Queen Bee Research Articles

Supplemental feeding coupled with different grafting techniques ensures better quality of queen honey bees

The quality of queens (Apis mellifera L.) is essential for the maintenance and development of A. mellifera honey bee colonies and can be obtained in several ways. However, a combination of different techniques can facilitate this process. This research was carried out to evaluate the Africanized honey bee queen production with the supply of fermented and unfermented additives using the techniques of single and double larvae grafting through assessment of morphometric characteristics, ovarian histology and supplement consumed by colonies. The queens were produced in 30 colonies: one group without supplemental feeding, one with fermented, and one with non-fermented supplemental feeding, with two grafting techniques. The use of unfermented supplements and the double grafting technique improved the quality of queen honey bees (p < 0.05). Also, the highest supplement consumption occurred when colonies were stimulated to produce queens. Therefore, the results shown herein are relevant for improving production processes and the quality of queen bees.

Study and conservation of biodiversity of honey bees in Russia

Middle Russian, Bashkir, Carpathian, Gray Mountain Caucasian and Far Eastern bees are bred in Russia. As a result of selection based on selected material, the following breed types were reared: “Priokskiy”, “Orlovskiy”, “Tatarskiy” and “Burzyanskaya Bortevaya” of Middle Russian; “Maykopskiy” and “Moskovskiy” of Сarpathian; and “Krasnopolyanskiy” of Gray Mountain Caucasian breeds. Work was carried out at farms-originators of breed types “Priokskiy” on the apiaries of Federal beekeeping research centre, “Tatarskiy” – selective centre “Tatarskiy”, “Burzyanskaya Bortevaya” – State nature reserve “Shulgan-Tash”, “Krasnopolyanskiy” – Krasnopolyanskya Experimental station of Beekeeping. The materials of approbation of breeding achievements of the Bashkir and Far Eastern breeds and breed types “Orlovskiy”, “Maikopskiy” and “Moskovskiy” were analyzed. The research was guided by the “Method of conducting tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability”. Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)” and “Methods of research work in beekeeping”. The characteristics of the morphometric features of bees, queens and drones, as well as the ethological features of bee colonies of reared breeds and breed types are presented. Reserves, sanctuaries and breeding farms are indicated that are engaged in the conservation, selection improvement and reproduction of selected queen bees and families of a certain origin, as well as their sale in breeding zones for further reproduction. To conduct breeding work in beekeeping, a number of documents have been prepared: Regulations on the state nature reserve for the conservation of the gene pool of the native breed (population) of the honey bee, the Rules for classifying farms engaged in breeding bees as breeding farms, the National standard for the queen bee, the Interstate standard for the bee colony. The study of the gene pool of breeds, types and populations of bees, the control of their purity are the main conditions for its conservation and rational use.

Re-using food resources from failed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies and their impact on colony queen rearing capacity

For over a decade, beekeepers have experienced high losses of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies due to a variety of stressors including pesticide exposure. Some of these chemical stressors may residually remain in the colony comb and food resources (pollen and nectar) of failed colonies and be later re-used by beekeepers when splitting and building back new colonies. The practice of re-using comb from previously perished colonies (termed “deadout”) is common in beekeeping practice, but its role in affecting colony health is not well understood. Here, we evaluate the impact of reused, pesticide-contaminated “deadout” combs on colony function during the process of replacing a queen bee. Queenless microcolonies were established to monitor queen rearing capacity in two treatment groups: (1) colonies given frames containing food resources from deadout colonies in control “clean” apiaries and, (2) colonies given frames containing “contaminated” resources from deadout colonies originating from apiaries experiencing chronic pesticide exposure from widespread systemic pesticide pollution (including neonicotinoid insecticides: clothianidin and thiamethoxam). Results indicate that colonies given pesticide-contaminated resources produced fewer queen cells per colony and had a lower proportion of colonies successfully raising a functional, diploid egg-laying queen. This research highlights the deleterious effects of re-using deadout combs from colonies previously lost due to pesticide contamination.

Suni Tohumlanan Kraliçe Arının Koloniye Kabulü için Yöntemlerin Değerlendirilmesi

: When artificial insemination practices in honey bees are used correctly, they actively increase yield characteristics. However, producers may experience serious problems when accepting artificially inseminated queen bees to the colonies. To minimize this problem, inseminated queen bees are first accepted into small mating boxes. Small colonies are formed, supported, and developed after admission to the new colony. In addition to spending serious effort and time, this process causes maimed queen bees and even colony losses if they fail. In the study, 21 queen bees were used, 7 of which were queen bees in each group. 7 queen bees were naturally mated. After 7 queens were artificially inseminated, they were first given to small mating colonies using the classical method. Queen bees that accepted and laid eggs were introduced to colonies with 4-5 laths of worker bees. 7 colonies were given as queen bee thimbles 2 days before hatching. Queens that had hatched were inseminated and given to the same colonies. Whether the queen bees given to the colonies in 3 different groups were accepted into the colonies was evaluated after 10 days. The egg-laying rates of the queens admitted to the colony were checked after the egg appeared. In the controls, it was seen that the acceptance of the queen bees kept individually in their own colony was less laborious and more successful than the classical method.

The effects of altitude and rearing period on some characteristics of honey bee queens, Apis mellifera caucasica Gorbachev, 1916 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

In the study, some characteristics of honey bee queens, Apis mellifera caucasica Gorbachev, 1916 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), reared at two different altitudes (140 m vs 920 m) and three rearing seasons (May, June-I, June-II) in 2019-2020 were examined in Ordu. These are larvae grafting, length of the queen cell, weight of queens at various periods, and spermathecae parameters of queens. One-day old 50 larvae were grafted at each period and altitude. The effect of period and period*altitude interaction on the weight at emergence of queen was significant (p&amp;lt;0.001) while the effect of altitude and year was nonsignificant. Weights at emergence of queens were lower in May at high altitudes and in June-II at low altitudes. The effects of year, period and altitude were significant (p&amp;lt;0.001) in the terms of the diameter and volume of the spermathecae, and the number of spermatozoa in the spermathecae. When the two-year data was evaluated together, the number of spermatozoa in the spermathecae was higher in the queen bees reared in May. It is recommended to pay attention to the period and altitude when pollen and nectar flow is intense in queen rearing in Ordu and similar climatic conditions.

Determination of the Factors Affecting the Honey Production Per Coloney in Bingöl Beekeeping Enterprises

This study was carried out to determine the factors affecting the honey yield per colony in beekeeping enterprises in Bingöl province by regression analysis. The number of enterprises to be surveyed with the "proportional sampling method" was determined as 87 in the province of Bingöl. "T test", "Anova", "Chi-square", "Correlation and Regression" analyzes were used to evaluate the data. According to the research findings; the average age of the surveyed beekeepers was 46.14 years and the average beekeeping period was 15.5 years. The average number of hives owned by beekeepers was 219.5, while the average honey yield per beehive was calculated as 11.4 kg-1. The coefficients of the variables in the model were found to be statistically significant. The R2 value, which determines the explanatory power of the model, was found to be 0.323 and the adjusted R2 value was found to be 0.203. The way beekeeping is done, the profession and the variables of getting information from PIKOM are determined as the variables that affect the honey yield. As a result; in conclusion; it has been concluded that there is an increase in honey yield per colony of the enterprises that are made by wandering beekeeping, beekeeping is done for the main income, the Caucasian bee race is used, the enterprises that receive training, support and information about beekeeping from picom and that are members of the union and that produce queen bees.. Considering Türkiye's ecological richness and existing rural economic conditions together, beekeeping; it should be done in an organizational, conscious and sustainable structure.

Gut microbiota-driven regulation of queen bee ovarian metabolism.

With the global prevalence of Varroa mites, more and more beekeepers resort to confining the queen bee in a queen cage to control mite infestation or to breed superior and robust queen bees. However, the impact of such practices on the queen bee remains largely unknown. Therefore, we subjected the queen bees to a 21-day egg-laying restriction treatment (from the egg stage to the emergence of adult worker bees) and analyzed the queen bees' ovarian metabolites and gut microbiota after 21 days, aiming to assess the queen bees' quality and assist beekeepers in better hive management. Our findings revealed a significant reduction in the relative expression levels of Vg and Hex110 genes in the ovaries of egg laying-restricted queen bees compared to unrestricted egg-laying queens. The diversity of gut microbiota in the queen bee exhibited a notable decrease, accompanied by corresponding changes in the core bacteria of the microbial community, the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased from 22.34% to 53.14% (P = 0.01) and from 0.053% to 0.580% (P = 0.04), respectively. The relative abundance of Bombella decreased from 25.85% to 1.720% (P = 0.002). Following egg-laying restriction, the activity of the queen bee's ovaries decreased, while the metabolism of glycerophospholipids remained or stored more lipid molecules, awaiting environmental changes for the queen bee to resume egg laying promptly. Furthermore, we observed that Bombella in the queen bee's gut may regulate the queen's ovarian metabolism through tryptophan metabolism. These findings provide novel insights into the interplay among queen egg laying, gut microbiota, and ovarian metabolism. IMPORTANCE With Varroa mite infestation, beekeepers often confine the queen bee in cages for control or breeding. However, the impact on the queen bee is largely unknown. We evaluated queen bee quality by restricting egg laying and analyzing ovarian metabolites and gut microbiota. In this study, we provided a comprehensive explanation of the expression of ovarian genes, the diversity of gut microbiota, and changes in ovarian metabolism in the queen bee. Through integrated analysis of the queen bee's gut microbiota and ovarian metabolism, we discovered that the gut microbiota can regulate the queen bee's ovarian metabolism. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay among egg laying, gut microbiota, and the reproductive health of the queen bee. Understanding these relationships can contribute to the development of better strategies for Varroa mite control and queen bee breeding.

ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMICALLY USEFUL TRAITS OF BEE BREED IN THE SOUTHERN OF KAZAKHSTAN

Uncontrolled import of bee colonies leads to the metisation of bred breeds in our country. Breed testing of bees involves identifying the most promising breeds not only for the use of various sources of bribes, but also for accelerated development and increase in the number of families, and of course pollination of crops. To prevent the metisation of bees, researchers periodically monitor the breed composition and economically useful signs. It has been established that the growth rate of a bee family characterizes its winter hardiness and directly affects productivity. Based on this feature, queen bees with the highest egg production should be selected for breeding. More dynamic egg laying is observed in IE "Demidov" of the steppe zone averaged 919.6 pieces, and in IE "Gostinin" of the steppe zone, the egg production of queens is less by 2 pieces. The foothill and mountain zone lags behind the steppe zone by 14.6 eggs. The productivity of bee colonies also depends on the number of migrations to flowering honey plants. For example, when comparing the average honey productivity and wax productivity, variability is observed between stationary and nomadic content.

METHODS FOR IMPROVING REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE ABILITIES OF QUEEN BEE IN THE SOUTH OF KAZAKHSTAN

A study was carried out on the development of breeding methods, improving the productive and reproductive qualities of queen bees. The intake and size of fed queen cells, the dependence of the mass of queens on the mass of the host family, the effect of honey-bee-bread feeding of host families on the volume of queen cells and the weight of queens, as well as various methods of replanting into full-fledged families were studied. It has been established that with less upbringing of queen cells, the nurse bees intensively fill the bowls with royal jelly, while the larvae that receive a large amount of food increase in size and, when they emerge, the weight of the barren queen increases. The quality of the queens is largely determined by the conditio ns of their cultivation and feeding in the nurse colonies, while it was determined that the highest live weight of the uterus is observed in strong nurse colonies with a composition of bees of different ages. The stronger the foster family was, the higher the quality of the queens. The most effective method of replanting fetal queens was the replanting of fetal queens in a cell, which guarantees a successful 85% intake. When using various methods of replanting fetal queens in full-fledged colonies, it was shown that it is much easier to plant a new queen in small colonies that are in a state of intensive growth than in strong ones, while young non-flying bees practically do not show aggressiveness towards the replanted queen.

WOMEN’S EMPLOYMENT IN AVIATION: THE CASE OF UNITED STATES (USA)

Employment is a really serious issue in that it can create an economic disruption if it is not dealt with correctly. The wrong solution for employment causes similar results. For this reason, it is important for both the economies of the country and the sector in question to solve the employment problem completely and correctly. In this context, an employment policy should be produced for the aviation sector as well as others. Employment policies should be determined in such a way that both the labour force and qualification need to increase. However, these policies should be in the direction of improving existing policies rather than a radical change. For instance, women’s employment is available in many economies. Therefore, this policy should not be radically changed; on the contrary, it should be in the form of improving existing policies. Within this scope, ignoring women while forming employment policy may have several economic and financial consequences. However, certain factors affect women's employment. These factors can be expressed as follows: the glass ceiling syndrome, the queen bee syndrome, marital status and age, educational status, mobbing and sexual harassment, and wage inequality. In this study, women's employment data are extracted from the USA labour force statistics. The data were subjected to evaluation by the content analysis method. With this method, lots of the data and information independent of one another are examined deeply. By this way general trends can be determined clearly. Therefore, the data in this study are examined within the scope of labour economics. This study concludes that women's employment in the USA aviation market follows a positive course, but this is not enough. To eliminate the insufficiency, a number of economic and financial proposals need to be implemented.

Requeening queenright honey bee colonies with queen cells in honey supers.

Many Canadian beekeepers replace a subset of their honey bee queens annually. However, introducing a new queen to a honey bee colony is a management practice with a high degree of uncertainty. Despite the consensus that it is most effective to introduce queens to queenless colonies, some commercial beekeepers claim success with introducing queen cells into the honey super of queenright colonies. We tested the success rate of this practice by introducing queen cells to 100 queenright colonies in southern Alberta during a honey flow. The genotypes of the resultant offspring drones were determined using the microsatellite marker A76 to identify their laying queen mothers. Our results show that new queens successfully supersede original queens in 6% of queenright colonies, suggesting that the practice does not result in the new queen taking over leadership in most colonies. Additionally, supersedure by daughter queens is more common (13%) than new queen supersedure when introducing queen cells to queenright colonies during a honey flow. However, there could be a benefit to the practice of requeening queenright colonies with queen cells in honey supers if the colonies that accepted a new queen (whether a daughter of or unrelated to the old queen) were colonies with a failing queen.

Lebah Madu Dalam Karya Batik Lukis Dan Sulam

The purpose of making this final work is to create a work of art of batik painting and embroidery whose idea comes from the life of honey bees that can be exemplified by humans in everyday life. The method of creation in this final work is carried out in stages, starting from the preparatory stage of observing phenomena that occur directly, then elaboration (the stage of exploring), the synthesis stage (the creation of ideas), then the realization of the concept of preparing maps, materials, tools, and the process of working on the work. Finally, the completion or finishing stage of the work. All works use the methods of written batik and embroidery. Each work has a different size, based on the theme of nature conservation with the idea of honey bee life in everyday life with the titles, "Queen Bee", "Fight for Throne", "Metamorphosis", "Building a Hive", "Communication", "Sucking Sari", "Sharing", "Hard Work", "Not Destructive", "Threatened".

Leader–Subordinate Gender Composition and Leader Empowering Behavior

Focusing on gender role theory and the queen bee phenomenon, this study explored the differentiated exchange relationships between leaders and subordinates with different gender composition, and their influence on leader empowering behavior. We collected data from 1,211 subordinates of 286 teams at a Fortune 500 company in China through the questionnaire method. The empirical analysis results showed that the leader-member exchange relationship of the woman leader-woman subordinate composition was lower than that of the man leader-man subordinate composition, which further reduced leader empowering behavior. This study further used man leader-woman subordinate and woman leader-man subordinate compositions as control groups to verify the effectiveness of the queen bee phenomenon. We concluded that the queen bee phenomenon alone does not significantly affect leader empowering behavior, but that the combination of gender stereotypes and queen bee phenomenon has a significant effect.

Determination of Anatolian Honeybee Biodiversity by Wing Characters

In this study, we report that there were five different subspecies and three different ecotypes defined so far in Türkiye, which has a rich biodiversity in terms of honeybee subspecies. However, recently, it has been thought that the current biodiversity is in danger of extinction due to the commercial queen bee supply and the migratory beekeeping activities from a single source. This study uses the morphometric method to reveal the current status of honeybee biodiversity in Türkiye. For this purpose, a total of 3186 worker bees were studied by samplings from 19 different provinces to represent the honeybee races and ecotypes distributed in Türkiye. We made wing preparations and established 19 landmarks on the right forewings using the BAB BsPro200 program. The program automatically obtained the wing’s metrics’ angle, length, and index values via these 19 landmarks. We used Discriminant function analysis to determine intragroup and intergroup variations by taking the colony averages from data obtained from 31 morphological characters. Given the canonical discriminant function analysis and UPGMA dendrogram, Zonguldak, Düzce, Sakarya, Artvin, Ardahan, and Trabzon constituted a group, and Edirne, Kilis, Van, and Isparta formed a separate group. Hakkari, Kahramanmaraş, and Ordu provinces formed a separate line together. On the other hand, the group centers of Kars and Kırklareli, two different ends of Türkiye, overlapped and formed a close line with Isparta. As a result, this study revealed that, although the protection measures taken at the local level effectively protected the honeybee biodiversity, these measures are insufficient.

THE RELATİONSHIP BETWEEN QUEEN BEE SYNDROME AND LEADERSHIP: A VİEW TO HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS

The purpose of this study was to investigate into the perception of “Queen Bee Syndrome” among female healthcare workers employed in healthcare industry, followed by an analysis of the relationship this syndrome has with female healthcare workers’ perception of “Leadership”, and to pinpoint the differences in queen bee syndrome according to certain socio-demographic characteristics. Designed as a cross-sectional study, this research had a sample of 515 female healthcare workers. Research was conducted from December 2021 to March 2022 on female healthcare workers employed in Ordu province. Data was collected using “Personal Information Forms”, the “Queen Bee Phenomenon Scale”, and “Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire”. SPSS version 23.0 and AMOS 23 statistical package programs were used for data evaluation. As a result of this study, a significant inverse relationship was found between sub-dimensions of the Queen Bee Phenomenon Scale and subdimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire.

Drone Larvae Homogenate (Apilarnil) as Natural Remedy: Scientific Review

For centuries, honey bee products such as honey, bee pollen, royal jelly, bee bread (perga), and bee venom have been utilized in natural medicine due to their beneficial properties. A great deal of scientific research has been dedicated to exploring their physico-chemical properties and therapeutic effects. Despite this, drone larvae have not received as much attention from the scientific community. Within a honey bee colony, drones are responsible solely for fertilizing queen bee eggs and consuming food reserves collected by worker honey bees. As a result, beekeepers commonly remove excess drone brood from the hive, which is crucial for preventing and treating varroasis. Lyophilization is the most effective method for preserving drone larvae, and the physicochemical properties of fresh and lyophilized drone larvae were compared. The therapeutic effects of drone larvae, such as androgenic, hepatoprotective, immunostimulatory, and hypolipidemic effects in humans and experimental animals, were summarized. This study aims to summarize current scientific knowledge on drone larvae (apilarnil). The author utilized well-known publication databases like SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and Pub Med to gather research on drone larvae. Furthermore, this review collected information on the chemical composition preservation and bioactive action of drone larvae. Thanks to their high levels of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and hormones, drone larvae can be considered a potential potency-raising agent.

Survival rate as a parameter of sustainability of the honey bee population and bee colonies

The results of studying the number of honey bees in colonies and the results determining and the evaluation the age-stage specific survival rates of bee colonies have been presented. The survival rate depends on the egg-laying of the queen bee, the period of the season, the level of development of bee colonies and reaches a minimum in all colonies in the period after the main honey collection S = 0.3-0.5. In the spring and autumn periods, there is a high negative correlation dependence (r=−0.7÷(−0.9), between the egg-laying of the queen bee (number of brood) and survival. The average survival rate in the spring and summer periods for strong families is 20-30% lower than in weak and medium families. The values of the survival rate in the spring and autumn periods for all types of bee colonies are more than one. This result is typical for bee colonies and is associated with the presence of wintering bees with a high life expectancy (up to 9 months) in colonies. A decrease in the survival rate in the period after the main honey flow to S<0.5-0.6 may be one of the factors in the colony collapse disorder (CCD) due to a violation of the gene expression mechanism in bees during the transition from hive activity to forager or to the autumn-winter period. A high survival rate determines the sustainability of the honey bee population, increasing the survival rate to one allows you to manage the vital activity of bee colonies, reduce the impact of various adverse factors on bees, reduce the risk of CCD, and manage the population of honey bees in ecosystems.

Seeking support through solidarity: female leader's experiences of workplace solidarity in male-dominated professions.

While there is a plethora of research that documents the numerous barriers affecting female leaders in the modern workplace, there is a lack of literature which focuses on strategies or motivating resources that women use to navigate the workplace environment. Despite facing significant barriers in their leadership journeys, there are female leaders who are able to overcome these barriers to achieve leadership positions. These women leaders draw on personal and external motivating factors to assist them in dealing with the challenges associated with being a female leader as a result, research on motivating strategies for women's career progression is a research topic that warrants immediate attention. Female solidarity as a motivating resource has been gaining traction in the field of leadership studies and can be seen as a supportive resource that can be used by current and aspiring female leaders to progress in underrepresented environments. Although female solidarity is but only one of the many strategies that can be implemented to motivate women in leadership positions, the increase of female solidarity in the workplace is expected to alleviate the conditions that reinforce essentialist notions of the "queen bee syndrome" in which women are seen as unsupportive of each other. A qualitative research approach was used for this study, following an interpretive descriptive design. A total of 13 semi-structured interviews were conducted with female leaders in male-dominated professions within South Africa. Data was analysed using thematic content analysis. Results of the study were analyzed in line with three primary content areas, i.e., barriers to female solidarity in the workplace, benefits of female solidarity in the workplace and workplace interventions to increase solidarity. In the context of the study the predominant barriers to female solidarity within male-dominated workplaces were identified as unfair workplace behaviours, generational beliefs, societal expectations, organisational cultures, stereotypes and stigmas. The benefits of female solidarity within male-dominated workplaces were identified as career shaping mentorship, female recognition, female representation and female support. Lastly, the interventions that can be implemented to increase female solidarity within male-dominated workplaces were conceptualised as networking, transforming the company culture, socialisation and mentorship.

What if my boss is a narcissist? The effects of chief executive officer narcissism on female proportion in top management teams

AbstractFor the period 2015–2019 and based on a Spanish sample of 145 listed companies, this paper provides insights into how narcissistic chief executive officers (CEOs) influence the proportion of women in top management teams (TMTs). As a further analysis and in line with social psychology and upper echelons theories, we study whether the power and gender of a CEO and the female proportion in the firm's board moderate the relationship. Our results reveal that narcissistic CEOs are less likely to support women in TMTs, confirming that CEO personality traits influence team structure. Further results suggest that this aversion increases as the CEO's power grows and is a woman, and when female proportion in board decreases. The results have an impact on the gender equality goal, demonstrating that the behavior of women toward promoting gender equality in TMTs depends both on the specific position of women in the firm's hierarchy and on their personal psychological attributes. We find that women directors support social identity values and that narcissistic female CEOs act like queen bees.

Comparison of productivity from three stingless bees: Tetragonula sapiens, T. clypearis and T. biroi managed under same feed sources for meliponiculture

Abstract. Erwan, Habiburrohman, Wiryawan IKG, Muhsinin M, Supeno B, Agussalim. 2023. Comparison of productivity from three stingless bees: Tetragonula sapiens, T. clypearis and T. biroi managed under same feed sources for meliponiculture. Biodiversitas 24: 2988-2994. The productivity of stingless bee species is affected by the workers' population, especially the foragers' number, queen bee productivity, and the availability of plants as the nectar and pollen sources. The recent study aims to evaluate the productivity of three stingless bee species, Tetragonula sapiens (Cockerell, 1911), Tetragonula clypearis (Friese, 1908), and Tetragonula biroi (Friese, 1898), managed under the same feed sources for beekeeping in stingless bee (meliponiculture). Total of fifteen colonies and every five colonies per species of T. sapiens, T. clypearis, and T. biroi, respectively. The results showed that the different species of stingless bees highly affected the exit activities in the morning and afternoon and brood cell number (p&lt;0.01). Furthermore, significant impacts on the honey pot number, production of honey and propolis (p&lt;0.05) but not on the pollen pot number and the production of pot-pollen. Thus, productivity was characterized by honey pot number, brood cell number, and production of honey and propolis from the stingless bee of T. biroi was higher than T. sapiens and T. clypearis. However, the productivity of T. sapiens and T. clypearis was similar.