Quasiparticles In Systems Research Articles

Bose-Einstein condensates and the spectrum of excitations in a two-dimensional channel

The transverse spatial distribution of weakly interacting Bose gas in a narrow channel is found. The corresponding analytical solution of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation has the form of a cnoidal wave. The possible physical realization of the model is a system of cold atoms or quasiparticles, e.g., excitons, cavity photons, exciton polaritons. The obtained formula is used for the numerical calculation of the spectrum of excitations and the critical velocity of the condensate. These numerical results do not coincide with the Bogoliubov spectrum, and we show that the strongly inhomogeneous condensate density leads to larger values of the critical velocity. We also make numerical estimation of the critical velocity for various types of considered particles or quasiparticles.

Transport coefficients of the Gribov-Zwanziger plasma

We study dynamic features of a plasma consisting of gluons whose infrared dynamics is improved by the Gribov-Zwanziger quantization. This approach embodies essential features of color confinement which set the plasma apart from conventional quasiparticle systems in several aspects. Our study focusses on a boost-invariant expansion for in- and out-of-equilibrium settings, which at late times can be characterized by the sound velocity, $c_s$, and the shear, $\eta$, and bulk, $\zeta$, viscosities. We obtain explicit expressions for the transport coefficients $\eta$ and $\zeta$ and check that they are consistent with the numerical solutions of the kinetic equation. At high temperature, keeping both the Gribov parameter and the relaxation time constant, we find a scaling $\zeta/\eta \propto 1/3 - c_s^2$ which manifests strong breaking of conformal symmetry in contrast to the case of weakly coupled plasmas.

Inflationary Quasiparticle Creation and Thermalization Dynamics in Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates.

A Bose gas in a double-well potential, exhibiting a true Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) amplitude and initially performing Josephson oscillations, is a prototype of an isolated, nonequilibrium many-body system. We investigate the quasiparticle (QP) creation and thermalization dynamics of this system by solving the time-dependent Keldysh-Bogoliubov equations. We find avalanchelike QP creation due to a parametric resonance between BEC and QP oscillations, followed by slow, exponential relaxation to a thermal state at an elevated temperature, controlled by the initial excitation energy of the oscillating BEC above its ground state. The crossover between the two regimes occurs because of an effective decoupling of the QP and BEC oscillations. This dynamics is analogous to elementary particle creation in models of the early universe. The thermalization in our setup occurs because the BEC acts as a grand canonical reservoir for the quasiparticle system.

Electron-spin to phonon coupling in graphene decorated with heavy adatoms

The naturally weak spin-orbit coupling in Graphene can be largely enhanced by adatom deposition (e.g. Weeks et al. Phys. Rev. X 1, 021001 (2011)). However, the dynamics of the adatoms also induces a coupling between phonons and the electron spin. Using group theory and a tight-binding model, we systematically investigate the coupling between the low-energy in-plane phonons and the electron spin in single-layer graphene uniformly decorated with heavy adatoms. Our results provide the foundation for future investigations of spin transport and superconductivity in this system. In order to quantify the effect of the coupling to the lattice on the electronic spin dynamics, we compute the spin-flip rate of electrons and holes. We show that the latter exhibits a strong dependence on the quasi-particle energy and system temperature.

Quantum logic gates from Dirac quasiparticles

We show that one of the fundamental operations of topological quantum computation, namely the non-Abelian braiding of identical particles, can be physically realized in a general system of Dirac quasiparticles in 1 + 1D. Our method is based on the study of the analytic structure of the different Euclidean correlation functions of Dirac fields, which are conveniently expressed as functions of a complex variable. When the Dirac field is an (Abelian) anyon with statistics parameter s (2s not an integer), we show that the associated Majorana states of such a field present non-Abelian statistics. The explicit form of the unitary, non-commuting (monodromy) matrices generated upon braiding is derived as a function of s and is shown to satisfy the Yang–Baxter algebra. For the special case of s = 1/4, we show that the braiding matrices become the logic gates NOT, CNOT,… required in the algorithms of universal quantum computation. We suggest that maybe polyacetylene, alternately doped with alkali and halogen atoms, is a potential candidate for a physical material realization of the system studied here.

Electrothermal model of kinetic inductance detectors

An electrothermal model of kinetic inductance detectors is described. The non-equilibrium state of the resonator's quasiparticle system is characterized by an effective temperature, which because of readout-power heating is higher than that of the bath. By balancing the flow of energy into the quasiparticle system, it is possible to calculate the steady-state large-signal, small-signal and noise behaviour. Resonance-curve distortion and hysteretic switching appear naturally within the framework. It is shown that an electrothermal feedback process exists, which affects all aspects of behaviour. It is also shown that generation-recombination noise can be interpreted in terms of the thermal fluctuation noise in the effective thermal conductance that links the quasiparticle and phonon systems of the resonator. Because the scheme is based on electrothermal considerations, multiple elements can be added to simulate the behaviour of complex devices, such as resonators on membranes, again taking into account readout power heating.

Landau's statistical mechanics for quasi-particle models

Landau's formalism of statistical mechanics [following L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980)] is applied to the quasi-particle model of quark–gluon plasma. Here, one starts from the expression for pressure and develop all thermodynamics. It is a general formalism and consistent with our earlier studies [V. M. Bannur, Phys. Lett. B647, 271 (2007)] based on Pathria's formalism [following R. K. Pathria, Statistical Mechanics (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1977)]. In Pathria's formalism, one starts from the expression for energy density and develop thermodynamics. Both the formalisms are consistent with thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Under certain conditions, which are wrongly called thermodynamic consistent relation, we recover other formalism of quasi-particle system, like in M. I. Gorenstein and S. N. Yang, Phys. Rev. D52, 5206 (1995), widely studied in quark–gluon plasma.

Unconventional scaling of resistivity in two-dimensional Fermi liquids

We study the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity of interacting two-dimensional Fermi liquids. We perform a numerical simulation of the nonequilibrium state based on semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory. A two-dimensional system of quasiparticles on a square lattice serves as a model system. We use a single-orbital tight-binding model of the dispersion. For conceptual purposes, we choose a simple repulsive onsite interaction that leads to quasiparticle scattering and delta-potential scatterers as a model of nonmagnetic impurity scattering. Through our simulation, we demonstrate that deviations from the predictions of standard Fermi-liquid theory can arise due to the nontrivial scattering geometry of umklapp processes, in special cases even in the ultralow-temperature limit. We show through qualitative arguments how these unconventional scaling properties of the electrical resistivity, which are often interpreted as indication of a non-Fermi-liquid state, can arise due to special geometric conditions of the Fermi surface. The appearance of robust deviations from the predictions of Fermi-liquid theory within our simple model presents a viewpoint in order to interpret unconventional transport properties in electron-electron scattering dominated metallic systems.

On the topology of the Fermi surface in dense neutron matter

The model of dense neutron matter has been considered, where the topological rearrangement of the ground state of the system of Landau quasiparticles, which is associated with the appearance of the second sheet of the Fermi surface, occurs through two different scenarios. The rearrangement scenario depends on the relation between the wave vector q c of critical spin-isospin fluctuations and the Fermi momentum p F. Rearrangement at q c p F occurs with the stepwise appearance of a bubble with a radius of about 0.5p F in the filled Fermi sphere.

Phase diagram for magnon condensate in Yttrium Iron Garnet film.

Recently, magnons, which are quasiparticles describing the collective motion of spins, were found to undergo Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at room temperature in films of Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG). Unlike other quasiparticle BEC systems, this system has a spectrum with two degenerate minima, which makes it possible for the system to have two condensates in momentum space. Recent Brillouin Light Scattering studies for a microwave-pumped YIG film of thickness d = 5 μm and field H = 1 kOe find a low-contrast interference pattern at the characteristic wavevector Q of the magnon energy minimum. In this report, we show that this modulation pattern can be quantitatively explained as due to unequal but coherent Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons into the two energy minima. Our theory predicts a transition from a high-contrast symmetric state to a low-contrast non-symmetric state on varying the d and H, and a new type of collective oscillation.

Fractional exclusion statistics: the method for describing interacting particle systems as ideal gases

I show that if the total energy of a system of interacting particles may be written as a sum of quasiparticle energies, then the system of quasiparticles can be viewed, in general, as an ideal gas with fractional exclusion statistics (FES). The general method for calculating the FES parameters is also provided. The interacting particle system cannot be described as an ideal gas of Bose and Fermi quasiparticles except in trivial situations.

Fröhlich Condensate: Emergence of Synergetic Dissipative Structures in Information Processing Biological and Condensed Matter Systems

We consider the case of a peculiar complex behavior in open boson systems sufficiently away from equilibrium, having relevance in the functioning of information-processing biological and condensed matter systems. This is the so-called Fröhlich–Bose–Einstein condensation, a self-organizing-synergetic dissipative structure, a phenomenon apparently working in biological processes and present in several cases of systems of boson-like quasi-particles in condensed inorganic matter. Emphasis is centered on the quantum-mechanical-statistical irreversible thermodynamics of these open systems, and the informational characteristics of the phenomena.

An Improved Quasi-particle Model Framework for Quark-Gluon Plasma from the Path Integral Formalism

An improved framework for the quasi-particle model is presented. Unlike the previous approach of establishing the quasi-particle model, we introduce a classical background field (it is allowed to depend on temperature) to deal with the infinity of thermal vacuum energy which exists in previous quasi-particle models. After taking into account the effect of this classical background field, the partition function of the quasi-particle system can be well defined. Based on this and following the standard ensemble theory, we construct a thermodynamically consistent quasi-particle model without the need to reformulate the statistical mechanics or the thermodynamic consistency relation. It is shown that our method is general and can be generalized to the case in which the effective mass depends not only on the temperature but also on the chemical potential.

Microwave-induced excess quasiparticles in superconducting resonators measured through correlated conductivity fluctuations

We have measured the number of quasiparticles and their lifetime in aluminium superconducting microwave resonators. The number of excess quasiparticles below 160 mK decreases from 72 to 17 μm−3 with a 6 dB decrease of the microwave power. The quasiparticle lifetime increases accordingly from 1.4 to 3.5 ms. These properties of the superconductor were measured through the spectrum of correlated fluctuations in the quasiparticle system and condensate of the superconductor, which show up in the resonator amplitude and phase, respectively. Because uncorrelated noise sources vanish, fluctuations in the superconductor can be studied with a sensitivity close to the vacuum noise.

A thermodynamically consistent quasi-particle model without temperature-dependent infinity of the vacuum zero point energy

In this Letter, an improved quasi-particle model is presented. Unlike the previous approach of establishing quasi-particle model, we introduce a classical background field (it is allowed to depend on the temperature) to deal with the infinity of thermal vacuum energy which exists in previous quasi-particle models. After taking into account the effect of this classical background field, the partition function of quasi-particle system can be made well-defined. Based on this and following the standard ensemble theory, we construct a thermodynamically consistent quasi-particle model without the need of any reformulation of statistical mechanics or thermodynamical consistency relation. As an application of our model, we employ it to the case of (2+1) flavor QGP at zero chemical potential and finite temperature and obtain a good fit to the recent lattice simulation results of Borsányi et al. A comparison of the result of our model with early calculations using other models is also presented. It is shown that our method is general and can be generalized to the case where the effective mass depends not only on the temperature but also on the chemical potential.

Optical Characterization of MBE-Grown ZnO Epilayers

Optical characterization of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown ZnO and MgZnO epitaxial layers on sapphire (0001) substrates is presented. The parameters such as carrier recombination time and optical gain coefficient are analyzed. Radiative recombination mechanisms of ZnO in dense quasiparticle system are discussed. The ZnO epilayers even with lower structural quality are tolerable for applications in optoelectronics as light emitters.

Spectroscopic Phenomenological Estimation of the Functional State of the Human Organism in Rate and Pathology

Express-evaluation of functional state of organism is the urgent question in connection with extension of the number of facts, affecting people in conditions of environment. Considering the variety of different effects, preferences might be given to integral activities. To our opinion, that kind of evaluation may be given by the phenomenological absorption spectroscopy analysis of biological liquids, which regards blood and its components as one and indivisible light-absorbing system without separating into individual compounds. We determine blood and its components as a system of quasi-particles in excited state. This way, all of physicochemical properties of such kind of system are formed by its effective energy characteristics, connected with absorption spectrums in UV and VIS radiation [1].

The effect of electron–phonon energy exchange on thermal pulse propagation in semiconductors

In this work, the nonequilibrium electron and phonon temperature distributions in semiconductors, initially heated on the surface with a short laser pulse, are calculated as a function of position and time. The transient temperatures of both quasiparticle systems are calculated self-consistently with the electron–phonon energy interaction taken into account. The electron and phonon temperature distributions are calculated using the Fourier integral and the coupled time-dependent one-dimensional heat diffusion equations for electron and phonon systems with special boundary conditions according to the experimental set-up.

Readout-power heating and hysteretic switching between thermal quasiparticle states in kinetic inductance detectors

A model is presented for readout-power heating in kinetic inductance detectors. It is shown that the power dissipated by the readout signal can cause the temperature of the quasiparticle system in the superconducting resonator to switch between well-defined states. At low readout powers, only a single solution to the heat balance equation exists, and the resonance curve merely distorts as the readout power is increased. At high readout powers, three states exist, two of which are stable, and the resonance curve shows hysteretic switching. The power threshold for switching depends on the geometry and material used but is typically around −70 dBm for Aluminum resonators. A comprehensive set of simulations is reported, and a detailed account of the switching process is given. Experimental results are also shown, which are in strong qualitative agreement with the simulations. The general features of the model are independent of the precise cooling function, and are even applicable for resonators on suspended, thermally isolated, dielectric membranes, where an increase in quasiparticle lifetime is expected. We discuss various extensions to the technique, including the possibility of recovering the cooling function from large-signal measurements of the resonance curve.

Nonextensive formalism and continuous Hamiltonian systems

A recurring question in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics is what deviation from standard statistical mechanics gives rise to non-Boltzmann behavior and to nonlinear response, which amounts to identifying the emergence of “statistics from dynamics” in systems out of equilibrium. Among several possible analytical developments which have been proposed, the idea of nonextensive statistics introduced by Tsallis about 20 years ago was to develop a statistical mechanical theory for systems out of equilibrium where the Boltzmann distribution no longer holds, and to generalize the Boltzmann entropy by a more general function Sq while maintaining the formalism of thermodynamics. From a phenomenological viewpoint, nonextensive statistics appeared to be of interest because maximization of the generalized entropy Sq yields the q-exponential distribution which has been successfully used to describe distributions observed in a large class of phenomena, in particular power law distributions for q>1. Here we re-examine the validity of the nonextensive formalism for continuous Hamiltonian systems. In particular we consider the q-ideal gas, a model system of quasi-particles where the effect of the interactions are included in the particle properties. On the basis of exact results for the q-ideal gas, we find that the theory is restricted to the range q<1, which raises the question of its formal validity range for continuous Hamiltonian systems.