguttulate or guttulate, hyaline, aseptate, and 7.5 to 20 × 5 to 7.5 μm (mean 14.6 × 6.1 μm). These morphological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with the description of conidial state of Apiognomonia errabunda (Roberge ex Desm.) Höhn. (3,4). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Korea University Herbarium (KUS). An isolate obtained from KUS-F26690 was deposited in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (Accession No. KACC46842). Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting 549-bp sequence was deposited in GenBank (KC426947). This showed >99% similarity with sequences of A. errabunda (AJ888475 to 888477). For pathogenicity test, inoculum was prepared by harvesting conidia from 4-week-old cultures on potato dextrose agar. A conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) was sprayed onto young leaves of three potted seedlings. Three seedlings treated with sterile distilled water served as controls. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity for 24 h and then kept in a greenhouse (20 to 26°C and 60 to 80% RH). After 26 days, typical leaf spot symptoms, identical to the ones observed in the field, developed on the inoculated leaves. No symptoms were observed on controls. A. errabunda was reisolated from the lesions of inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Oak anthracnose associated with A. errabunda (including A. quercina) has been recorded in Europe and North America (1,4). Oak anthracnose of evergreen Quercus glauca Thunb. (syn. Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst.) associated with A. supraseptata in Japan is not related to this disease (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of oak anthracnose of Q. aliena globally and also the first finding of A. errabunda in Asia as well as in Korea. This pathogen is known as one of the major forest pathogens in oak stand in Europe and North America (3). Pending further studies, including a risk assessment, A. errabunda may be considered as a potentially new and serious threat in native and planted ranges of Q. aliena in Korea.

Study on the Hatching Characteristics and Diet of the Stick Insect, Baculum elongatum (Phasmida: Phasmatidae) for Artificial Mass Rearing

Baculum elongatum has several peculiarities such as parthenogenesis, unique external features, changing body color, and dropping oviposition, which makes it a potential economically useful insect. Oviposition was performed by females without fertilization by the sperm of males. The oviposition period was <TEX>$42.2{\pm}22.7$</TEX> days and the number of eggs per female was <TEX>$109.5{\pm}70.5$</TEX> eggs. The hatch rate was 73.3% at <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 66.7% after low temperature treatment (<TEX>$8^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 60 days). In nature, B. elongatum overwinters as an egg, but it can be assumed from the results that cold temperatures were not required for hatching. The hatch rate was 98.2% in the treatment using floral foam, fermented sawdust, and leaves. The developmental period was <TEX>$100.9{\pm}4.2$</TEX> days for eggs, <TEX>$55.3{\pm}4.6$</TEX> days for nymphs, and <TEX>$49.7{\pm}16.0$</TEX> days for adults. The length of the eggs was <TEX>$0.33{\pm}0.0$</TEX> cm and the lengths of the nymphs were clearly distinguishable according to the instar stage. Clover(Trifolium repens) was an excellent diet as it was similar to the host plant and could be used as an alternative diet. The rate of reaching adulthood for the insects was 66.7% on an artificial diet containing 25% acacia leaves. For sustainable mass rearing of nymphs or adults of B. elongatum, a natural diet could be used such as acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), white oak (Quercus aliena), chestnut (Castanea crenata var. dulcis), and bush clover (Lespedeza bicolor), or an alternative diet such as clover or artificial diet.

절개사면 녹화지역과 인접 자연지역의 식생 비교

This study was compared to the differences in the habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area in Korea. Plant number in plot of revegetation and nature area was 10.3 and 15.0 taxa, respectively, and coverage was 90.6 and 88.1%, respectively. Revegetation and nature area was very heterogeneous, due to low similarity index (0.38) and less common plants. Festuca arundinacea frequency (56.7%) was highest in revegetation area, and Oplismenus undulatifolius frequency (66.7%) was highest in nature area. Plant appearing of revegetation and nature area was 111 and 136 taxa, respectively. Herb appearing of revegetation and nature areas was 93 (83.3%) and 72 (52.9%) taxa, respectively, tree was 18 (16.2%) and 64 (47.1%) taxa, respectively. Plant communities of revegetation area was classified into Lespedeza bicolor, Indigofera amblyantha, Alnus sibirica, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Miscanthus sinensis, Humulus japonicus, Setaria faberii, Rudbeckia bicolor, Pueraria lobata community. Plant communities of nature area was classified into Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Castanea crenata, Pinus rigida, Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Phyllostachys bambusoides community. Habitat, species composition and community structure of revegetation and nature area showed a large difference.

Influence of Pericarp, Cotyledon and Inhibitory Substances on Sharp Tooth Oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) Germination

In order to explore the mechanism of delayed and uneven germination in sharp tooth oak (Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata) (STO), mechanical scarification techniques were used to study STO root and shoot germination and growth. The techniques used were: removing cup scar (RS), removing the pericarp (RP), and cutting off 1/2 (HC) and 2/3 (TC) cotyledons. Germination percentage and root and shoot length for Chinese cabbage (Beassica pekinensis) seeds (CCS) were also investigated for CCS cultivated in a Sanyo growth cabinet watered by distilled water and 80% methanol extracts from the acorn embryo, cotyledon and pericarp with concentrations of 1.0 g, 0.8 g, 0.6 g and 0.4 g dry acorn weight per ml methanol. The results showed that the majority of roots and shoots from acorns with RP and HC treatment emerged two weeks earlier, more simultaneously, and their total emergences were more than 46% and 28% higher, respectively. TC accelerated root and shoot emergence time and root length, but root and shoot germination rate and shoot height had no significant difference from the control. Positive consequences were not observed on all indices of RS treatment. The germination rates of CCS watered by 1.0 g·ml−1 methanol extracts from the embryo and cotyledon were significantly lower than those from the pericarp, and all concentrations resulted in decreased growth of root and shoot. Methanol extracts from pericarp significantly reduced root length of CCS, but presented little response in germination percentage and shoot length. The inhibitory effect was gradually increased with the increasing concentration of the methanol extract. We conclude that both the mechanical restriction of the pericarp and the presence of germination inhibitors in the embryo, cotyledon and pericarp are the causes for delayed and asynchronous germination of STO acorns.

Molecular phylogeny reveals the presence of cryptic speciation within Erysiphe japonica (≡ Typhulochaeta japonica), a powdery mildew on Quercus spp.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S, ITS and IGS rDNA sequences indicate that Erysiphe japonica (≡Typhulochaeta japonica) consists of two different genetic groups, one group on Quercus aliena, Q. robur and Q. serrata, and another group on Q. crispula var. crispula and Q. crispula var. horikawae. As morphological difference between the two groups are not yet marked distinctly, we suppose that the process of speciation has not yet been finished and propose a new variety, E. japonica var. crispulae, for the latter group based on the difference in host range and the distinct genetic segregation. Quercus robur (pedunculate oak) is a new host of E. japonica.

Seed dispersal of three sympatric oak species by forest rodents in the Qinling Mountains, Central China

Forest rodents play an essential role as seed dispersal vectors through their caching behaviors. Using seeds of Quercus aliena, Q. glandulifera, and Cyclobalanopsis engleriana (Fagaceae), which are dominant, but poorly studied species, in the Qinling Mountains, Central China, we investigated seed predation and dispersal by forest rodents in 2010 and 2011. There were significant differences in rodent seed-eating and caching strategies among the three tree species. Seeds of Q. aliena and C. engleriana had hard coats, high nutrition contents (e.g., protein, fat, and starch), and long germination schedules (C. engleriana only). They were less frequently eaten in situ, but more likely to be eaten after removal or cached. Seeds of Q. glandulifera had soft coats and low nutrition contents and were more often eaten in situ and less likely to be eaten after removal or cached. Our findings indicated that forest rodents were primarily responsible for seed predation and dispersal of these three tree species in the Qinling Mountains, and seed traits, especially coat hardness, nutrition content, and germination schedule, were important factors influencing rodent eating and caching behaviors. In addition, seed dispersal process of each tree species differed significantly between the 2 years, reflecting the effect of mast seeding on the eating and caching strategies of forest rodents.

秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林幼苗更新特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林幼苗更新特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201103230361 作者: 作者单位: 西北农林科技大学生命科学学院,西北农林科技大学林学院,西北农林科技大学生命科学学院,西北农林科技大学生命科学学院,西北农林科技大学生命科学学院,西北农林科技大学生命科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 林业公益性行业专项(20100400206,200804022B);国家自然科学基金(31070570);国家科技基础性工作专项重点项目(2007FY110800) Characteristics of seedlings regeneration in Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata secondary forests in Qinling Mountains Author: Affiliation: College of Life,Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,College of forestry,Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,College of Life,Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,College of Life,Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,College of Life,Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry,College of Life,Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:分析了秦岭山地锐齿栎次生林群落乔木及木本幼苗物种特征值、更新生态位宽度及不同影响因子下(包括林分密度、坡向、海拔等)乔木的更新动态。结果表明,乔木层物种有25种,锐齿栎占有明显的优势,重要值为149.18%;其次为华山松(Pinus armandii)和千斤榆(Carpinus cordata)等。更新层共有木本植物41种,其中乔木种有28种,占所有木本植物总数量的68%,优势种有青蛙皮槭(Acer grosseri)、木姜子(Litsea pungens)等。林下有丰富的幼苗库,更新方式以实生为主;分析了10种更新优势乔木种群的生态位宽度,同种幼树种群生态位宽度均大于幼苗种群生态位宽度。幼苗种群生态位宽度从大到小依次为榛子(Corylus heterophylla)、锐齿栎、青蛙皮槭等。幼树种群生态位宽度从大到小依次为榛子、青蛙皮槭、锐齿栎等;林分密度对林下乔木幼苗和幼树数量影响不同。当林分密度从720增加到1460株/hm2时,幼苗密度逐渐增大。随后随着林分密度的增加,又呈现出减少的趋势。而幼树密度随着林分密度增加一直呈现出减少的趋势。坡向对锐齿栎次生林林下乔木幼苗和幼树的影响各异,阳坡(南偏西3°)均利于幼苗和幼树的更新。南偏西45°林分内,幼苗密度急剧减少。随着坡向转为阴坡,幼苗密度又逐渐增加。而幼树密度逐渐减少。当海拔从1083 m增加到1547 m时,幼树密度逐渐增加。随后,随着海拔增加到1882 m,幼树密度则逐渐减小。而幼苗密度随着海拔的增高一直呈现减小的趋势。 Abstract:Quercus aliena Blume var. acuteserrata Maxim. ex Wenz. is an important dominant species in temperate mid-elevation mountainous areas of China with significant functions in water resource conservation and ecological stabilization in forested ecosystems. Forty-two plots, including 210 subplots, were used to document the occurrence of trees, saplings, woody seedlings and habitat characteristics for this tree and associated woody species in a second growth forest in the Qinling Mountains in 2010. We analyzed the important values of trees, saplings and woody seedlings, regeneration niche breath, and tree regeneration dynamics under different conditions, including stand density, aspect, and altitude in Q. aliena var. acuteserrata secondary forests. The results show Q. aliena var. acuteserrata had an important value of 149.18% with none of the other 24 woody tree species in the tree layer approaching that level of importance. The subdominant species in the tree layer were Pinus armandii Franch. and Carpinus cordata Blume. 25 tree species of the 41 woody species in the regeneration layer. The woody plants in the regeneration layer were abundant with trees seedlings dominating. This appears to be beneficial to the optimization of the community structure and function. The dominant seedling species were Acer grosseri Pax, Litsea pungens Hemsl., and others. Seedlings of these two species were abundant in the regeneration layer with their height and age class lower than the dominant species. The height class of seedlings and saplings in the understory of Q. aliena var. acuteserrata secondary forest shows that woody plants regenerated vigorously. The biological chain of seedling to sapling was complete. Most regeneration was from seedlings rather than stump sprouts. We analyzed ten kinds of dominant regeneration tree populations. The regeneration niche breath of the sapling population was higher than that of seedling population for the same tree species which indicated the saplings has the broader use of community resources. The niche breath sequence from high to low seedling population was: Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv. > Q. aliena var. acuteserrata > A. grosseri > other species. For saplings it was Corylus heterophylla > A. grosseri > Q. aliena var. acuteserrata > other species. Stand density had different effects on the density of saplings and seedlings. Sapling and seedling density increased with the stand density from 720 trees/ha to 1460 trees/ha, then decreased with the stand density increasing. The saplings density decreased continuously as the stand density increased. The direction of slope had various effects on the seedlings and saplings. A sunny SW facing slope of 3° was the most beneficial to seedlings and saplings. As the slope changed direction to create a shady slope, the seedlings density increased and the sapling density decreased. Sapling and seedling density changed with altitude. The saplings density increased as altitude increased from 1083 m to 1547 m, then decreasing with altitude up to 1882 m. The seedlings density increased from lower altitude to higher altitude. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

만병초 자생지의 환경생태학적 특성

Rhododendron brachycarpum is a evergreen broad-leaved shrub and belongs to the Ericaceae family and the Rhododendron genus. It is well known for its beautiful leaves and flowers. There are 11 species of the Rhododendron genus in Korea. It includes 3 species - Rhododendron brachycarpum, Rhododendron aureum Georgi and Rhododendron brachycarpum var. roseum Koidz. They grow naturally over 1,000 meters above sea level of the Baekdu Mountain Range in Korea. These habitats, according to investigations of 9 Rhododendron brachycarpum natural habitats, are mostly located on the slope of mountains facing north at an altitude of 1,200 m to 1,526 m above sea level with angle of inclination from 30 degrees to 45 degrees. Based on the result of vegetation analysis of dominance species in the quadrates, there are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla in species of upper trees, and so on. Dominant species of woody plants in tree layer are Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb, Abies holophylla, Betula platyphylla and Veeatrum patulum Loes. fil, Erythronium japonicum, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Paeonia japonica var. glabra Makino are founded in herbaceous plants. And we can see another result of the investigation that the flowering rates of the plants with the buds are highly ranked mountains such as Mt. Hambaek 68%, Mt. Gyebang 40%, Mt. Yagksu 9%, Mt. Gaein 7% and Mt. Seolag 0%. The results show that there are 24 over 15-year-old Rhododendron brachycarpums in Mt. Odae and are 56 under 15-year-old trees in Mt. Hambaek and are no trees in Mt. Gyebang and are 9 over 30-year-dead trees only in Mt. Taebaeg. Out of found trees, the highest tree is 7 m in height and 0.6 m in diameter. Also this result shows what are the vulnerability factors of the natural habitats. They are as follows: indiscriminate trails in mountains, damages by mountain climbers, uncareful plant collecting, the fierce competitions with other plants such as Acer pseudosieboldianum var. ishidoyanum Uyeki, Quercus aliena, Celastrus orbiculatus and damages by disease and insect, unusual temperature in natural habitats, etc. Rhododendron brachycarpums have high ornamental value and excellent pharmaceutical effect. But the areas of its habitats decrease dramatically. So we need measures to protect and their natural habitats. It is necessary that we conduct further investigations to designate conservation area for Rhododendron brachycarpums.

조사료원에 따른 한국 재래산양의 채식습성에 관한 연구

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of Korean native goats fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, Barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops and straw: 5 species (barley + hairy vetch wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (Mixed browse, Oriental white oak, Quercus serrta Thunb., Oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hay and straw: 5 species(timothy hay, tall fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Ten Korean native goats were selected which had nearly the same body weight (average 24±2.8 kg). The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period (p<0.05). Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by Korean native goat was observed like this: Quercus aliena, Querancas serrta Thunb and Mixed browse, which was a lower intake compared to other domestic herbivores. The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by Korean native goats was showed as browse and fallen leaves (33.1%) among trials roughage sources. Based on these results, the food habit of Korean native goats seems to be closer to the browser.

A biogeochemical orientation survey in the Moisan gold-mineralized area, Haenam district in Korea

A biogeochemical orientation survey was carried out in the vicinity of an epithermal Au deposit in the Moisan Au–Ag mineralized area, Haenam district in Korea. The Au–Ag bearing quartz veins of the mine occur as narrow open-space fillings within Cretaceous silicic pyroclastics. The vein minerals consist mainly of quartz, sericite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena, with some electrum and argentite. The main objectives of this study were to study the geochemical characteristics of rocks, soils and plants in this area, to investigate the spatial relationship between Au and associated elements in rock–soil–plant system, and to evaluate the applicability of biogeochemical prospecting for Au vein occurrences in Korea. Samples of rocks and soils, and leaves of three plant species (Japanese red pine — P. densiflora, oriental white oak — Q. aliena, Japanese mallotus — M. japonicus) were collected from the target mineralized area and control barren locations, and analyzed for trace elements by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Sampling lines were composed of one slope line which is almost parallel to the mineralized quartz-veins, and four transect lines spaced 100 m apart across the veins at 20 m sampling intervals. From the multi-element data of rock samples (n = 9), high values of Au (maximum 2030 ppb) are spatially related to Au–quartz veins. Soil samples (n = 61) collected from five sampling lines show higher values of Au (24–825 ppb) whereas soil samples from the control locations have lower values of Au (below 25 ppb). Many plant species collected from the vicinity of the veins have high Au contents compared with those at the control locations, but the ranges of Au values are variable among plant species. In a total of 128 samples of plant leaves, Q. aliena yielded Au values of 0.4 to 6.9 ppb, and M. japonicus 0.9 to 4.1 ppb. Gold contents in P. densiflora ranged from 0.1 to 5.6 ppb. Plant leaves from control areas show less than 1.6 ppb Au. The biological absorption coefficient (BAC) of Au in plants decreases in the order of Q. aliena > M. japonicus > P. densiflora. Based on the results of the study, Q. aliena appeared to be the best sampling media for biogeochemical prospecting of Au in the study area.

Study on Characteristics of &lt;i&gt;Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata&lt;/i&gt; Community in Mt. Qinling

In Quercus aliena var. Acuteserrata community, phanerophytes (Ph) accounting for 58.7% was main Life form. Hemicryptophytes (H) with 28.1% was the second in Qinling Mountains. Mesophyll which accounted for 61.64% was major leaf physiognomy, and microphyll the second accounting for 27.40%. Simple leaf taking 84.93% was primary leaf-form. Herbaceous leaf accounted for 80.82% and was a major type of leaf property. The temperate elements, which were 43.17% of the genera, were in dominant position and were consisted of 98 genera; the tropical areal types including 58 genera accounted for 25.55%. These showed that Quercus aliena var. Acuteserrata community has the transitional character, that is, it is in the ecotone.

국내 자생 자원식물들의 항산화 활성 검색

자생식물의 항산화 활성 탐색을 위하여 140종의 식물을 80% ethanol로 추출하여 활성을 확인하였다. 그 결과 며느리배꼽이 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었고(VitaminE, ORACPE=1.0), 쉬땅나무, 찔레나무, 좁쌀풀, 갈참나무, 신갈나무 그리고 싸리의 순으로 항산화활성이 높은 것으로 조사되었다(ORACPE <TEX>${\geq}$</TEX> 1.50). 또한 80% 에탄올 추출물의 용매별(n-hexane, <TEX>$CH_2Cl_2$</TEX>, EtOAc, n-BuOH, water) 분획층 ORAC 결과에서도 며느리배꼽과 쉬땅나무가 각각 <TEX>$1.13{\pm}0.002$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.10{\pm}0.004$</TEX>, <TEX>$3.67{\pm}0.232$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.62{\pm}0.049$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.05{\pm}0.003$</TEX>; <TEX>$1.02{\pm}0.007$</TEX>, <TEX>$v1.00{\pm}0.016$</TEX>, <TEX>$2.94{\pm}0.130$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.80{\pm}0.019$</TEX> 그리고 <TEX>$1.04{\pm}0.012$</TEX>로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그 중 항산화 활성이 가장 높은 EtOAc 분획층의 유효성분 규명 등의 추가 연구가 필요하다. In the present study, the anti-oxidative properties of 80% ethanol extracts from 140 kinds of natural plants were investigated. Persicaria perfoliata had the highest anti-oxidative relative potency(VitaminE, <TEX>$ORAC_{PE}$</TEX>=1.0), followed by Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila, Rosa multiflora, Lysimachia vulgaris var. davurica, Quercus aliena, Quercus mongolica and Lespedeza bicolor (<TEX>$ORAC_{PE}$</TEX> <TEX>${\geq}$</TEX> 1.50). Among them, the anti-oxidative activity values of the n-hexane, <TEX>$CH_2Cl_2$</TEX>, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and water fractions of the 80% EtOH extracts of P. perfoliata and S. sorbifolia in the ORAC assay system were <TEX>$1.13{\pm}0.002$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.10{\pm}0.004$</TEX>, <TEX>$3.67{\pm}0.232$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.62{\pm}0.049$</TEX> and <TEX>$1.05{\pm}0.003$</TEX>; <TEX>$1.02{\pm}0.007$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.00{\pm}0.016$</TEX>, <TEX>$2.94{\pm}0.130$</TEX>, <TEX>$1.80{\pm}0.019$</TEX> and <TEX>$1.04{\pm}0.012$</TEX>, respectively, with marked anti-oxidative activity in the ethyl acetate fraction from selected the 2 plant extracts.

Seasonal variations of isoprene emissions from five oak tree species in East Asia

Abstract Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from trees can enhance the photochemical production of tropospheric ozone. Isoprene is one of the most environmentally important BVOCs, since its emission rate from certain tree species can be high and its chemical structure gives it high ozone forming potential. Understanding of isoprene emission rates from many tree species is limited, including influences of tree age, season, and other factors. Five oak species were studied which represent approximately 85 percent of the deciduous trees in South Korean forests. In general, there were obvious seasonal variations of isoprene emissions from five oak trees. Especially, Quercus aliena B. and Quercus mongolica F showed substantial seasonal variations of isoprene emissions; However, Quercus serrata T. and Quercus acutissima C. generally did not. It was found that Q. serrata T. showed the highest isoprene emission rates among the species tested (up to 130.5 μgC gdw−1 h−1) and its emission rates were highest during spring followed by summer and fall. The emission rates from two (Q. acutissima C., Quercus variabilis B.) of the other tested oak species were lower by more than 3 orders of magnitude. Besides, two oak species, Q. aliena B. and Q. mongolica F. were chosen to determine the effect of tree age on isoprene emissions. Trees at the age of 21∼30 years had significantly higher isoprene emission rates than those at the age of 41∼50.